乐清湾表层沉积物重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

笔者于2012年8月对乐清湾表层沉积物进行了采集,并测定了其中各重金属(汞、砷、铅、镉、铜、铬和锌)元素的含量。采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对重金属污染情况进行了评价,结果表明:7种重金属元素的地累积污染指数由大到小依次排列为:铜、锌、汞、镉、砷、铅、铬,乐清湾海域基本上所有站位均处于"无-中"的污染水平;同时该海域沉积物重金属污染总体潜在生态风险程度低,各重金属元素潜在生态风险程度由高到低依次排列为:镉、砷、铜、汞、铅、锌、铬,其中镉为该海域主要潜在生态风险因子。     

珠江口及其邻近海域重金属的河口过程和沉积物污染风险评价

根据2006年到2007年,“908专项”珠江口附近海域海水与沉积物的调查资料,研究珠江口海域海水和沉积物中重金属含量分布特征;珠江口及附近海域海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、总铬、汞、砷的含量平均值均符合国家一类海水水质标准,采用数理统计相关分析计算出各重金属元素与各环境因子之间的相关,发现在河口重金属主要以稀释混合过程为主,悬浮颗粒物中重金属在酸化作用下以解吸作用为主,氧化还原作用的影响不大.沉积物中铜-锌、铅-锌、铜-镉、铅-镉、锌-镉、铅-铬,锌-铬、镉-铬8组元素间具有显著的相关性,表明它们具有相似的元素地球化学性质和来源;并运用Hakanson潜在生态危害系数法对其潜在生态危害程度进行评估,珠江口沉积物的潜在生态风险的来源是镉和汞占据主要权重,尤其珠江口沉积物中镉的污染程度和潜在生态风险局部激增的特点值得重点关注.     

长江流域沉积物重金属污染特征及优控因子筛选

本文通过整编2000—2016年长江流域沉积物重金属研究数据,对7种重金属(铜、汞、铅、锌、镉、铬和砷)的含量、空间分布和赋存形态比例进行分析总结,并对其污染风险进行评价。研究结果发现沉积物中镉(Cd)含量超标最严重;从污染风险看,Cd在沉积物中的累积程度和生态风险要远高于另外6种重金属;从赋存形态看,Cd在沉积物中以酸提取态(B1)为主,生物可利用性要高于另外6种重金属,易在环境中迁移转化。本文结果表明Cd是长江流域沉积物的首要重金属污染元素和优控重金属元素。优先关注并重点防控沉积物Cd污染对控制长江流域重金属污染存在积极作用。     

山东半岛南部近海表层海水中镉、铅、汞、砷的时空变化

本文分析了山东半岛南部近海海域2006年8月、12月和2007年4月、10月的表层海水中溶解态重金属镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)4种元素的分布。镉的浓度为0.03~0.50μg/L,四季浓度差别较小;汞、砷在夏季的浓度均较低;铅在夏冬季的浓度较高(2.2~5.0μg/L)。镉、铅、砷的含量达到一类水质标准,汞的含量略高于一类水质标准,这说明山东半岛南部近海海域水质良好,没有明显的重金属污染。各元素的空间分布主要受陆源输入影响,其次还受生物活动、水体中悬浮物含量的影响。     

ICP-MS法测定不同产地菊花药材中重金属含量及聚类分析

目的：建立菊花药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜 5 种有害金属元素的测定方法，并分析不同产地菊花药材重金属的分布情况。方法：采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS)对不同产地菊花中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜5种重金属及有害元素进行含量测定。结果：铅、镉、砷、汞、铜 5种元素的精密度、重复性、稳定性RSD均＜3.0%，加样回收率（n=6）在87.9%～105.8%之间。采用系统聚类分析不同产地菊花药材中重金属含量，认为以江苏产地的菊花药材质量较好。结论：本研究建立的ICP-MS 具备灵敏度高、准确性好的优点，可用于菊花中5种重金属及有害元素的同时检测，为菊花的安全性评价提供科学依据，并为其他药材的测定提供参考。     

连云港市海域海洋倾倒疏浚物的重金属污染及其潜在生态风险

为加强连云港市海域的海洋倾废管理和海洋生态环境保护,文章在该海域主要疏浚工程区的49个站位开展采样调查,并采用潜在生态风险指数法,评价表层疏浚物的重金属污染程度及其潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:连云港市海域疏浚物质量总体较好,重金属含量的变化范围和分布的区域差异较小,其中含量最高的为锌、最低的为汞;污染程度最大的重金属为镉,较小的重金属为铬;潜在生态风险指数由大到小的重金属依次为镉、汞、砷、铜、铅、铬和锌,除镉和汞(连云港港区)外,其余潜在生态风险等级为低;潜在生态风险指数由大到小的区域依次为连云港港区、徐圩航道、外航道内段、田湾核电站取水口和外航道外段,除连云港港区外,其余区域的潜在生态风险等级为低;应高度关注镉和汞等重金属的污染状况以及近岸区域的潜在生态风险。     

北部湾沉积物中重金属元素的地球化学特征及物源初探

本文根据北部湾沉积物岩心样调查结果计算了铜、铅、锌、镉、汞、砷等重金属元素的背景值,并分析了其与南海陆架区和南海全海域沉积物背景值、广西土壤背景值之间的差异.对北部湾表层沉积物中重金属含量及近10 a的变化趋势以及岩心样中重金属元素含量近百年以来的变化趋势综合分析结果表明:北部湾近岸海域沉积物中铜、砷、汞、镉重金属元素含量总体呈增长趋势,北部湾中部海域沉积物中重金属元素含量的年际变化有升有降,至湾口处沉积物中重金属元素的含量基本不变.综合评价结果表明,北部湾近岸沉积物中砷、汞、镉等重金属元素的地球化学特征明显受到广西人类活动的影响.北部湾沉积物中的重金属元素主要来源于人类活动影响下的广西沿岸陆源输入,经由琼州海峡的外部海域物质输入也有贡献.     

浙江近岸海域贝类中重金属和贝毒污染状况研究

在浙江近岸海域采集了青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)、毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、泥螺(Bullacta exarata)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippi-narum)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、僧帽牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)和栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)共9种贝类计29份样品,检测其中重金属汞、砷、铜、铅、锌、镉以及麻痹性贝毒和腹泻性贝毒.结果表明,瑞安毛蚶、瑞安栉孔扇贝中有麻痹性贝类毒素检出,嵊泗文蛤、毛蚶和乐清牡蛎中存在重金属超标的情况;牡蛎对汞、铜、锌、镉有较强的富集能力.     

杭州湾海域表层沉积物中重金属污染物的累积及其潜在生态风险评价

文章利用2010年8月杭州湾海域表层沉积物重金属的资料,对其沉积物含量进行分析,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法两种方法对其进行评价。经过分析可知,杭州湾海域表层沉积物重金属平均含量由高到低排序依次为锌、铬、铅、铜、砷、镉、汞,铬和铅的富集程度最高。两种方法评价结果表明,地累积指数和潜在生态风险评价指数法对杭州湾海域的评价总体一致,大多数站位的Igeo和RI值分级彼此符合,杭州湾海域沉积物处于清洁或者低风险状态,沉积物质量状态良好。鉴于两种方法的优缺点,在评价过程中只有把重金属在沉积环境中的累积程度与其对海洋生态系统的潜在生态危害程度相结合,才能全面地反映沉积物中污染物的污染状况。     

夏季珠江口沉积物?水界面重金属分布特征及其影响因子研究

珠江口受复杂径?潮动力耦合作用的影响,河口重金属迁移转化机制复杂多变。本文基于2018年夏季珠江口及其邻近海域海水和沉积物的调查资料,研究了珠江口多动力因子驱动下7种重金属元素汞、砷、锌、镉、铅、铜和铬的沉积、迁移和积累机制。结果表明:相比于溶解态重金属（水体中）的赋存状况,吸附态重金属（沉积物中）更稳定,污染也更严重;采用皮尔逊相关分析和主成分分析计算出重金属元素与环境因子之间的响应关系,溶解态重金属主要以稀释混合过程为主,吸附态重金属受有机碳和氧化还原作用的影响较大;沉积物?水界面重金属的分配系数显示出铅和铬易被吸附在颗粒物上,而镉和汞易溶解在水体中,揭示了河口复杂动力影响下元素在不同介质的形态转换特征;除了镉?铬、镉?铜和铬?砷这3组元素间不显著相关,其他元素间的显著相关性表明了重金属元素具有相似的来源,并采用主成分分析探讨了重金属元素的潜在来源,主要来源为工业废水,农业和大气沉降次之。研究结果可为有效控制重金属的排放和河口污染治理提供重要支撑。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...