发射光谱法同时测定电解银中的铜、铋、铁、铅、金、锑

提出以 Ag 309. 91nm谱线作为 Cu、 Bi、 Fe等元素内标,提高了方法准确度。     

美国主要金、银、铜、铅、锌矿床

美国地质调查局对美国大约99%的原始资源量在2 t以上的金矿、85 t以上的银矿、50000 t以上的铜矿、30000 t以上的铅矿和50000 t以上的锌矿进行了统计.从1996年的全国矿产资源评价开始,美国地调局系统地建立了这些矿床的数据库,统称之为"主要"矿床.截止至1996年12月31日,该数据库已收录了1118条单个矿床或矿区的记录.对于这种规模的数据库的维护、更新和分析要比管理诸如"矿产资源数据系统"和"矿业地区系统"等超过100000条记录的数据库容易得多.然而这个主要矿床数据库却包含了美国这几种金属矿床几乎所有的历史产量和已查明的保有资源量.约有30%的金、22%的银、42%的铜、39%的铅和46%的锌产于二战后发现的矿床中.即使在一个主要矿床的数据库中,也存在个别矿床中的历史产量及保有资源量分布不均匀的现象.每一种金属的最大10个矿床分别拥有了美国1/3的金、60%的银、68%的铜、85%的铅和75%的锌产量.从查明的保有资源量上看,最大的10个矿床分别占有43%的金、56%的银、48%的铜、94%的铅和72%的锌.每一种金属的主要矿床的查明资源量要低于1996年全国矿产资源评价对未发现矿床资源量估计的平均值.已查明资源量与累积的历史产量大体相当.假设未发现矿床中也有基本相同的资源量比例,将有大量的主要矿床有待发现.     

吉尔吉斯斯坦Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Sn矿床潜力评价——基于1∶100万地球化学数据

吉尔吉斯斯坦是中亚天山金属成矿带的重要组成部分,矿产资源丰富,金属矿产种类齐全.吉尔吉斯斯坦国家尺度(1∶100万)地球化学填图覆盖了吉尔吉斯斯坦全境约19万km2,分析测试了69种元素,填补了吉尔吉斯斯坦国家尺度地球化学填图空白,为吉尔吉斯斯坦基础地质、矿产开发、环境保护、农业生产等多个方面研究提供了基础地球化学数据...     

等离子体质谱法测定岩石中的锆、铪、铌、钽

本文建立了用HF、HNO3 在高压釜内溶解样品 ,准确测定花岗岩样品中Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf的ICP MS分析方法。分析结果与推荐值的偏差在 5 %以内。该方法具有简单、准确、测定元素多的特点。本文还对高压釜酸溶和碱熔方法进行了对比实验。     

峨眉山玄武岩系的Th、Ta、Hf特征及岩浆源区大地构造环境探讨

本文讨论了利用Th、Ta、Hf之间比值判别岩浆岩源区大地构造环境的机理,根据世界典型大地构造环境区岩浆岩系的Th、Ta、Hf数据,提出了利用Th、Ta、Hf比值判别岩浆岩源区大地构造环境的方法。在此基础上,探讨了峨眉山玄武岩系岩浆源区的大地构造环境,认为该岩系属地幔热柱成因。     

地球化学样品中的硒与砷、锑、铋、汞的原子荧光光谱法同母液测定

在原子荧光光谱法中,通过改进地球化学样品的分解条件、预处理及测定条件,使硒与砷、锑以及铋、汞能在同一母液中测定,而且实现了硒与汞或铋的双道同时测定.方法的检测出限、准确度及精密度均能达到行业要求.     

阿尔金铅、钕、锶、氩、氧同位素研究及其早期演化

根据铅、钕、锶、氩、氧等同位素体系及其年代学研究，阿尔金在其早期演化阶段中存在２７９０—２５９０、１８８３—１７０４、５７５和４７０—４２０Ｍａ４个构造热事件，各自具有不同的性质和时代意义。     

标准物质镓、锗、铟、铊矿石中15种稀土元素定值方法探讨

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了镓、锗、铟、铊矿石中的15种稀土元素,本法的检出限为(0.003~0.015)μg/g,相对标准偏差在1.11%~2.92%之间,加标回收率在95.5%~105.9%之间,通过分析国家标准物质GBW07103、GBW07106和GBW07120来验证方法的准确度,测定值和标准值吻合,表明此方法具有操作简便,检出限低,线性范围宽,精密度高,准确度好等优点,能满足岩石矿物中的稀土元素的检测要求。     

氢化物原子荧光法对多目标区域地球化探样品中砷、锑、铋、汞的测定

本文研究了在酸性介质中,利用氢化物发生法,快速测定化探样品中砷、锑、铋、汞。本法具有仪器结构简单,元素选择性好,干扰因素少等特点,并具有较高的灵敏度和较好的重现性。充分满足了多目标区域地球化探的要求。     

西南极长城湾NG93-1沉积柱样碳、氧、锶、铅同位素地球化学研究及其古环境意义

对西南极西北海域乔治王岛和纳尔逊岛之间长城湾浅水海区柱长８３ｃｍ的沉积柱样ＮＧ９３－１进行了矿物学、Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ、Ｏ、Ｃ等同位素地球化学研究。揭示了沉积物以陆源碎屑物为主，证实南设德兰群岛火山岩是该海区沉积物的重要控制源。Ｏ、Ｃ同位素记录了早全新世以来两次冰期，一次高温的气候变动信息，并指出Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ同位素组成的剖面变化具有气候演变的示踪意义。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mass Fractions of S,Cu, Se,Mo, Ag,Cd, In,Te, Ba,Sm, W,Tl and Bi in Geological Reference Materials and Selected Carbonaceous Chondrites Determined by Isotope Dilution ICP‐MS

Mass fractions of S, Cu, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, In, Te, Ba, Sm, W and Tl were determined by isotope dilution sector field ICP‐MS in the same sample aliquot of reference materials using HF‐HNO₃ digestion in PFA beakers in pressure bombs and glassy carbon vessels in a high‐pressure asher (HPA‐S) for comparison. Additionally, Bi was determined by internal standardisation relative to Tl. Because isobaric and oxide interferences pose problems for many of these elements, efficient chromatographic separation methods in combination with an Aridus desolvator were employed to minimise interference effects. Repeated digestion and measurement of geological reference materials (BHVO‐1, BHVO‐2, SCo‐1, MAG‐1, MRG‐1 and UB‐N) gave results with < 5% relative intermediate precision (1s) for most elements, except Bi. Replicates of NIST SRM 612 glass digested on a hot plate were analysed by the same methods, and the results agree with reference values mostly within 2% relative deviation. Data for the carbonaceous chondrites Allende, Murchison, Orgueil and Ivuna are also reported. Digestion in a HPA‐S was as efficient as in pressure bombs, but some elements displayed higher blank levels following HPA‐S treatment. Pressure bomb digestion yielded precise data for volatile S, Se and Te, but may result in high blanks for W.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定卤水中锂钠钾钙镁硼硫氯

建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定碳酸盐型、硫酸盐型、氯化物型三种类型卤水中Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S、Cl等高低含量元素的分析方法。选择仪器最佳的工作条件为射频功率1400W,炬管位置位于-3,载气流量0.60 L/min。确定了各元素测定谱线,使用ICP-AES的双向观测模式、轴向观测模式测定Li、Ca、B、S、Cl以及低含量的K、Mg,径向观测模式测定高含量的Na、K、Mg,可确保卤水中不同含量的元素同时检出。Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、B、S的检测下限为0.07～3.00 mg/L,Cl的测定下限为165mg/L。方法精密度(RSD,n=10)均小于5%,回收率为92.4%～109.7%。其中Na、K、Mg、S、Cl测定结果与传统方法测定结果基本吻合。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Slope hummock development, Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada

Slope hummocks, a type of nonsorted patterned ground, are composed of stratified, organic, silty sand, and develop through the interaction of niveo-eolian deposition, solifluction, slopewash, and vegetation growth. Fields of hummocks show consistent patterns: forms on convex slopes increase in height downslope until the channel is reached, whereas those on convexo-concave slopes increase on the upper convexity but are buried by niveo-eolian deposition downslope of the snowbank remnant. These trends can be reproduced using a simple numerical model based on measured slope and snow depth profiles, sediment concentrations in the snow and solifluction rates. The model indicates that hummocks transit slopes of 20-40 m in about 2-4 ka, a time-frame that is plausible given site emergence, measured rates of solifluction, and published dates for organic horizons within hummocks on northern Ellesmere Island. Sensitivity analyses show that long-term effect of climate warming on hummock heights may differ depending on whether it is accompanied by precipitation increase or decrease. The required combination of two-sided freezing to promote plug-like movement, incomplete vegetation cover and thin snow that enable eolian erosion during winter and spring, and vegetation growth in snow-bed sites to stabilize niveo-eolian deposits may explain why these forms are important regionally but apparently are not present throughout the Arctic.