大氧化事件在山西滹沱群中的记录:碳酸盐岩碳同位素资料分析

古元古代早期爆发了全球性大氧化事件（GOE）,诱发了休伦冰川事件（Huronian Glaciation Event,HGE）和2.3~2.06Ga的拉玛岗地-瓦图里碳酸盐碳同位素正漂移事件（Lomagundi-Jatuli Event,LJE）。滹沱群是华北克拉通最具代表性的古元古代沉积地层,变质程度最低,地层学研究程度高,是探索GOE以及HGE和LJE的理想研究对象。通过总结和分析滹沱群碳酸盐岩碳同位素研究结果,我们发现：（1）滹沱群主体未显示δ¹³C_carb正漂移现象,但下部大石岭组有高达3.5‰的δ¹³C_carb正异常;（2）显示δ¹³C_carb正异常的大石岭组可能形成于2.08Ga之前,未显示δ¹³C_carb正异常的东冶亚群可能形成于2.06Ga之后;（3）五台地区记录休伦冰川事件的冰碛岩应发育在大石岭组之下,即四集庄组砾岩。总之,滹沱群形成于2.3Ga之后,下部豆村亚群沉积于HGE或LJE期间,可能保留了更显著的δ¹³C_carb正漂移信息及冰川沉积记录,中部的东冶亚群沉积于LJE之后,不存在δ¹³C_carb正漂移。     

广东凡口铅锌矿床赋矿地层稳定同位素研究

广东凡口铅锌矿床是中国著名的大型铅锌矿床。在凡口矿区新发现有类似奥陶系岩性的地层,与寒武系一起构成矿区的浅变质基底,其δ¹³C_V-PDB值为-6.5‰、δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值为14.9‰,在矿区各地层中最小,受热液作用影响最弱,主要受岩性影响。由深至浅,泥盆系地层的δ¹³C_V-PDB、δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值逐渐增高、⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr值逐渐减小,该段岩层的主赋矿层位（D₂d和D₃t）δ¹³C_V-PDB接近零,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW在18‰左右,稳定同位素的变化除受岩性影响外,主要受后期热液蚀变作用的影响,为成矿提供了一定的前提条件。石炭系（C₂ht）白云岩的δ¹³C平均值为2.17‰,δ¹⁸O平均值为21.9‰,与其他层位性质明显不同,为矿区的盖层。     

哀牢山变质带丫口宝石伟晶岩形成物理化学条件及成因研究

丫口宝石伟晶岩产于哀牢山南段二长花岗岩及变质岩中,伟晶岩含熔融包裹体、熔融一流体包裹体、CO₂流体包裹体及气-液包裹体。成矿温度为105~185℃,压力30～45 MPa,成矿溶液富含CO₂、HCO₃,盐度17%～24%NaCI,fO₂=10^-36～10^-37.47,δ¹⁸O值变化范围在7.9‰～8.7‰,δD为- 57‰～- 68‰,δ¹³C为2.1‰～-0.1‰。成矿物质来源于基底建造,属变质深熔成因,成矿时代为喜山期。     

羌塘盆地双湖地区早中侏罗世过渡期碳同位素波动及成因研究

藏北双湖县巴岭乡地区出露一套深水相黑色页岩地层,包括下侏罗统曲色组和中侏罗统色哇组二个组地层单元。根据菊石化石控制的生物地层时代,下伏曲色组划归Pliensbachian-Toarcian 阶,上覆色哇组级代表Aalenian-Bajocian 期沉积,二者之间为连续沉积,是目前西藏特提斯域菊石化石控制程度最高的中下侏罗统地层。野外实测了索布查J₂/J₁界线剖面,按2m间距采集了148件样品,室内开展了无机碳(δ¹³C_carb)和有机碳(δ¹³C_kero)分析,目的是揭示早侏罗世末期到中侏罗世初期这一时段的古海洋演化过程。研究结果表明,曲色组沉积期古海水δ¹³C_DIC偏正,而色哇组δ¹³C_DIC偏负,J₂/J₁界线上下δ¹³C_carb值显示阶步式负向偏移的特点。根据相关分馏方程计算,Toarcian期海洋浮游植物繁盛,δ¹³C_DIC偏正_,海水营养盐NO₃浓度偏低,而Aalenian期海洋浮游植物衰减,δ¹³C_DIC偏低,NO₃浓度升高。沉积有机质或干酪根碳同位素δ¹³C_kero在J₂/J₁界线上下与δ¹³C_carb变化趋势一致,也具有由高值逐渐偏低的特点,但δ¹³C_carb和δ¹³C_kero变化曲线的波峰和波谷并不同步,这是因为海源和陆源有机质相对含量高低变化所致。文中根据碳同位素质量平衡方程,定量的描述了索布查界线剖面陆源和海源有机质比例的变化过程,讨论了曲色组和色哇组烃源岩在油气勘探中的意义。     

造山型金矿成矿流体来源与演化的氢-氧同位素示踪：夹皮沟金矿带例析

在详细的矿床地质研究和成矿阶段划分基础上,系统采集了距夹皮沟断裂带100~3622m的6个金矿床不同成矿阶段的20件矿石样品,进行了氢、氧同位素测试。距夹皮沟断裂带由近及远,各金矿床的氢、氧同位素组成分别为:北沟(100~172m,δD=-97‰~-90‰,δ18O_w=-3.26‰~5.49‰)、二道沟(820~830m,δD=-95‰~-94‰,δ18O_w=-4.58‰~-0.50‰)、三道岔(1385~1412m,δD=-97‰~-91‰,δ18O_w=-3.58‰~-1.39‰)、四道岔(2776~2802m,δD=-99‰~-80‰,δ18O_w=0.75‰~4.69‰)、八家子(3400m,δD=-102‰,δ18O_w=0.22‰)、夹皮沟本区(3595~3622m,δD=-108‰~-92‰,δ18O_w=2.91‰~5.39‰)。成矿早、主、晚阶段δD、δ18O_w和W/R值分别为-97‰~-80‰、3.99‰~5.49‰和约0.1;-108‰~-90‰、-3.26‰~4.71‰和0.1~0.5;-97‰~-91‰、-4.58‰~-2.68‰和0.01~0.1。反映金矿早阶段成矿流体以变质水为主体,混入有少量岩浆水,W/R值较小;主阶段成矿流体为变质水和大气降水的混合,W/R值显著增大,氢、氧同位素和W/R值具有明显的空间不均一特征(成矿流体隧道式流动):前者与距夹皮沟断裂带的距离正相关、后两者负相关,而它们与各金矿床已探明资源量的相关性相反,可能表征了成矿系统有效流体压力对W/R值和金沉淀成矿的控制作用;晚阶段大气降水大量加入,成矿流体弥散式的流动机制引起大面积同位素均一化,W/R值最小。据此推断,氧同位素低值区与氢同位素和W/R高值区(尤其是它们的显著变化区)的套合部位是金大规模沉淀聚集的最有利地段暨找矿勘查的重要选区。     

桂西隆或金矿床流体包裹体与C-H-O-He-Ar同位素对成矿流体来源的制约

广西隆或金矿床位于右江盆地隆或孤立碳酸盐岩台地内部,为一产于C/D不整合面上的层状卡林型矿床。为了查明隆或金矿的成矿流体来源,探讨矿床成因,本次工作对其开展了详细的野外地质考察,对不同成矿阶段石英、方解石进行了系统的包裹体岩相学观察、显微测温及C-H-O-He-Ar同位素分析。包裹体岩相学及测温结果显示,石英、方解石中主要发育富液相气液两相水溶液包裹体,含有少量CO₂三相包裹体。其中石英中包裹体均一温度集中在170.4~282.6℃,盐度w （NaCl_eq）集中在2.57%~8.41%,密度为0.774~0.938 g/cm³;方解石中包裹体的均一温度集中在178.5~237℃,盐度w （NaCl_eq）集中在2.9%~7.17%,密度为0.845~0.935 g/cm³,为中低温、低盐度、低密度的H₂O-NaCl体系。通过计算得出成矿流体的成矿压力为45.83~74.17 MPa,成矿深度为1.611~2.472 km。石英的δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值为25.5‰~28.7‰,对应的δ¹⁸O_H2O为14.10‰~17.18‰,δDV-SMOW值为-79‰~-51‰,两个阶段石英H、O同位素投点虽位于变质水区域及附近,但Ⅱ阶段石英具有向岩浆水漂移的趋势。方解石的δ¹³C_PDB集中在-6.5‰~-4.6‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW分布在19.9‰~21.1‰,其投点靠近海相碳酸盐岩区域,表明方解石的形成主要来源于碳酸盐的溶解。石英包裹体中³He/⁴He的值为0.351~0.744 Ra,位于地幔氦和地壳氦之间,幔源He （%）值为5.11%~11.17%,说明地壳流体占主导地位;方解石中³He/⁴He值为0.038~0.073 Ra,位于地壳氦附近。石英、方解石的⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar值为303.1~436.4,经计算得成矿流体中大气⁴⁰Ar贡献介于67.71%~97.49%,表明了成矿流体具有壳幔混合的特征,并且有大量大气水的参与。综上分析,文章推测隆或金矿床中原始成矿流体来自深部岩浆流体,原始成矿流体在上升过程中与盆地建造水发生混合,形成了多流体混合的成矿流体,并且随着成矿的进行,大量的大气降水或地下水的渗入。结合构造环境、矿化蚀变等特征,文章认为隆或金矿床为中低温低压浅成热液卡林型金矿床。     

贵州龙动物群产出层位碳氧同位素研究

贵州龙动物群是二叠-三叠纪大绝灭后海洋生态系统辐射发展阶段最晚期的典型代表,为了解其古环境信息,对贵州省兴义地区顶效及周边产地开展了精细剖面测量,采集碳酸盐岩进行了全岩碳氧同位素测试。测试结果显示：泥麦谷剖面δ¹³C值分布范围-6.3‰~2.6‰,δ¹⁸O分布范围在-5.7‰~-1.2‰;谢米剖面δ¹³C值分布范围在-4.5‰~2.5‰,δ¹⁸O在-5.7‰~-1.2‰;坝尾剖面δ¹³C值分布范围在0.5‰~2‰,δ¹⁸O在-6.4‰~0.1‰;顶效剖面δ¹³C值分布范围在-4.3‰~2.1‰,δ¹⁸O在-7.3‰~-2.5‰。根据碳氧同位素数据相关性分析显示泥麦谷、谢米、坝尾剖面的同位素值受后期成岩作用影响较小。在泥麦谷、谢米及顶效贵州龙动物群产出层位下段均出现明显的δ¹³C负异常,与低水位时期海洋生物快速死亡密切相关,也与火山作用存在一定的联系。由于顶效剖面受后期成岩作用影响,笔者利用泥麦谷、谢米及坝尾剖面δ¹⁸O数据对兴义地区古海水温度进行了恢复,结果显示温度分布在19~27℃,平均为23℃左右,说明当时属于温暖气候环境。     

渔塘坝富硒硅质岩成因及沉积环境探讨：硅、氧、碳和硫同位素证据

鄂西渔塘坝含碳硅质岩段(P³₁m)为硒矿床的主要赋硒层位,其硅、氧同位素组成δ³⁰Si变化范围为0.5‰~1.8‰（平均1.25‰）;δ¹⁸O为22.7‰~27.1‰ （平均25.3‰）;硅质岩中黄铁矿 δ³⁴S的值变化范围为-27.7‰~-5.65‰,幅度大于20‰;硅质岩层位中方解石样品的δ¹³C值范围为4.19‰~0.52‰。综合研究表明,渔塘坝硅质岩在成因上主要表现为热水沉积特征,成岩温度为45℃,形成于半封闭的浅海至滨浅海（滞留的盆地）缺氧沉积环境。     

黄龙铺钼矿田含矿碳酸岩地球化学特征及其形成构造背景

陕西黄龙铺钼矿田是东秦岭钼矿带中成矿类型最为独特的矿床,多数矿体产于晚三叠纪（220Ma）的碳酸岩岩脉内。其中,石家湾Ⅱ号矿体碳酸岩的Sr和REE含量异常高,δ¹³C_PDB为 -6.75‰~ -6.92‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOWO为8.69‰~9.48‰,显示典型的火成碳酸岩的特征。在世界范围内,碳酸岩来自地幔低程度部分熔融或交代作用,稀土配分模式为陡倾斜的轻稀土富集型,但石家湾碳酸岩HREE含量异常高,稀土配分模式平坦,不同于世界其它地区的碳酸岩,这要求源区必须相对亏损LREE,相对富集HREE。显然,如此源区与俯冲洋壳部分熔融之后的残留相榴辉岩的特征一致。因此,我们认为,勉略洋壳在三叠纪向北俯冲至秦岭-华北联合陆块之下,通过变质脱水熔融而形成岩浆弧,随后,在弧后扩张带发生残余榴辉岩的低程度部分熔融或交代而形成碳酸岩岩浆,导致黄龙铺矿田形成。如此以来,秦岭地区在220Ma左右仍有B型俯冲作用,碰撞造山作用并没有结束。     

金厂峪金矿床成矿流体地球化学性质对金沉淀的制约

本文对河北金厂峪金矿床蚀变围岩和石英脉组分进行的对比分析,得知蚀变围岩中Al₂O₃、P₂O₅、MnO₂含量变化较小,石英脉中SiO₂、FeO、CaO、MgO、Sr、Ba、Sc、Zn、Ga、Ta、Au、Ag、Y、Pb、REE分布模式等相对于蚀变岩有明显不同。矿石中硫化物δ³⁴S值接近0‰ ,矿石围岩胪δ³⁴S为-5.0‰ ~ +3.2‰,矿石铅的²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb明显高于岩石铅。矿石中铁白云石δ¹³C值变化于-2.3‰ ~ -8.4‰ ,与初生碳δ¹³C值(-5‰ ~ -8‰ )接近,石英包亵体δ¹³C值变化于-3.55‰ ~ -8.44‰ 。脉体内的石英与碳酸盐岩,以及金属矿物都是相同成矿流体的产物,成矿流体具有深源特征。大气水及形成裂隙引起的减压作用是深源流体性质改变和组分沉淀的主要因素。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.