Relationships between chlorophyll a, bacteria, ATP, POC and respiration rates in the Changjiang Estuary and the plume

Bacteria abundance, chlorophyll a, ATP and POC concentrations and respiration rates of microorganisms in the Changjiang Estuary and the plume were determined in July 1986. The high values of bacteria abundance occurred in the river mouth in association with suspended matter. It is assumed that bacteria were the major contributor to ATP and the main consumer of dissolved oxygen, and that the relationship between ATP and POC was present in that area. In the dilution zone (salinity; 25-30), instead of bacteria, phytoplankton was the major contributor to ATP and respiration rates, due to diatom bloom. Close relationships between Chi a and ATP, and ATP and POC were observed. Contribution of microbial carbon to POC was also estimated.     

Temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters

Heavy metal concentrations were measured in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters. Results from a systematic survey in April 2002 to March 2003 indicate that the ranges of the concentrations of dissolved copper, lead, zinc and cadmium in the study waters are 1.01 - 6.86, 0. 10 - 0.39,3.17 - 9.12 and 0.011 - 0. 049 μg/dm^3 , respectively. Similar to zinc, the behavior of dissolved copper was essentially conservative, but high scatter has been observed for high salinity samples, which can be attributed to the decomposition or mineralization of organic matter by bacteria. Dissolved lead may have active behavior with an addition at high salinity. Overall concentrations of dissolved cadmium increase with salinity. The mean values of these dissolved metals calculated for the surface waters were higher than those for the middle and bottom ones. External inputs of dissolved heavy metals to the surface waters were the likely explanation for these higher values. The maximum seasonal average values of dissolved copper and zinc were found in summer, reflecting higher amounts of riverine input in this season. In contrast, the maximum seasonal average values of dissolved lead and copper were found in winter and the lowest ones in summer, respectively, which might be asso- ciated with a combination of low concentration with heterogeneous scavenging. Concentrations of these dissolved metals found for the Changjiang Estuary fall in the range observed for the other estuaries but are noticeably higher than those from uncontaminated rivers, except for cadmium. Compared with observations for the Changjiang Estuary in the last two decades, it is clear that the Changjiang estuarine waters has been contaminated with copper, lead, zinc and cadmium during China＇ s industrialization, but concentrations of them have decreased in the last few years.     

Phosphorus and nitrate run‐off in hill pasture and forest catchments,Taita, New Zealand

Abstract

Phosphorus and nitrogen were measured in stream run‐off from the four catchments of the Taita Experimental Basin (41° 11′ S, 174° 58′ E). The land is used as exotic conifer forest, native forest, and hill pasture. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate chemical losses per unit area in floods and at low flows.

At low flows, the hill pasture (fertilised with lime at 630 kg·ba^?1·y^?1, and superphosphate at 380 kg·ha^?1·y^?1) tended to lose more phosphorus and nitrate than the forested land, but differences were small, and not always significant. During large floods, the hill pasture (No. 5 Catchment) lost about 3 times as much reactive phosphate and 2–5 times as much total phosphorus as the forested land, and 130–190 times as much nitrate as land in the Exotic Forest and Native Forest 2 Catchments. Nitrate losses from land in the No. 4 Catchment (mainly native forest) were as high as those from the hill pasture, so high nitrate loss is not associated solely with agriculture.

Losses of total phosphorus via the catchment streams were estimated as: No. 5 Catchment (hill pasture), 293 g·ha^?1·y^?1; Native Forest 2 Catchment, 201 g·ha^?1·y^?1; No. 4 Catchment, 124 g·ha^?1·y^?1; Exotic Forest Catchment, 71 g·ha^?1.y^?1. Nitrate‐N losses were estimated to have been 1356 g·ha^?1·y^?1, 11.5 g·ha^?1·y^?1, 1436 g·ha^?1·y^?1, and 44 g·ha^?1·y^?1 respectively. Phosphorus and nitrate concentrations were similar in the Exotic Forest and Native Forest 2 streams, but the Exotic Forest tended to lose smaller amounts because it yielded about 50% less water per unit area.

Over the 2‐y study, an estimated 47–70% of phosphorus losses and up to 83% nitrate losses occurred in large floods; 31% and 48% respectively were apparently lost from the hill pasture catchment in a single flood. Less than 20% of estimated phosphorus losses and as little as 1% of nitrate losses occurred at low flows.

Run‐off of phosphorus and nitrate was spasmodic, and this should be considered in assessing the impact of surface run‐off on the biology and chemistry of receiving waters.     

Investigation of geotechnical and geochemical relationships by parameter cross‐correlation methods,oslofjorden and dramsfjorden,Norway

Abstract

A cross‐correlation matrix was computer developed to investigate the statistical dependence of geotechnical properties on other properties as an aid to learning why such dependence exists. Linear correlation coefficients, based on 10,000 data values from borings in four major basins along the axis of the Oslofjorden, and one boring at the south end of the Dramsfjorden, are presented for 17 measured or calculated geotechnical and geochemical parameters. Confidence levels of 99 percent and 99.99 percent were calculated for all parameters, and causative and fortuitous relationships or linkages were investigated using regrouped matrices showing correlations significant at the 99.99 percent confidence level. A table summarizes parameters correlating in both fjords, only in the Oslofjorden, only in the Dramsfjorden, and in neither fjord.

Generally, relationships were as expected. Examples of unexpected absence of correlations follow: In the Oslofjorden, the clay‐size fraction and the plastic limit correlated only with the activity and the liquid limit, respectively. The lack of correlation with other parameters may be related to the character of the clay‐size fraction. In the Dramsfjor‐den, the sensitivity did not correlate with any other parameter, which may be related to the anoxic soils found in this fjord.     

Present state,basic theories, methods and progresses of investigation and assessment on marine hazardous geology in China

The achievement progresses of investigation and studies on marine hazardous geology are summarized and presentsd in the late 20 century in China. The importance, research value and presentday studies of marine hazardous geology, a newly developing branch of geoscience, are well expatiated.Several often confused concepts and theories are explained and redefined here. The comment on the means of investigations, assessment of marine hazardous geology, as well as its evolution, innovation,existing questions and future tasks are also introduced and presented. The concepts of “hazard geology“,“geohazard“, “map of marine hazard geology“, “integrated evaluaton on seafloor stablity“ are respectively discussed, including their definition, research objects, methods and contents. The types and classification of marine hazardous geology, principles and methods of marine hazardous geology map compilation, the assessment methods and models of marine hazardous geology environment and seafloor stability and so on are also discussed.     

Nitrous oxide concentration and nitrification and denitrification in Zhujiang River Estuary, China

1 Introduction Estuaries have been subject to intense anthro- pogenic influences over recent decades by inputs of ni- trogen as a consequence of fertilizer usage and sewage/waste input (Howarth et al., 1996). Thus, the capacity of an estuary to buffer or alleviate additional nutrients is of importance in modifying the load of ni- trogen in the marine ecosystem. The role of microor- ganisms in regulating fluxes of nitrogen from land to sea through estuaries has received increased attention (Ni…     

Community structure of zooplankton in the Lembeh Strait, Bitung, and Wori Beach, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The community structure of zooplankton has been conducted in the Lembeh Strait in Bitung and Wori Beach in Manado, North Sulawesi in October 2015. Sampling of this research was conducted in 22 sampling sites along the strait. Zooplankton samples were collected from 22 stations, by NORPAC 300 μm net that was vertically hauled from maximum 10 m depth up to the surface water. The samples were poured into the bottle with formalin of 4%as preservative. The results showed that there were 43 taxa of zooplankton. The abundance of zooplankton was between 21.216–4 193.776 ind./m~3. The dominant taxa were copepod, especially Calanoida. The composition of zooplankton was relatively similar in all stations. We showed the abundance, dominance, composition and distribution of zooplankton at this research. More extensive studies concerning zooplankton is required to understand zooplankton biodiversity as a whole especially on the geographical and spatial distribution to describe population and community dynamic in the Lembeh Strait and Wori Beach.     

Reservoir quality and rock properties modeling – Triassic and Jurassic sandstones,greater Shearwater area,UK Central North Sea

The complex burial and diagenetic histories of the Jurassic Fulmar and Triassic Skagerrak sandstones in the UK Central North Sea present significant challenges with regard to reservoir quality and rock property prediction. Commercial reservoir quality is retained despite deep burial and associated high temperatures and pressures. Shallow marine Fulmar sands are normally compacted (mean IGV = 26 ± 3%) yet have porosities of 21–33%. Porosity was preserved through inhibition of quartz cementation by clay and microquartz coatings, and enhanced by dissolution of framework grains (∼5%). Skagerrak fluvial sands are more compacted (mean IGV = 23 ± 2%), exhibit minor feldspar dissolution (<1%), and have porosities of 16–27%. Quartz cement averages only 2 ± 1.5% due to robust chlorite coats that cover 80% (±13%) of quartz surfaces.We modeled reservoir quality evolution using the forward diagenetic model Touchstone, which simulates porosity loss due to compaction and quartz cementation. Quantitative petrographic analyses and burial history data were used to calibrate Touchstone model parameters. The results were applied to deeper prospects for pre-drill prediction of porosity and permeability. In parallel, petrophysical data were used to characterize the elastic properties of the sandstones to provide a basis for quantitative seismic forward modeling. Experimental data and core-calibrated petrophysical results, reflecting variable in situ fluids and saturations, were used to build an elastic properties model. The model is robust and was used to generate fluid-filled sandstone properties, incorporating Touchstone results, for prospect-specific seismic attribute modeling. Well results from exploration wells are in good agreement with pre-drill Touchstone and elastic properties model predictions.     

The origin,type and preservation of organic matter of the Barremian–Aptian organic-rich shales in the Muglad Basin,Southern Sudan,and their relation to paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate conditions

Barremian–Aptian organic-rich shales from Abu Gabra Formation in the Muglad Basin were analysed using geochemical and petrographic analyses. These analyses were used to define the origin, type of organic matters and the influencing factors of diagenesis, including organic matter input and preservation, and their relation to paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate conditions. The bulk geochemical characteristics indicated that the organic-rich shales were deposited in a lacustrine environment with seawater influence under suboxic conditions. Their pyrolysis hydrogen index (HI) data provide evidence for a major contribution by Type I/II kerogen with HI values of >400 mg HC/g TOC and a minor Type II/III contribution with HI values <400 mg HC/g TOC. This is confirmed by kerogen microscopy, whereby the kerogen is characterized by large amounts of structured algae (Botryococcus) and structureless (amorphous) with a minor terrigenous organic matter input. An enhanced biological productivity within the photic zone of the water columns is also detected. The increased biological productivity in the organic-rich shales may be related to enhanced semi-arid/humid to humid-warm climate conditions. Therefore, a high bio-productivity in combination with good organic matter preservation favoured by enhanced algae sizes are suggested as the OM enrichment mechanisms within the studied basin.     

Incentives,social–ecological feedbacks and European fisheries

The European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) has failed to deliver on social, economic and ecological goals. This failure is in part the result of a number of social–ecological feedback mechanisms. The policy is currently undergoing reform, with unknown practical outcomes. Here, relatively successful fisheries policies outside the European Union are reviewed. Through interviews and workshops with scientists, managers and other stakeholders, complemented with literature reviews, practices that can create incentives for long-term sustainability are investigated. The focus is on how the provision of clear and trusted scientific evidence can stimulate defensible decisions, in turn creating incentives for compliance, leading to positive social–ecological outcomes. Despite differences between Europe and the investigated case studies, the prospects of an increased regionalization within the European CFP provides the best starting point for implementing best practice identified in this study.     

Coccolith assemblages and their response to climate and surface hydrography in the Yellow Sea,Northwest Pacific,AD 1780–2011

A study of coccolith assemblages from a box core from the central South Yellow Sea(SYS) was performed revealing fluctuations on their relative abundance(%) that can be related to climatic and hydrographic changes over the last 230 years(1780–2011). Total coccolith abundances ranged from 7.0 to 55.1×10~6 coccoliths·g~(-1)sediment. Although the abundance of different species varied widely throughout the core, seven taxa dominated the assemblage. Among these species, Gephyrocapsa oceanica was the most dominant species, and it showed an average percentage of 50.1%. The pattern of G. oceanica(eutrophic species) was opposite to that of the combined percentage of Braarudosphaera bigelowii and Umbilicosphaera sibogae(both oligotrophic species), indicating that in the Yellow Sea(YS), the distribution pattern of G. oceanica might be characteristic of nutrient availability.Similar patterns between G. oceanica and the Siberian High were observed on an inter-decadal time scale,indicating that the East Asian Winter Monsoon(EAWM) may be an important driver of ecological changes in the YS. When the EAWM prevails, both the Yellow Sea Coastal Current(YSCC) and Yellow Sea Warm Current(YSWC)strengthen, and the increasing nutrient availability and warmer water brought by the strengthened YSWC favor eutrophic and warm-water coccolithophore species, such as G. oceanica. This likely mechanism demonstrates that coccolith assemblages can be used as benign and reliable proxy for climate change and surface oceanography.     

Estimation Approaches of ηUV,PUV and UV Directional Wave Spectra and Their Comparison

The observation and estimation of directional spectra of sea waves is one of the essential subjects of study of oceanic dynamics. On the basis of the irregular linear wave theory, estimation methods for i/UV, PUV and VV directional wave spectra are derived. By using ij and PUV data measured in-situ, directional wave spectra are estimated, meanwhile the virtues and defects of various spectra are comparied. This method provide a basis for the observations of sea waves.     

Some observations on phytoplankton species composition,biomass, and productivity in Kenepuru Sound,New Zealand, 1982–83

Phytoplankton species composition, biomass, and rates of primary production were determined at two sites within Kenepuru Sound, New Zealand, in spring, summer, and autumn of 1982–83. Microflagellates and ultraplankton (< 5–10 μm) were numerically very abundant on each occasion and small gymnodinoid nanno‐planktonic (< 10–15 μm) dinoflagellates were likewise always a common component of the populations. The dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum gracile, made a substantial contribution to the total biomass in summer. The diatom community changed from mainly small chain forming species (Chaetoceros spp., Leptocylindricus spp.) in spring to small solitary centric and pennate forms (Nitzchia longissima, Coscinodiscus spp.) in summer, to a diversity of larger taxa (Coscinodiscus concinnus, Eucampia zoodiacus) in autumn. The autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum was a particularly important member of the autumn photo‐autotrophic assemblage. Both phytoplankton biomass and productivity increased from spring to autumn. In situ rates of primary production ranged from 15 to 1420 mgC m^‐2h^‐1 and chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 6.9 to 258.5 mgChl a m^‐2. A gross primary production rate, in summer, was estimated at 0.57 gC m^‐2 d^‐1. Phytoplankton production and biomass appeared to be related to dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations as a result of variations in the freshwater inflow. A tentative comparison between the rates of phytoplankton and cultivated mussel production is made.     

Land use effects on habitat,water quality,periphyton, and benthic invertebrates in Waikato,New Zealand,hill‐country streams

Water quality, habitat, and biota were compared during spring amongst c. 100 m reaches on 11 streams draining pasture, native (podocarp‐broadleaf) forest, and exotic pine forest established on pasture 15 years previously. Differences were greatest between the pasture and native forest streams. Only 1–3% of incident light reached native and pine forest streams whereas 30% reached pasture streams. Pasture streams had 2.2°C higher mean temperature than the native streams, and 5‐fold higher nitrate, 30‐fold higher algal biomass, and 11‐fold higher gross photosynthesis. Native streams were 60% wider than pasture, with pine streams intermediate. Pine and pasture streams had 3‐fold higher suspended solids and fine sediment stored in the streambed than native streams. Woody debris volume was 17‐fold greater in pine than pasture streams, with native streams intermediate. Invertebrate taxa richness did not differ between land uses. Community composition differed most between pasture and native forest, with pine forest streams intermediate. Invertebrate densities were 3‐fold higher in pasture than native streams, mainly because of more chironomids and snails, but mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies densities were 2–3‐fold higher in forest streams than pasture.     

DIRECT AND SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Bi IN SEAWATER BY DERIVATIVE-VOLTAMMETRY

This paper suggests direct and simultaneous determinations of the reducible species of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Bi in seawater made by the derivative-differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry with a hung mercury drop electrode. The influence of Cu on the determination of Zn in this experiment condition has been studied, of which both the accuracy and precision are satisfactory. The procedure of determination is so quick, simple and convenient that the background concentration of these five elements in coastal seawaters can be determined only by adjusting the acidity of seawater to pH 2.5 and by taking 10-minutes plating time. Actual measurement time of these five elements for every sample is approximately 25 min.     

Observations and analyses of floc size and floc settling velocity in coastal salt marsh of Luoyuan Bay, Fujian Province, China

In coastal environments, fine-grain sediments often aggregate into large and porous flocs. ElectroMagnetic Current Meters (EMCM) and Laser In Situ Scattering and Transmissometry (LISST-ST) have been deployed within a Spartina alterniflora marsh of the Luoyuan Bay in Fujian Province, China, to measure the current velocity, the floc size and the settling velocity between 15 and 22 January 2008. During the observations, the near-bed water was collected in order to obtain the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and constituent grain size. Data show that: (1) the nearbed current velocities vary from 0.1 to 5.6 cm/s in the central Spartina alterniflora marsh and 0.1–12.5 cm/s at the edge; (2) the SSCs vary from 47 to 188 mg/dm 3 . The mean grain size of constituent grains varies from 7.0 to 9.6 μm, and the mean floc sizes (MFS) vary from 30.4 to 69.4 μm. The relationship between the mean floc size and settling velocity can be described as: w s =ad b , in which w s is the floc settling velocity (mm/s), a and b are coefficients. The floc settling velocity varies from 0.17 to 0.32 mm/s, with a mean value of 0.26 mm/s, and the floc settling velocity during the flood tide is higher than that during the ebb tide. The current velocity and the SSC are the main factors controlling the flocculation processes and the floc settling velocity.     

Petrology, Geochemistry and Nd-Sr-Pb Isotopic Properties of Volcanic Rocks in Daheishan Island, Penglai, Shandong Province

The major elements, trace elements, K-Ar age and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic systems of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Daheishan Island and Cishan, Penglai, Shandong Province are measured. The volcanic rocks ( olivine-nephelinite and nepheline-basanite ) in DaheishanIsland erupted periodically in an interval of 0.32 Ma, from 8.72 Mm 8.39 Ma, 8.08 Ma to 7.73Ma. The volcanic rocks are all rich in light REEs. They are similar to the OIB-type alkali basalt in the trace elements normalized model by primordial mantle: rich in high field elements such as Nb and Ta, and imcompatible elements such as Cs, Rb, Ba, Th, U. The volcanic rocks show a depletion of K and Rb elements. It is suggested by the trace elements that the olivine-nephelinite in Daheishan Island is originated fi‘om deep resources under the continental mantle, ε Nd (0) values of the volcanic rocks in Daheishan Island and Cishan are 5.31 - 8.51 and 7.33 respectively, suggesting that the volcanic rocks are from the depleted mantle resources, which have higher Sm/Nd ratios than the CHUR. ^143Nd /^144Nd ratios of Daheishan Island olivine-nephelinite and Cishan alkali basalts are 0.512 910 - 0.513 074 and 0.513 014 resoeetivelv. The ^87Sr /^86Sr of Daheishan lsland volcanic rocks are lower than that of Cishan, 0.703 427 - 0.703 482 and 0.703 895 respectively. The Daheishan Island olivinenephelinite has the Pb isotopic values as follows: ^206Pb /^204pb= 18.028 9 ～17.972 8,^207Pb /^204Pb= 15,435 8 - 15.402 2 and ^208Pb /^204Pb=38.087 6 - 37.997 5, lower than those of Cishan basanite. The Cishan basanite has ^206Pb / ^204Pb = 18.240 1, ^208Pb /^204Pb = 15.564 5 and ^208Pb /^204Pb=38.535. The authors suggest that the olivine-nephelinite in Daheishan Island is similar to the E-type MORB or Hawaii OIB, and the alkali basalts in Cishan similar to the Kerguelen OIB. The dominant mantle components of DM PREMA and perhaps DM( Dupal type ) are the dominant mantle components for volcanic rocks in Daheishan Island and Cishan. The PREMA component plays an important role.     

Palynology and depositional environments of the Middle – Late Triassic (Anisian – Rhaetian) Kobbe,Snadd and Fruholmen formations,southern Barents Sea,Arctic Norway

The Middle to Upper Triassic series in the Norwegian Barents Sea represents an important target for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the dating and correlation of these rocks are problematic due to the scarcity of age-diagnostic macrofossils, lateral facies variation and the overall thickness of the succession. Palynology has proven to be a useful dating tool but further work is necessary to improve the zonal resolution, particularly for the Upper Triassic Series. The current paper presents a detailed palynostratigraphy of the Middle – Upper Triassic succession in four exploration wells (7120/12-2, 7228/2-1s, 7-1a and 9-1s) drilled in the Hammerfest and Nordkapp basins. Eleven informal palynological zones are described from the stratigraphic interval spanning the Kobbe, Snadd and Fruholmen formations, which constitute regionally significant hydrocarbon source and reservoir rock facies. The results of this study contribute to a higher resolution palynostratigraphy for the Middle to Upper Triassic strata of the southern Barents Sea (SBS), and an improved correlation with the stratigraphy of the Svalbard Archipelago. Palynofacies data for the succession, presented here for the first time, indicates depositional environments ranging from fluvio-deltaic to offshore marine.