扬子地块西南缘瓮安穹隆不整合面特征、年代限定及大地构造意义

瓮安穹隆位于近南北向的鄂渝湘黔穹隆群构造带与东西向黔中隆起的过渡区域,本质上为一构造叠加穹隆。瓮安穹隆及周缘发育并完好地保留了加里东期、印支期和燕山期不整合面。这些对应于关键构造事件的不整合面的发育特征和年代限定是进行区域和大地构造重建的重要手段。研究结果表明：(1)古生代以来瓮安穹隆及邻区构造格局出现3次重大变动,先后经历了加里东期、印支期、燕山期等3个关键演化阶段,是前震旦陆壳基底上的叠加穹隆。早古生代以来,瓮安穹隆及邻区主要发育中志留统顶面(S2/AnS2)、中三叠统顶面(T2/AnT2)、中侏罗统顶面(J2/AnJ2)不整合,分别与加里东期、印支期和燕山期构造运动有关。(2)根据碎屑锆石年龄分布统计结果,瓮安地区及邻区加里东运动的发生时间为426~415 Ma,印支运动的发生时间为246~233 Ma,燕山运动发生的时间为168~150 Ma。对瓮安穹隆出现的不整合进行构造及年代学分析,从而进一步探讨穹隆的构造演化,将有助于对穹隆构造的深入研究。     

秦岭南缘勉略构造带小碥河—长坝地区变质地层碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

南秦岭勉略构造带小碥河—长坝地区发育一套时代有争议的低角闪岩相变质沉积地层。由于该变质沉积地层受到了强烈变质和变形作用的改造,且缺少精确的年代学证据,在以往的地质研究和地质图中将其形成时代划归为古元古代、早古生代、志留纪—三叠纪、泥盆纪、泥盆纪—石炭纪等。笔者以该区的变质碎屑岩为研究对象,进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,完成锆石测点一个样品共计80个,获得小碥河—长坝地区的变质地层主要碎屑锆石年龄为850～658Ma,最小年龄加权平均值为(576.5±12.4)Ma。结合前人资料,认为小碥河—长坝地区变质地层的沉积时代主体应为早古生代;物源主要来自勉略构造带内部火山岩、碧口微地块及扬子地块西北缘新元古代岩浆岩;其沉积事件对应了勉略构造带及扬子地块西北缘地区早古生代伸展裂陷沉积过程。     

大兴安岭地区上古生界变形特征及构造层划分

大兴安岭地区古生界构造变形表明,上古生界自二叠纪末以来遭受了3期构造变形改造:第一期变形为二叠纪末华北板块与佳蒙地块碰撞造成的近EW向展布的断裂和褶皱构造,强度由南向北有减弱的趋势;第二期变形为侏罗纪西太平洋板块俯冲导致的NE—NNE向左行走滑断裂和褶皱构造;第三期为NW向具有右行走滑特征的断裂构造,时间大致在晚侏罗世—早白垩世。综合区域构造、沉积岩古地理分析对比,初步将大兴安岭地区上古生界划分为早古生代、D—C1、C2—P2、P3—T14个构造层:早古生代末加里东运动之后,在D—C1期间早期以伸展为主,总体表现为北海南陆的古地理特征;早石炭世末期松嫩地块与额尔古纳—兴安地块沿嫩江—扎兰屯一线碰撞拼接;C2—P2期间总体表现为造山后伸展特征,表现为北陆南海;P3—T1时期古亚洲洋的闭合,海水退出,转为陆相。     

黔西北五指山地区叠加构造变形特征对铅锌矿成矿的控制

五指山铅锌矿区位于贵州省普定县与织金县交界区域,大地构造位于扬子板块中部、江南造山带西缘。野外构造研究表明,受早古生代加里东构造运动的控制与影响,矿区内震旦系—下古生界构造变形与上古生界—中生界的构造变形明显不同。震旦系—下古生界构造线近东西向,发育近东西向平缓褶皱、南倾或北倾劈理,显示近南北向的挤压收缩变形。震旦系—下古生界区内发育两组南北、北西向陡倾断层,断层明显受限制而不穿越晚古生代之后的地层。发育在震旦系—下古生界内的层间滑动与断层活动控制着铅锌矿的分布。晚古生代之后区域构造应力场发生转变,由早期近南北向的挤压收缩转为早燕山期SEE向NWW挤压逆冲,由此对震旦纪—早古生代变形进行叠加与改造,宏观上形成以NE走向为特征的区域构造格局。后期形成的褶皱轴面主要向SEE倾斜,断层向NWW逆冲,与早期变形呈斜跨式叠加。燕山期断层活动促进了铅锌矿的迁移与聚集。     

广西加里东运动构造古地理问题

广西历来被认为是我国加里东运动的典型地区,志留纪末的造山运动使早泥盆世莲花山组砾岩不整合于下伏地层之上。但是,实际上莲花山组只分布于广西中部的大明山－大瑶山地区和东北部扬子地块边缘,并且,它不具备同造山期磨拉石沉积特征,而是古陆剥蚀面上新海侵序列底部的滨海相沉积。广西西部的晚古生代台地相区,泥盆系底部为泥岩或粉砂岩,超覆于寒武系台地相沉积层之上。滇东南和越南北部邻区情况类似。推测在早古生代时它们属于一个地块,可称为“桂滇－北越地块”。早奥陶世云开地块和桂滇－北越地块、扬子地块的会聚和挤压,形成了大明山－大瑶山地体寒武系东西向的线形褶皱带。这是广西加里东运动的主幕。晚奥陶世-早志留世华夏地块和扬子地块的碰撞带在广西仅限于它的东北部,表现为震旦系-下志留统近南北向的线形褶皱带。志留纪末并无造山运动的证据。早泥盆世开始,可能由于地幔柱活动而使桂滇－北越地块裂解,形成北越地块、靖西台地和其他更小的块体。     

东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅳ):北界西段早古生代构造变形

北祁连造山带是原特提斯洋北支西段——古祁连洋闭合的地质记录,其经历了早古生代复杂的造山过程,但其俯冲极性、闭合时间、拼合方式还存在争议。通过详细的野外构造解析,并对变质年代学资料进行统计,在研究区识别出三幕早古生代褶皱变形。其中,第一幕变形发生在489~442Ma,形成于古祁连洋壳俯冲-碰撞阶段,主要表现为区域性的片理、片麻理或糜棱叶理;第二幕变形发生在422~406Ma,形成于俯冲板片的折返阶段,主要表现为轴面南倾的紧闭褶皱;第三幕变形则主要为轴面近于直立的宽缓褶皱。前两幕变形被第三幕变形叠加改造。祁连地区广泛分布着奥陶系-志留系与上覆泥盆系的角度不整合,不整合面上、下的地层对比指示西段不整合时间早于东段不整合时间,可能代表了古祁连洋西段拼合较早、东段拼合较晚的斜向"剪刀式"拼合。此外,多条穿过整个研究区的1∶20万地质剖面上的运动学解析,揭示了古祁连洋壳自北向南的俯冲极性。综合以上研究结果,认为古祁连洋壳最早的俯冲时间为544Ma,中祁连和阿拉善微陆块自462Ma开始碰撞拼合,古祁连洋于442Ma最终闭合。早古生代原特提斯洋北界西段俯冲方式为自南向北"后退式"俯冲,可能发生过俯冲带跃迁事件。     

雪峰山基底隆升带及其邻区印支期陆内构造特征与成因

狭义的华南陆块东部包括扬子地块和华夏地块,而雪峰山陆内构造系统是扬子地块的重要组成部分。通过对雪峰山地区印支期地层角度不整合时空分布规律的分析表明,高角度不整合—微角度不整合—平行不整合—整合的空间分布区域依次由东往西递变渐新。根据褶皱变形分析得出,雪峰山地区在印支期发育了北东东向和北北东向2个轴迹方向的褶皱,后期叠加了南北向弧形逆冲推覆构造。区域构造背景和动力学分析表明,扬子地块内部印支期总体北东向的变形形迹与东西轴向的秦岭—大别造山带和扬子地块南部东西轴向的构造线相垂直;其原因是:扬子地块与华夏地块最终陆内收缩变形的时间比扬子与华北沿秦岭—大别造山带的陆间碰撞拼合的时间早,印支早期的先存北北东向构造线在印支晚期由于扬子地块顺时针旋转变位为北东东向,从而决定了印支早期现今北东东向的构造线,随后的第二幕北北东向构造线的形成是在与早期第一幕变形的应力场相同的同一构造应力场作用下形成的。但是,秦岭—大别造山带近东西向的构造线取决于主动大陆边缘,即总体近东西向的华北陆块南缘边界,其原始方位为总体近东西向。这些复杂边界条件和旋转决定了先形成彼此近于垂直的构造线,然后拼接形成现今构造线垂直的格局。     

赣西北幕阜山-九岭山一带前震旦纪构造变形

赣西北幕阜山-九岭山一带中元古界双桥山群是一套被震旦系不整合覆盖、成层有序的正常沉积地层.其内近东西向褶皱(同构造期热液事件)叠加早期近南北向褶皱为华夏板块与扬子板块碰撞拼贴过程中在板内留下的痕迹,板内构造与拼贴带为同期构造运动形成的不可分割的统一体.根据侵位于东西向褶皱核部的漫江单元、山口单元(斜长花岗岩)单颗粒锆石直接蒸发年龄(分别为846±7 Ma与805±75 Ma),以及与东西向褶皱伴生的古断裂特征等证据表明该区构造变形至少发生在800 Ma之前的前震旦纪,可能与格林威尔运动相当,由此证明江南古陆是客观存在的.     

皖南地区加里东运动构造特征

前人认为皖南地区加里东运动仅表现为抬升造陆运动.文中从构造运动不整合接触关系证据、盖层构造、劈理及变形变质程度,以及古构造应力场特征等方面开展研究.于皖南地区多处发现了上泥盆统与下伏志留系呈角度不整合接触,表明了区内发育加里东褶皱.通过区域地质调查和构造解剖,揭示了区内复式褶皱为加里东和印支两期褶皱叠加的产物.其中,加里东期构造样式主要为区域性开阔褶皱,规模巨大,其轴迹呈北东东向或近东西向延伸,然而,印支期构造样式为线性中常褶皱,规模较小,其轴迹主要呈北东向展布.应用赤平极射投影法对研究区内的褶皱轴面产状、劈理产状要素进行统计分析,结果显示发育加里东期、印支期等多期变形构造;并利用该法求得褶皱两翼优势产状,应用数学计算法计算出区内3期构造应力场特征值,显示华南地块自南而北向扬子地块俯冲挤压的陆内造山动力学过程.早古生代盖层造山属性为陆内造山.区内加里东期褶皱构造属性的厘定和深入研究,对区域构造格架的建立具有重要意义.     

中国大陆早古生代构造演化

中国大陆早古生代(中寒武世—早泥盆世)构造期以发生一系列各具特征、分布局限、准同时的构造事件为特征。它们与苏格兰—阿帕拉契亚的加里东事件完全不同,在中国大陆出现了西域板块完成拼合,华夏板块构成统一结晶基底,南扬子板块广泛发育板内褶皱,此时还形成了阿尔泰—额尔古纳碰撞带等重要构造事件,而以中朝和北扬子板块为代表的其他板块则主要表现为稳定沉积,地块运移,并呈离散状态。阿尔泰—额尔古纳带、西域板块、华夏板块以及南扬子板块存在板块汇聚、碰撞或地壳缩短的特征,而中朝、北扬子、羌塘、冈底斯、喜马拉雅等地块则以稳定、离散为主要特征。绝大多数板块基本上保持孤立和离散的状态,这是早古生代中国大陆各个地块构造演化特征截然不同的主要原因。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.