水下光辐射测量的阴影效应及其校正方法研究

用后向Monte Carlo模拟方法计算多仪器水下光学系统测量水体向上辐亮度和辐照度时由测量系统阴影导致的误差,给出了这种误差与入射太阳光相对于仪器的水平方位角之间的关系,给出了测量船对测量的影响与入射太阳光天顶角之间的关系.提出了一种辐亮度仪器自阴影误差的多光谱校正方法,模拟结果表明校正后误差小于5%.     

GF-1 WFV图像经验模分解的光谱保真性与水深遥感探测

水深是海洋环境的重要参数之一，水深遥感反演是水深测量的一种重要手段。经验模分解（EMD）具有剔除小尺度波浪信息，留下大尺度水下地形信息的特性。本文利用EMD对高分一号卫星宽幅影像进行尺度变换，使用光谱相关系数、光谱角、光谱偏差和光谱相对偏差等评价指标，对剩余层图像进行光谱保真性分析；利用改进的对数转换比值模型对原始影像和剩余层图像进行水深反演，并进行相关性分析与精度评价。研究结果表明:（1）评价指标显示EMD变换后影像具有相当的保真性；空间断面分析表明EMD去除了小尺度的噪声信息，保留了水下地形变化信息。（2）经均匀分布的检查点验证，两区域的原图像反演水深和实测水深的相关性较好，相关系数达0.75以上，且两种波段组合的MAE和MRE均不超过2.42 m和8.5%。（3）对EMD的全部10层进行水深反演，蓝绿波段的MAE和MRE均不高于1.62 m和5.8%；绿红波段的MAE和MRE均不高于1.93 m和6.9%。（4）对于不同的波段组合，蓝绿波段组合在各剩余层的水深反演效果明显优于绿红波段，经EMD后的水深反演效果明显提高。（5）20~30 m水深段的反演精度整体要高于30~40 m，该模型应用于较浅水深段更具优势。     

海面光谱辐射计系统研制及遥感反射比的测量

本文报道海面光谱辐射计的研制、定标和海上现场实验测量。运用一个 2 5 6元光电二极管列阵传感器件测量海面离水辐亮度和向下辐照度的光谱分布 ,可计算得出遥感反射比。该仪器所测量的数据可以用于海洋方面相关专业的科学研究 ,并给出海上实验测量数据     

用于遥感测温的双通道红外辐射计

本文介绍了一种用于遥感温度测量的、且与目前大多数星载红外遥感器波段相一致的双通道红外辐射计。该辐射计采用碲镉汞做为探测器。它可用于温度测量,其同步测量数据可用于星载红外遥感器的定标和数据的真实性检验。本文介绍了总体方案、精度计算及光、机、电和数据处理等部分的设计方法。     

用4波段红外辐射计现场测量海表面温度

文章详细介绍了4波段红外辐射计（CE312）的标定方法、现场测量方法以及数据处理方法等。分析了给测量数据带来误差的原因以及减小其值的方法。给出了辐射温度反演方程和用本文叙述方法处理现场数据的结果及误差，讨论了在工作中要特别注意的几个问题。     

红外和微波辐射计反演海表面温度的比较

介绍了红外辐射计和微波辐射计测量海表面温度的原理，分析了它们各自在反演海表面温度时的差异。在全球范围的海表面温度的遥感蛉测中，红外辐射计和微波辐射计的遥感精度受到多种因素影响。传感器本身的噪音、算法反演精度、传感器分辨率、搭载卫星的全球覆盖率等自身因素使辐射计的探测资料产生差别：大气状况、海面风速、测量海洋不同深度海水的表征温度等外界因子也同时影响着红外辐射计和微波辐射计的遥感精度。了解红外波段和微波波段的辐射计在各方面的优劣，有助于发挥各自特长，有效提高卫星监测海表面温度的精度。     

黄、东海区光谱漫衰减系数特性研究

利用剖面仪于2003年3-4月在黄、东海实测的水下向下辐照度剖面数据,建立了黄、东海光谱漫衰减系数模型。在400～600nm波段,漫衰减系数和波长之间存在近似的线性关系。每一个波段的漫衰减系数与490nm波段的漫衰减系数Kd(490)最小二乘法线性回归的R^2值都超过了0．99。通过对光谱散射直线的斜率与波长进行回归。可以得到光谱散射曲线的斜率与波长的关系,R^2值为0．974。利用本文建立的光谱漫衰减系数模型,可以从一个已知波段漫衰减系数反演出任何另外～个波段的漫衰减系数,从而大大地减少了在水色反演中未知因子的个数。并且．利用现场的实测数据对模型进行了检验和误差分析。各通道的反演误差随着Kd(490)的增加而总体降低。在Kd(490)较低区域,反演误差值虽然较高。但大部分集中在20％以内。各通道平均反演误差范围在9％以下。     

水下辐照度分布的异常尖峰现象及其机理初探

简述了水下辐照度异常尖峰分布现象和它的主要特征，根据海水光学参数的关系及水下总辐射的指数衰减方程导出了上行和下行辐照度垂直分布的三参数模型，该模型包括三个参数：海水体吸收系数ａ（ｚ）、后向散射系数ｂｂ（ｚ）和平均余弦的初始边界μ，（０）。利用该模型对几种典型水体中辐照度垂直分布的模拟结果与海上实测结果很一致。在模拟计算基础上，分析讨论了异常尖峰的产生机制。     

水下辐照度分布的异常尖端现象及其机理初探

简述了水下辐照度异常尖峰分布现象和它的主要特征，根据海水光学参数的关系及水下总辐射的指数衰减方程导出了上行和下行辐照度垂直分布的三参数模型，该模型包括三个参数：海水体吸收系数α（ｚ）、后向散射系数ｂｂ（ｚ）和平均余弦的初始边界μ（０）。利用该模型对几种典型水体中辐照度垂直分布的模拟结果与海上实测结果很一致。在模拟计算基础上，分析讨论了异常尖峰的产生机制。     

海洋光谱测量与数据分析处理方法

海洋水色遥感的基础之一是海洋光谱特性的精确测量与分析。海洋光谱分析对改进反演算法、最佳波段选择、辅助大气修正、系统定标与校验等方面有很大作用,因此为方面的研究越来越受到重视。本文在海洋光谱机理的基础上,就光谱现场测量方法和分析处理方法进行了探讨,并给出一个典型海域的史谱数据分析处理结果。由于我国尚缺乏满足水色应用要求和水下光学测量仪器,因此提出了一种利用瞬态光谱仪在水面以上进行离水辐射率测量与分析     

A towed near-surface optical reflectance meter for measuring ocean colour in support of remote sensing

An underwater optical instrument, the Lighfish, measures near-surface irradiance reflectance in six spectral channels while it is towed from a research vessel at a depth of a few metres. The detectors are configured such that all downward-looking detectors observe the same instrument shadow. Effects of self-shading are negligible for waters and wavelengths having absorption coefficients less than 0.3 m⁻¹. Variance in the derived spectral reflectance ratios is shown to be significantly reduced compared with that in single channel irradiance measurements. The instrument can be used to develop remote sensing algorithms as well as for other oceanographic applications.     

Mathematical simulation of the bio-optical state of water in application to the passive probing problem

The method of bio-optical modelling of seawater is discussed in application to the passive remote sensing of an ocean within the optical wavelength range. The model implies the presence of two hydrobiological characteristics in the algorithm for the spectral composition of upward radiation, namely the phytoplankton pigment concentration and the total particulate organic matter. The method has been thoroughly tested. The data provided byin situ measurements in the areas accommodating waters of different types (from Case 1 and Case 2) and the modelling results, with the errors being considered, are in good agreement.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

基于S2000光谱仪的小型海面高光谱辐射计的研制

将普通的小巧型S2000光谱仪组装改造成用于海面测量的高光谱辐射计,安装在船只等移动平台上进行原位测量,可以获得向下辐照度和向上辐亮度的实验数据.阐述了整体设计思路,说明了其光路结构,光学采集单元分为光谱辐照度光学探头和光谱辐亮度光学探头.叙述了通过机械结构的调整来更准确地测量离水辐亮度,并给出了基于计算机进行显示和存储的编程软件.此系统获得的试验测量结果可以为海洋学研究提供充分的现场光学数据,有一定的实用价值.     

A Simple Method to Minimize Orientation Effects in a Profiling Radiometer

Marine optical parameters required for ocean color satellite applications must be measured with high accuracy and errors within the permissible limits. These stringent requirements demand careful measurements of optical parameters. Though the free-fall radiometer is found to be a better option for measuring underwater light parameters as it avoids the effects of ship shadow and is easy to operate, the measurements demand profiling the radiometer vertical in water with minimum tilt. Here we present the results of our observations on the tilts of the radiometer from the measurements in the Arabian Sea. Since there is hardly any study carried-out on the tilt of the profiling radiometer, the result of this study will help in the better design of such marine instruments. The tilt of the radiometer near the surface of the water is attributed to the mode of deployment and environment parameters, while the tilt at depth of the water is influenced by the density variations of the water. Here we also demonstrate a method of deploying the instrument that minimizes the tilt of the instrument at the surface layer of the water.     

黄海、东海海区水体散射特性研究

半分析模型是水色遥感反演算法的研究热点,而水体后向散射系数对建立半分析水色反演模型是非常重要的参数.通过对黄海、东海海区的水体固有光学量测量数据进行分析,得到水体总后向散射系数与水体总散射系数的关系为乘幂关系,颗粒物后向散射系数随光谱变化的指数在高低浑浊度水体有很大差异,并初步得到黄海、东海海区水体的后向散射系数与总悬浮物浓度的关系,从而为水色半分析模型建立和水光学辐射计算提供一组散射特性模型.     

An overview of remote sensing of chlorophyll fluorescence

Besides empirical algorithms with the blue-green ratio, the algorithms based on fluorescence are also important and valid methods for retrieving chlorophyll-a concentration in the ocean waters, especially for Case II waters and the sea with algal blooming. This study reviews the history of initial cognitions, investigations and detailed approaches towards chlorophyll fluorescence, and then introduces the biological mechanism of fluorescence remote sensing and main spectral characteristics such as the positive correlation between fluorescence and chlorophyll concentration, the red shift phenomena. Meanwhile, there exist many influence factors that increase complexity of fluorescence remote sensing, such as fluorescence quantum yield, physiological status of various algae, substances with related optical property in the ocean, atmospheric absorption etc. Based on these cognitions, scientists have found two ways to calculate the amount of fluorescence detected by ocean color sensors: fluorescence line height and reflectance ratio. These two ways are currently the foundation for retrieval of chlorophyl l - a concentration in the ocean. As the in-situ measurements and synchronous satellite data are continuously being accumulated, the fluorescence remote sensing of chlorophyll-a concentration in Case II waters should be recognized more thoroughly and new algorithms could be expected.     

The algorithms of chlorophyll-a concentration for CMODIS

The algorithms of extracting chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration have been established for Chinese moderate resolution imaging spectrometer(CMODIS) mounted on Shenzhou-3 spaceship launched on 25 March 2002.The CMODIS is an ocean color sensor with 30 visible channels and 4 infrared channels,much different from other ocean color satellites and needs new algorithms to process data.Three models of Chl-a concentration were established based on Chl-a data retrieved from sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor(SeaWiFS),with the average relative errors of 26.6%,24%.0% and 33.5%,respectively.This practical and economic approach can be used for developing the algorithms of Chinese ocean color and temperature sensor(COCTS) on the satellite Haiyang-1 to derive the Chl-a concentration concentration distribution.The applicability of the algorithms was analyzed using some in situ measurements.Suspended sediment is the main factor influencing the accuracy of the spectral ratio algorithms of Chl-a concentration.The algorithms are suitable to using in the regions where suspended sediment concentrations(SSC) are less than 5 g/m3 under the condition of relative error of Chl-a concentration retrieval within 35%.High concentration of suspended sediment leads to the overestimate remote sensing retrieval of concentration of Chl-a,while low-middle SSCs lead to the low Chl-a concentration values using the spectral ratio algorithms.Since the accuracy of Chl-a concentration by the spectral ratio algorithms is limited to waters of Case 2,it is necessary to develop semi-analytical models to improve the performance of satellite ocean color remote sensing in turbid coastal waters.     

水下光谱辐射测量技术

海水中的叶绿素、泥沙、黄色物质等及其含量直接影响海水的光谱特性。此外，海洋水色遥感算法的建立及验证也离不开现场相关光学参数的测量，准确的海水现场光谱辐射测量，是提高海洋水色定量化遥感精度的重要环节。文章通过开展水下光谱辐射测量方法的讨论、仪器总体方案的设计及相应的试验的结果分析，提出了有关水下光谱辐射测量仪器构成的一些想法。     

水体颗粒后向散射系数测量一致性对比实验研究

颗粒后向散射系数是水体最重要的固有光学参量之一,也是海洋水色卫星遥感的核心参数。现场准确测量水体颗粒后向散射数据,对于水色遥感模型构建以及水色遥感产品真实性检验至关重要。本文针对常用的3种水体颗粒后向散射系数原位测量仪(HydroScat6,VSF3和BB9),通过比测实验,对三者测量结果的一致性进行了比较分析。结果表明,在清洁水体中3种仪器对颗粒后向散射系数测量具有较好的一致性;但在浑浊水体中,HydroScat6和BB9测量值会比VSF3高,三者偏差显著增大。同时,数值模拟和实验结果均表明,颗粒形状会对测量结果产生影响,3种仪器对球形颗粒的后向散射系数测量结果的一致性显著好于野外颗粒结果。     

黄海、东海二类水体漫衰减系数与透明度反演模式研究

黄海、东海是典型的二类水体区域,总悬浮物含量高,水体光学特性复杂.利用2003年春秋季黄海、东海水色联合试验中获取的高质量现场实测数据,建立了由遥感反射比反演水体在490nm波段的漫衰减系数和海水透明度的统计反演模式.这两种模式皆采用490,555,670nm三个波段的组合,漫衰减系数的反演值和实测值的相关系数为0.96,平均相对误差为17.2%;透明度的反演值与实测值的相关系数为0.95,平均相对误差为16.8%.对两种反演模式对遥感反射比输入误差的敏感性进行了分析,结果表明反演模式对±5%的遥感反射比输入误差导致490nm波段的漫衰减系数反演误差最大为27.3%,透明度最大误差为22.7%,并利用2003年春秋季同一海区的实测数据对模型进行了检验,漫衰减系数的平均相对误差为25.0%,透明度的为16.5%.给出了412,443,510,520,555,565nm各波段的漫衰减系数同波段490nm的漫衰减系数之间的关系,结果表明,在400~600nm波段中的每一个波段的漫衰减系数与490nm波段的漫衰减系数的相关性较高,相关系数都超过了0.98.这样利用建立的各波段漫衰减系数关系模型可以从一个已知波段的漫衰减系数反演出其他任何波段的漫衰减系数,这就在水色反演和应用中大大减少了未知因子的个数.