跨边界含水层问题研究

跨边界含水层作为地下水资源系统的一部分，涉及国家或地区之间的利益关系。文章分析了跨边界含水层问题，针对亚洲东部、中部和南部地下水系统，圈定了具有重要意义的跨国界含水层9处。对这些含水层，特别是我国边界上的黑龙江一阿穆尔河平原和伊犁河谷含水层进行了评价；对我国跨省界含水层进行了初步分析。研究跨边界含水层问题，对管理国家或地区之间共有的珍贵地下水资源，建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐社会具有重要的意义。     

澜沧江—湄公河流域跨界含水层研究

跨界含水层由位于不同国家的含水层组成,是地下水资源系统的重要组成部分。妥善管理并公平合理地利用跨界含水层,对促进可持续发展及国家之间的睦邻友好关系有着重要意义。通过分析澜沧江—湄公河流域水文地质条件,划定流域的跨界含水层系统,并对地下水资源与环境问题进行探索,提出跨界含水层综合评价指标体系,结合澜沧江—湄公河流域4个跨界含水层相关的指标进行了综合评价。本次研究,对管理澜沧江—湄公河流域跨界含水层,建设和谐的东南亚国际环境有着重要意义。     

用环境同位素论区域地下水资源属性

从可持续角度提出了区域地下水资源属性的概念; 分析了含水层系统中地下水质点的时间效应; 利用大量同位素资料分析了不同区域含水层系统中的地下水资源属性和人类活动对地下水资源属性的影响.指出利用环境同位素是研究区域地下水资源属性最直接、有效的方法; 正确认识评价区域地下水资源属性对实现地下水资源可持续性具有重要意义.      

中、俄跨界含水层研究——以黑龙江—阿穆尔河中游盆地为例

跨界含水层作为全球地下水资源中的重要部分,对管理国家之间共有的珍贵水资源,建设和谐世界具有重要的意义。在有关部门和组织的配合下,在划定亚洲跨界含水层基础上,进一步研究了在中国国界上的跨界含水层,并选择中国和俄罗斯共享的黑龙江—阿穆尔河中游盆地,进行了实例研究。本项研究作为国际共享含水层资源管理计划在亚洲的第一个实例研究,将促进以中国为首的亚洲跨界含水层资源管理计划的开展。     

浅析跨界含水层研究

跨界含水层地下水资源同跨界河流水资源一样都是世界水资源的重要组成部分,在人们生活中发挥着重要作用,人们也日益重视对跨界含水层地下水资源的研究。国际跨边界含水层资源管理(ISARM)计划中跨界含水层主要研究内容可分为自然科学、法律、社会经济、制度和环境五个方面。近年来的研究进展主要集中在跨界含水层的划分、跨界含水层法律协议的制定、跨国合作和管理及跨界含水层评估指标体系。针对我国具体情况从跨界含水层的研究、跨界含水层条款法案的制定及跨国合作三个方面对以后的研究进行展望。     

广州南部地区水文地质特征及含水层结构分析

广州南部地区是广州城市建设战略中＂南拓＂的重要区域。开展水文地质研究对本区城市地下水的监测和保护以及地下空间开发利用具有重要意义。分析了研究区地下水类型及其分布规律、补给径流排泄条件以及水化学特征等,充分综合已有钻孔岩性信息将第四系松散孔隙沉积物概化出三个主要含水层,揭示了各含水层的展布规律,为广州南部地区地下水资源开...     

地下水放射性同位素测年方法研究进展

放射性同位素测定地下水年龄是研究煤矿区含水层系统中地下水的赋存条件、运移规律和含水层系统中地下水资源可更新能力的重要手段,对煤矿水灾害防治和地下水资源的可持续利用至关重要,近年来它已成为国际水文地质研究的热点问题。在详细阐述地下水放射性同位素测年及分类方法的基础上,对国内外有关地下水测年方法的原理和优缺点进行了分析评述。并讨论了目前地下水测年方法中存在的一些问题,指出地下水放射性同位素测年方法研究的发展趋势和亟待加强研究的关键问题。      

新疆和什托洛盖煤田白杨河北洼地含水层特征分析

为了合理地开发地下水资源,依据大量的勘探钻孔和抽水试验资料,分析研究区含水层特征。在对研究区水文地质详查的基础上,通过水文地质钻探、抽水试验、样品分析等手段,查明含水层的结构、埋深以及流量等参数,探讨各含水层之间的水力联系,并分析研究区地下水的动态特征。为今后该地区地下地下水资源的开发利用提供科学依据。     

吉林省白城市地下水数值模拟及其变化趋势

为了给吉林省白城市地下水资源合理开发利用提供科学依据,运用地下水模拟技术对白城市地下水位变化趋势进行预测。首先在分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上建立水文地质概念模型,将含水系统概化为潜水含水层、越流层和承压含水层,并确定了系统的边界条件。运用地下水模型软件(GMS)对研究区地下水流进行了模拟和预测,预测结果表明在扩大开采的情况下,潜水含水层水位总体下降约1~2 m;随着开采量的增加和时间的增长,含水层在洮儿河扇形地、洮南、研究区东北部、镇赉、大安南部等地相继出现疏干现象,最大降幅达5~6 m。承压含水层在大安南部、镇赉北部等地水位下降较大,但是流场整体降幅不大,总体降幅在0.5 m以内。最后提出了地下水合理开发利用建议。     

黑河下游额济纳盆地地下水系统划分

地下水系统的划分对于深入分析地下水的形成条件,揭示地下水的循环演化规律,进行区域地下水资源评价和规划具有重要的理论和现实意义。在论述地下水系统的有关概念及划分方法的基础上,以西北典型内流盆地黑河下游额济纳盆地为例,对地形地貌、区域地质背景及系统内含水层和水流场进行分析,从中提取依据,确定系统边界,划分地下水系统,划分出4级系统,包括2个地下水亚系统(二级系统)、4个子系统(三级系统)。     

Review on transboundary aquifers in People’s Republic of China with case study of Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin

Groundwater, as a precious resource hidden underground, is an important component of the global water system. Transboundary aquifers containing substantial amount of groundwater often carry crucial ecological and social implications. Yet, it is unfortunate that transboundary aquifers have hardly been in the forefront of political and scientific discussions, and have not received due attention by policymakers. This article attempts to summarize the investigation on the eight transboundary aquifers that China shares with the neighboring countries. An overview on the groundwater resources in China, including its distribution, exploitation and challenges is also provided. Hydrogeological condition of the Heilongjiang-Amur River Basin aquifer, which is one of the eight major aquifers, is further elaborated. Cooperative activities carried out by China and Russia on monitoring and management of this aquifer are also presented.     

A critical overview of transboundary aquifers shared by South Africa

Transboundary groundwater commonly implies a body of groundwater intersected by a political border with the attendant potential threat of dispute over a shared resource. This definition is inadequate in many parts of southern Africa. Approximately 96% of South Africa’s borders are underlain by low-yielding aquifers and, coupled with a low demand for water attendant on low population density, the risk of over-pumping or pollution leading to dispute is low, and a modified understanding is required. Examples of transboundary aquifers are used to illustrate implications for policy and management of southern African transboundary groundwater resources, where transmissivities are low and, less commonly, where over-pumping may indeed be a problem. The general lack of technical cooperation, data sharing, training and research between the riparian states on hydrogeology hampers a mutual understanding of the resources. The concept of transboundary groundwater must necessarily include aquifers where little cross-border flow occurs, but where cross-border cooperation will help to ensure sustainable cooperative utilisation of shared aquifer resources. This is imperative if future disputes are to be averted. Agreement between scientists is a necessary precursor to broader transnational governance agreements in regard to shared water resources, and recent initiatives by the Orange-Senqu River Commission promise closer integration.     

Asian Transboundary Aquifers Inventory and Mapping

Transboundary aquifer (TBA) is an aquifer system that exists in more than one state. As an important component of the groundwater system, proper management and rational utilization in trans-boundary aquifers are significantly important for promoting sustainable development and good-neighbor relationships. The Transboundary Aquifers will not implicate by the country’s political boundary as it follows the natural boundary lines. Within the frame work of the UNESCO''s International Hydrological Programme (IHP-VI & VII) activities for the International Shared Aquifer Resource Management (ISARM), the inventory on TBA in Asia both preliminary and detail has accomplished. Those TBAs are classified in to two types: regional and local grade. A of Asian Transboundary Aquifers Map has advanced. The updated map provides the situation of the regional TBAs identify as the actual shape. Countries with the TBAs should strengthen cooperation for coordination and joint management of groundwater resources in order to achieve sustainable use     

Groundwater status and associated issues in the Mekong-Lancang River Basin: International collaborations to achieve sustainable groundwater resources

Groundwater is an important and readily available source of fresh water in the Mekong-Lancang River Basin. With a rapid population growth and increasing human activities, an increasing number of countries in the Mekong-Lancang River Basin are experiencing depleted and degraded groundwater supplies. In transboundary river basins, such as the Mekong-Lancang River, prioritizing the use of the shared aquifer by one riparian government may affect the opportunities of other riparian governments and lead to potential water conflicts between neighboring countries. To promote the sharing of strategies and information for the sustainable and equitable use of water resources of the shared basin, international collaborative workshops on groundwater resources have been organized for all Mekong-Lancang River countries. These workshops provide an opportunity to communicate and discuss nationally sensitive issues on groundwater by the associated countries, with topics covering multiple aspects of groundwater, such as the groundwater status in the basin, quality issues, water use conflicts, hydrological information gaps, management policies and capacity building for successful water resource management. Consensus has been reached by all countries on the importance of catchment-based groundwater management and the need for close communication among the countries. Strategies for managing transboundary aquifer issues must foster international collaboration based on the regional network, influence national networks and enhance the capacity to building maps and monitoring systems based on associated databases. The sustainability of water resources cannot be achieved without the integrated involvement and contributions by multiple countries and various stakeholders. Therefore, collaborative workshops provide a great opportunity to further our understanding of the hydrologic processes of the Mekong River Basin, share the benefits of the aquifer and provide a strategy and vision for sustainable water resource management in the Mekong-Lancang River countries.     

跨界含水层研究现状与展望

随着人口的激增和水资源压力的不断增大,跨界含水层在地下水利用和供水安全保障方面处于越来越重要的位置。目前,围绕跨界含水层主要开展了以下三个方面的工作:联合国教科文组织国际水文计划联合其他相关机构,对世界各主要大洲进行了跨界含水层的标示及划分工作;在总结完善相关跨界含水层法律条文的基础上,联合国国际法委员会于2008年向联合国大会上提交了跨界含水层草案条款,该项草案条款的出台对共享含水层各国开发和管理地下水具有重要的指导意义;在联合国教科文组织及其他机构的推动下,各大洲已逐步开展对跨界含水层的研究,并建立了相关的合作机构。分析表明,跨界含水层的研究需要相关国家间的进一步协商与合作。     

Groundwater system division and compilation of Groundwater Resources Map of Asia

Based on landform, climate, river system, geological structure and hydrogeological structure and from the perspective of systematology, the groundwater system of Asia can be divided into 36 secondary groundwater systems under 11 primary ones by the intercontinental scale. A scientific evaluation of groundwater resources in Asia can be secured using water balance method and runoff modulus method through water circulating analysis and feature study of groundwater system on the basis of groundwater system division of Asia. With natural recharge(runoff) modulus(10~4m~3/km~2·a), the total amount of water resources and those available for exploitation of primary groundwater system can be evaluated-continuous aquifers in plains and basins contain 242.465× 10~9 m~3/a of water, 169.725× 10~9 m~3/a of which is recoverable; discrete aquifers contain 186.695× 10~9 m~3/a, 130.686× 10~9 m~3/a of which is available for exploitation; other scattered aquifers contain 38.614× 10~9 m~3/a, 27.029× 10~9 m~3/a of which could be exploited. In total, there is 467.774× 10~9 m~3/a of groundwater with 327.440× 10~9 m~3/a recoverable. The groundwater map of Asia is compiled according to groundwater system division, evaluation of the total amount and aquifer types to reflect the macro features of groundwater resources in Asia, laying a scientific foundation for exploitation and management of water resources here and for avoiding disputes over groundwater resources and environment among Asian countries.     

Features of groundwaters in basins shared between Ethiopia and Kenya and the implications for international legislation on transboundary aquifers

The implementation of laws relating to transboundary aquifers necessitates field knowledge so that the laws can be coincident with reality on the ground. The definition of ‘shared aquifer’ is more complex than the mere physically shared body of groundwater flowing from country A to country B. The border between Ethiopia and Kenya is characterized by low-volume groundwater storage and low transboundary flows. However, groundwater has visible environmental, social and economic functions. The characteristics of groundwater flow and storage in aquifers shared between Ethiopia and Kenya are different from those used in setting the foundation of the international legal framework on shared aquifers. By describing the characteristics of the groundwaters that are shared between Ethiopia and Kenya, this work demonstrates that the international legal framework is inadequate when applied in this region. The main inadequacies are: (1) international law does not specify the minimum volume of transboundary flow in an aquifer for it to qualify to be treated under the law, and (2) the physical aspects of water get more emphasis than the functions of groundwater. A more adequate international legal framework would be one that considers specific types of groundwater and local needs.