1668年郯城8 1/2 级地震构造应力场分析

1668年郯城8 1/2 级地震,发震断层南起郯城窑上北到莒县土岭,全长为130 km,由5条北北东走向的活断层段组成。郯城地震断层南段沿沂沭断裂带内的F₂断裂分布,倾向南东东,倾角为30°～60°。北段紧邻F₁断裂分布,倾向不稳定,倾角较陡(多为70°以上)。南段表现为右行逆冲或逆右行的运动性质,北段则以右行走滑为主。郯城地震断层南、北两段均发育断层泥带、断层角砾带和碎裂带,南段总宽度为几米到十几米,北段总宽度为几十米到近百米,局部发育多条断层泥带。郯城地震断层的排列方式及其几何学特征表明:为老断层复活,而非新生断层。通过断层擦痕的反演同震应力场显示:北段为北东东-南西西向挤压应力场,南段为北东-南西向的挤压应力场,该地震是发生在区域性挤压应力场状态下。这种应力场空间变化可能是地震断层几何学空间变化导致的。其同震应力场与该地区现代区域应力场是一致的,这说明郯城地震并未造成震后应力场调整或震后应力场调整时间较短,未影响到现今应力场。     

基于向-位错模型的同震断层运动反演——以龙门山断层为例

针对2008年发生汶川8.0级地震的龙门山断裂铲状分布和断层倾滑面倾角随深度变化特点,本文提出了描述龙门山断层同震运动(滑动和转动)的向-位错组合模型。结合地质数据采用回归分析法模拟了断层在倾滑过程中断层面倾滑方向随断层深度的分布特征;利用四川地区实测的三维同震GPS数据结合粒子群算法,采用向-位错模型对汶川地震断层面的同震滑动和随深度的方向转动(向错)进行了反演计算,并将反演的同震滑动区域和大小分布与USGS断层滑动结果进行了对比分析。理论分析和模型计算表明:(1)在汶川8.0级地震发生过程中,由于断层的倾滑面为倾角由上向下逐渐变小的曲面,断层面上的倾滑方向也随断层面法线的改变而变化,即断层面在破裂过程中存在明显的向错现象;(2)龙门山发震断层的倾滑面转动方向随深度变化为一开口向上的抛物线,震中位于转动角变化的极值点附近;(3)在断层几何参数相同的情况下,采用向-位错组合模型反演的同震滑动区域和USGS的滑动区域具有较好的一致性,滑动大小的差异主要由断层模型之间的差异、测量误差等多种因素引起。     

龙门山褶皱冲断带南北分段性与汶川地震的关系

龙门山褶皱冲断带位于青藏高原东缘与四川盆地之间,中生代以来主要经历了晚三叠世和新生代两期重要的地壳缩短变形,形成了典型的逆冲推覆构造带.龙门山的形成和演化与青藏高原隆升以及地震活动有着密切的关系,因此龙门山褶皱冲断带南北两段的差异性被众多学者所关注.文章在前人工作的基础之上从3个角度来阐述龙门山南北两段的差异性:1)地质调查和地震反射剖面解释表明,晚三叠世龙门山北段变形强烈而南段变形不明显,南北分段格局就此形成;2)汶川地震同震地表破裂的差异,北段以右旋斜向逆冲为主,南段则主要以逆冲为主.兼有少量的走滑分量;3)同震断裂的三维构造建模揭示出,同震断层的三维几何形态同样存在南北差异,北段同震断层只有一条且不能向下延伸至深部的主滑脱层,而南段同震断层有两条分支,二者在大约10km的深度合并成一条,并向下延伸至约17km深度与主滑脱层相连.因此,认为汶川地震同震破裂的南北分段性是由于晚三叠世龙门山先存的南北构造差异性所引发的.     

断层之间的相互作用及其地震地质意义

从断层间相互作用产生的同震库仑应力改变入手,提出了断层间相互作用的触震与缓震效应,探讨了断层间的相互作用对断层活动性、断层未来地震潜势及余震活动分布图像的影响.从断层间相互作用的角度分析了大陆强震准周期丛集复发行为的可能的物理机制.认为断层间的相互作用具有重大的地震地质意义,在进行断层活动习性和断层地震危险性定量评价及余震分布图像预测时,应该充分考虑断层间相互作用的影响.     

日本MW9.0级地震同震位移场和应力场的有限元模拟

根据同震位移GPS观测数据, 利用有限元法反演了2011年3月11日本MW9.0级地震的断层滑移模式。在此基础上, 计算了日本MW9.0级地震引起的同震位移场和应力场, 给出了位移和应力的分布, 分析了他们的变化规律并与实测结果进行了对比。计算结果表明: 日本MW9.0级地震的静态断层滑移量最大可达25 m。地震引起断层上盘向东位移, 最大位移在震中附近, 可达24.25 m, 日本东北地区向东位移最大可达6 m。震后地表隆起, 隆起幅度可达5.6 m, 隆起的最高点也在震中附近。日本东北地区东海岸附近有一下沉带, 下沉量可达0.8 m。同震地表位移的计算值与GPS测量结果基本一致。地震引起应力变化, 导致震后应力下降。应力变化是不均匀的, 在震中附近约为9.9 MPa, 在深处可达32 MPa, 在日本东北地区地表应力变化小于4.4 MPa。地震引起的应力变化主要是水平应力, 垂直应力基本不变。     

汶川Ms8.0地震强震动基线改正及其在位错反演中的初步应用

通过研究近场强震动记录, 发现汶川M_s8.0地震近场峰值加速度在空间上存在较明显的上盘效应和方向性效应, 与汶川引起的地质灾害空间分布具有较好的一致性.但在所有强震仪所记录的汶川M_s8.0地震同震加速度记录积分所得地壳同震速度中, 有的台站数据存在典型的线性偏移, 有的台站数据除线性偏移外还存在明显的非线性偏移.采用非线性基线改正方法处理汶川M_s8.0强震同震记录, 改正后所得同震位移明显要比线性基线改正更合乎实际情况.以强震动、GPS和InSAR同震位移处理结果做约束, 反演了汶川M_s8.0地震同震位错分布, 对于汶川M_s8.0地震主要同震破裂断裂(北川-映秀断裂), 强震动反演结果不仅较好地刻画了汶川M_s8.0地震同震主断裂上地表破裂空间分布详细变化特征, 同时也较好地反映北端破裂衰减情况, 该结果表明: 强震动资料可以为强震后的救援和灾害评估等工作提供具有参考价值的研究结果; 另一方面, 受数据数量的制约, 用强震动改正后位移反演所得位错分布中仅汉旺断裂南段存在较为明显位错, 强震仪布设时应更多地考虑是否相对均匀地分布在具有发震潜势的断裂周缘, 以期更好地在震后应急救灾中发挥更好的作用.      

基于D—InSAR的九寨沟地震同震形变场反演分析

利用覆盖九寨沟地区的RadarSat—2数据与Sentinel—1A数据,采用精轨数据进行定轨,消除轨道误差,并结合合成孔径差分(D-InSAR)方法中的双轨差分技术,获取2017年8月8日Mw7. 0级地震的同震形变场。结果表明,视线方向(LOS)最大沉降量约为20 cm,隆起量达9 cm。基于弹性半空间形变模型反演该地震的断层滑动分布,得出该地震断层滑动以左旋走滑为主,走向为330°,倾角为32°,滑动角为-170°,同震滑动分布主要集中在4～12 km深度处,最大滑动量位于9 km处,约为6. 14 m,平均滑动量为0. 57 m。反演获得的地震标量矩为4. 06E+18N·m,震级Mw约为6. 4,深度为19. 5 km。     

2008年汶川地震破裂的滑移向量

估计同震滑移向量对于认识和理解破裂方式和破裂过程具有重要意义。2008年汶川大地震在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带的中央断裂和前山断裂上各形成了一条长250 km和72 km的地表破裂带。地震发生后至今,已经发表了大量有关同震位错沿破裂带分布的论文和报告,但绝大部分都仅仅是破裂的走向位错和垂直位错,极少有同震滑移向量的报道。这不仅是因为野外难以直接测量到水平缩短量(或拉张量),而且还因为这些走滑位错实际上是视走滑位错,部分或全部来自水平缩短或拉张。因此,仅仅根据视走滑同震位错和垂直同震位错估计的同震总滑移量肯定包含了相当大的误差。尝试利用据不同走向参考线测量到的一组(两个以上)视走滑位错来计算水平滑移向量的这一新方法,获得了中央破裂带上的7个水平同震滑移向量,并结合垂直位错量进一步计算了走滑、倾滑和水平缩短三个同震滑移分量以及断层倾角和破裂面上的同震滑移向量,综合出露破裂面的擦痕所指示的滑移向量,并对比根据矩张量解获得的震源深度的滑移向量,得出以下认识:(1)破裂南段的地表滑移向量的方位角明显小于震源深度滑移向量的方位角,表明在破裂从震源向地表传播过程中破裂面上的滑移向量发生了逆时针旋转;(2)滑移方位角向北东方向逐渐增大,表明地平面上水平滑移向量表现出顺时针旋转的趋势,而且在破裂向北东方向传播过程中近地表的走滑分量逐渐减小而倾滑分量逐渐增大;(3)几乎在每一个观测点倾滑分量都大于走滑分量,表明汶川地震的破裂方式在任何地点都是以逆冲运动为主;(4)破裂面倾角在10.4°～64.7°,平均值为41°,与天然破裂露头和探槽揭示的结果基本一致;(5)滑移向量沿破裂带的分布显示,走滑分量中段大而两端小,倾滑分量则相反,中段小两端大。     

龙泉山断裂带断层最新活动年代及方式

龙泉山断裂带属龙门山前陆隆起,与青藏高原龙门山的隆升演化密切相关。为探讨龙泉山断裂带断层活动方式、期次及年代特征,在该断裂带不同部位采集了断层泥样品,通过扫描电镜(SEM)对样品中的石英颗粒进行了痕迹微形貌和溶蚀微形貌观察,通过电子自旋共振(ESR)测试了样品断层的最新活动年龄,并结合区域地震资料,进一步研究了龙泉山断裂带断层的发震潜力。结果表明: 龙泉山断裂带断层运动方式以黏滑为主,兼蠕滑; 具有多期次活动特征,强烈活动时间为早更新世—中更新世,晚更新世也有明显断层活动,全新世断层活动不明显; SEM 、ESR、热释光(TL)测得的断层最新活动年龄为(1 210±121)~(110±10.0) ka; 最新活动年代和活动性具有分段性,中段断层活动性较弱,北段和南段断层活动性较强。总之,龙泉山断裂带为1条活动性断裂带,具有一定的发震潜力,地震沿断裂带呈带状分布,但相比其西侧的龙门山断裂带,其活动性已大大降低。     

四川汶川5.12大地震同震滑动断层泥的发现及意义

2008年汶川8.0级地震沿龙门山断裂带内的映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂产生了近300 km的同震地表破裂带。震后地质科学考察发现地表变形以逆冲为主,并伴有右旋走滑。地震地表破裂带大多沿古生代碳质泥岩、页岩和三叠系煤系地层内的滑动面出露地表,这些软弱地层为地震破裂带冲到地表提供了超低摩擦滑动带。我们发现在同震垂直和水平位错达6m左右的地表破裂带,地震的同震滑动发生在厚度约0.5~2cm 的狭窄滑动带内,以发育新鲜的灰色断层泥为特征,这些断层泥是地震断层快速滑动过程中岩石—流体相互作用的结果。     

Fault on–off versus coseismic fluids reaction

The fault activation （fault on） interrupts the enduring fault locking （fault off） and marks the end of a seismic cycle in which the brittle-ductile transition （BDT） acts as a sort of switch. We suggest that the fluid flow rates differ during the different periods of the seismic cycle （interseismic, pre-seismic, coseismic and post-seismic） and in particular as a function of the tectonic style. Regional examples indicate that tectonic-related fluids anomalies depend on the stage of the tectonic cycle and the tectonic style. Although it is difficult to model an increasing permeability with depth and several BDT transitions plus independent acquicludes may occur in the crust, we devised the simplest numerical model of a fault constantly shearing in the ductile deeper crust while being locked in the brittle shallow layer, with variable homogeneous permeabilities. The results indicate different behaviors in the three main tectonic settings. In tensional tectonics, a stretched band antithetic to the normal fault forms above the BDT during the interseismic period. Fractures close and fluids are expellecl during the coseismic stage. The mechanism reverses in compressional tectonics. During the interseismic stage, an over-compressed band forms above the BDT. The band dilates while rebounding in the coseismic stage and attracts fluids locally. At the tip lines along strike-slip faults, two couples of subvertical bancls show different behavior, one in dilationJcompression and one in compressionJdilation. This deformation pattern inverts during the coseismic stage. Sometimes a pre-seismic stage in which fluids start moving may be observed and could potentially become a precursor.     

龙首山南麓新发现的地震地表破裂带——兼论1954年山丹MS 7?地震发震构造

基于详细的遥感解译和野外调查,发现龙首山南缘断裂发育有较新的地震地表破裂遗迹,包括断层坎、地震鼓包、河道的系统位错等断层地貌标志,破裂带总长度超过20 km,沿断裂走向其垂向位移介于0.35~4 m,水平位移介于0.3~1.9 m,龙首山南缘断裂主体表现为逆冲性质,仅在西端表现为局部左旋走滑的性质。通过剖面和探槽揭示,龙首山南麓地区全新世以来发生多次断层活动,最新的一次在约3.96 ka以来。经过与区域内的强震记录比对,认为此次新发现的地震地表破裂带可能是1954年山丹M_S 7?地震所致。1954年山丹M_S 7?地震在浅表沿两条断裂同时发生了地表破裂,表现为正花状构造的变形样式。这种同震位移分配现象以往多发现于走滑型地震中,此次在逆冲型地震中发现。龙首山南缘断裂地表破裂带的发现为揭示1954年山丹地震的震源过程和破裂样式提供了新的证据和思路。      

2022年青海门源MS6.9地震发震构造和地表破裂初步调查

北京时间2022年1月8日01时45分，青海省海北州门源县发生强烈地震（图1），造成数人受伤，房屋倒塌，部分道路、桥梁、隧道等基础设施被破坏或受损。中国地震台网（CENC）测定该地震的震级为MS 6. 9，震中位于37. 77°N，101. 26°E，震源深度为10 km(https://www.cenc.ac.cn/cenc/dzxx/396391/index.html)。利用欧洲航空局哨兵2号雷达卫星的震前、震后SAR数据进行差分干涉处理，得到同震形变场分布图。限定此次地震以左旋走滑运动为主，断层走向NWW，断层面近直立；主体破裂深度在10 km以上并到达地表，形成长度＞35 km的地表变形带，最大滑动量约2 m。2022年门源MS 6. 9地震发生在青藏高原中北部的祁连- 柴达木次级地块的北部（图1）、托莱山断裂带和冷龙岭断裂带的交会部位，是继1986年和2016年两次门源MS 6. 4地震之后在冷龙岭断裂带上发生的震级最高、地表破裂最长的地震事件。     

Imaging the ramp–décollement geometry of the Chelungpu fault using coseismic GPS displacements from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake

We use coseismic GPS data from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake to estimate the subsurface shape of the Chelungpu fault that ruptured during the earthquake. Studies prior to the earthquake suggest a ramp–décollement geometry for the Chelungpu fault, yet many finite source inversions using GPS and seismic data assume slip occurred on the down-dip extension of the Chelungpu ramp, rather than on a sub-horizontal décollement. We test whether slip occurred on the décollement or the down-dip extension of the ramp using well-established methods of inverting GPS data for geometry and slip on faults represented as elastic dislocations. We find that a significant portion of the coseismic slip did indeed occur on a sub-horizontal décollement located at 8 km depth. The slip on the décollement contributes 21% of the total modeled moment release. We estimate the fault geometry assuming several different models for the distribution of elastic properties in the earth: homogeneous, layered, and layered with lateral material contrast across the fault. It is shown, however, that heterogeneity has little influence on our estimated fault geometry. We also investigate several competing interpretations of deformation within the E/W trending rupture zone at the northern end of the 1999 ground ruptures. We demonstrate that the GPS data require a 22- to 35-km-long lateral ramp at the northern end, contradicting other investigations that propose deformation is concentrated within 10 km of the Chelungpu fault. Lastly, we propose a simple tectonic model for the development of the lateral ramp.     

Co‐seismic Faults and Geological Hazards and Incidence of Active Fault of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake,Sichuan, China

Abstract: There are two co-seismic faults which developed when the Wenchuan earthquake happened. One occurred along the active fault zone in the central Longmen Mts. and the other in the front of Longmen Mts. The length of which is more than 270 km and about 80 km respectively. The co-seismic fault shows a reverse flexure belt with strike of N45°–60°E in the ground, which caused uplift at its northwest side and subsidence at the southeast. The fault face dips to the northwest with a dip angle ranging from 50° to 60°. The vertical offset of the co-seismic fault ranges 2.5–3.0 m along the Yingxiu-Beichuan co-seismic fault, and 1.5–1.1 m along the Doujiangyan-Hanwang fault. Movement of the co-seismic fault presents obvious segmented features along the active fault zone in central Longmen Mts. For instance, in the section from Yingxiu to Leigu town, thrust without evident slip occurred; while from Beichuan to Qingchuan, thrust and dextral strike-slip take place. Main movement along the front Longmen Mts. shows thrust without slip and segmented features. The area of earthquake intensity more than IX degree and the distribution of secondary geological hazards occurred along the hanging wall of co-seismic faults, and were consistent with the area of aftershock, and its width is less than 40km from co-seismic faults in the hanging wall. The secondary geological hazards, collapses, landslides, debris flows et al., concentrated in the hanging wall of co-seismic fault within 0–20 km from co-seismic fault.     

地壳脆塑性转化带非稳态流变与震后松弛变形机制

大陆浅源地震密集分布层称为地震层,该深度处于石英脆塑性转化带,其变形除受温度控制外,地震周期各阶段变形随应变速率和应力发生变化,从间震期的稳态蠕变转化为同震破裂和震后松弛阶段非稳态蠕变。与间震期长期蠕变相关的野外塑性变形和稳态流变实验研究非常多,而与震后松弛相关的地壳深部脆塑性转化和非稳态蠕变研究非常有限,更缺少非稳态流变的本构方程。震后松弛阶段的断层滑动研究和基于GPS观测数据反演地壳形变研究都依赖于非稳态蠕变实验数据及其流变模型。本文介绍了野外断层脆塑性转化带非稳态流变和高温高压非稳态流变实验研究进展,分析震后松弛阶段断层脆塑性转化带的变形特征与变形模式,讨论了非稳态流变与脆塑性转化带强度定量化研究中存在的问题。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114000024

We propose that the brittle-ductile transition(BDT) controls the seismic cycle.In particular,the movements detected by space geodesy record the steady state deformation in the ductile lower crust,whereas the stick-slip behavior of the brittle upper crust is constrained by its larger friction.GPS data allow analyzing the strain rate along active plate boundaries.In all tectonic settings,we propose that earthquakes primarily occur along active fault segments characterized by relative minima of strain rate,segments which are locked or slowly creeping.We discuss regional examples where large earthquakes happened in areas of relative low strain rate.Regardless the tectonic style,the interseismic stress and strain pattern inverts during the coseismic stage.Where a dilated band formed during the interseismic stage,this will be shortened at the coseismic stage,and vice-versa what was previously shortened,it will be dilated.The interseismic energy accumulation and the coseismic expenditure rather depend on the tectonic setting(extensional,contractional,or strike-slip).The gravitational potential energy dominates along normal faults,whereas the elastic energy prevails for thrust earthquakes and performs work against the gravity force.The energy budget in strike-slip tectonic setting is also primarily due elastic energy.Therefore,precursors may be different as a function of the tectonic setting.In this model,with a given displacement,the magnitude of an earthquake results from the coseismic slip of the deformed volume above the BDT rather than only on the fault length,and it also depends on the fault kinematics.     

基于GPS监测的芦山地震周围地区同震位移与运动速度

通过对2013年"4.20"四川芦山地震前后GPS观测数据的处理,得到地震周围地区GPS测站同震位移及速度矢量场。GPS测站同震位移大小为5.09~51.05mm,平均为14.18mm;GPS测站运动速度为2.64~52.37mm/a,平均为18.89mm/a。利用断裂两侧GPS测站速度矢量差得到了龙门山断裂带南段次级断裂的运动速度,龙门山断裂带南段的后山断裂、中央断裂、前山断裂运动速度大小分别为49.66±3.90mm/a、79.58±3.33mm/a、50.94±3.91/a;中央断裂以右旋挤压为主,而后山断裂、前山断裂表现为左旋拉张的特性。综合分析表明,芦山地震是发生在龙门山断裂带南段东南侧的逆冲型地震,发震构造为前山断裂与新津断裂之间的小断层。芦山地震对周围地区的影响不大,主要集中在龙门山断裂带南段及震中附近区域。     

Quaternary Activity of the Monastir and Grombalia Fault Systems in the North‒Eastern Tunisia (Seismotectonic Implication)

The Monastir and Grombalia fault systems consist of three strands that the northern segment corresponds to Hammamet and Grombalia faults. The southern strand represents Monastir Fault also referred to as the Skanes-Khnis Fault. These NW-trends are observed continuously in the major outcropping features of north-eastern Tunisia including both the Cap Bon peninsula and the Sahel domain. Along the Hammamet Fault, the north-eastern strand of Grombalia fault system, left lateral drainage offset of amount 220 m is found in Fawara valley. To the South, the left lateral movement is occurred along the Monastir Fault based on 180 m of Tyrrhenian terrace displacement. Field observations supported by satellite images suggest that the Monastir and Grombalia fault systems appear to slip mostly laterally with components of normal dip slip. Assuming the development of the stream networks during the Riss-Würm interglacial (115000–125000 years) and the age of the Tyrrhenian terrace (121 ± 10 ka), the strike slip rates of the Hammamet and Monastir faults are calculated in the range of 1.5–1.8 mm/yr. There vertical slip rates are estimated to be 0.06 and 0.26 mm/yr, respectively. These data are consistent with the displacement rate in the Pelagian shelf (1–2 mm/yr) but they are below the convergence rate of African-Eurasian plates (8 mm/yr). Our seismotectonics study reveals that a maximum earthquake of Mw = 6.5 could occur every 470 years in the Hammamet fault zone and Mw = 6–every 263 years in the Monastir fault zone.