二氧化碳地质封存中“对流混合”过程的研究进展

各国政府和科学家已经认识到CO2地质封存是一个长期有效的温室气体减排措施.在地质封存过程中,注入的C02的存在形式对C02地质封存工程的可行性和安全性十分重要.相较于“气体”储存机制,残余“气体”储存、溶解储存和矿物储存机制对于CO2地质封存而言是更为安全的储存形式.积累于低渗透性盖层底部的C02溶解使附近区域水溶液密度增加,从而引起“对流混合”现象.这一过程可降低储层中的超临界CO2通过垂直路径(如裂隙、断层和废弃井)向上逃逸的风险,因此增加了CO2地质封存的长期性和安全性.本文综述了CO2地质封存中“对流混合”过程的研究进展,总结归纳了该研究领域中存在的不足和问题,并对下一步研究工作提出了建议,以期为CO2地质封存中“对流混合”过程的研究在中国的深入开展提供参考.     

中国二氧化碳地质储存研究进展

2010年以来,中国地质调查局组织实施了"全国二氧化碳地质储存潜力评价与示范工程"项目。依据我国沉积盆地的地质条件,基本建立了中国CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价体系,初步评估了417个(面积大于200 km2)陆域及浅海沉积盆地的CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性;在内蒙古鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗参与并合作实施了中国首个、也是世界上规模最大的煤基全流程深部咸水层CO2地质储存示范工程,突破了钻探、灌注、采样、监测等一系列科学技术难题;在储存过程中的物理化学与生物作用、仿真模拟、环境影响与安全风险评价等基础理论研究方面取得了实质性进展。     

松辽盆地中央坳陷区深部咸水层二氧化碳储存潜力评价及其不确定性分析

地质储存是减少CO2等温室气体向大气中人为排放的有效措施,深部咸水层是优先考虑的地下储存空间之一,准确评价CO2在深部成水层中的储存潜力是进行CO2地质储存研究的重要基础.本次研究以松辽盆地中央坳陷区深部咸水层为例,评价其储存CO2的潜力,并考虑储层物性参数的随机性,进行储存潜力的不确定分析.研究结果表明,中央坳陷区深部咸水层CO2地质储存理论潜力为5.34×10<'11>t,若考虑孔隙度不确定性,则储存潜力的随机分布区间为4.14×10<'11>-5.72×10<'11>t,且大于理论储存潜力值的概率约为58.3%,说明孔隙度的不确定性对储存潜力评价结果影响较大,在实际工程中应重点考虑这一问题.     

国外 CO2地质储存现状与展望

温室气体CO2的大量排放给全球气候和环境带来的巨大影响,受到了世界各国的关注.实现CO2的深度减排是人类可持续发展的必由之路.CO2地质储存是缓解碳排放行之有效的方法之一.本文通过以下几方面论述了国外CO2地质储存的现状以及对未来的展望:1)CO2捕集机理,2)CO2地质储存,3)CO2地质储存项目现状与未来预测,4) CO2地质储存场地储量评估,5)CO2地质储存监测技术,6)CO2地质储存模拟工具,7)CO2地质存储经费等.     

全国二氧化碳地质储存适宜性评价编图技术方法研究

将全国CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价工作划分为5个阶段,依次为区域级预测潜力(E级)评价、盆地级推定潜力(D级)评价、目标区级控制潜力(C级)评价、场地级基础储存量(B级)评价和灌注级工程储存量(A级)评价阶段.第一阶段编制的成果图件主要为全国1∶500万CO2地质储存成果图系;第二、三阶段主要编制沉积盆地CO2地质储存成果图集;第四、五阶段主要编制CO2地质储存示范工程成果图册.提出中国CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价和编图是一项有步骤、分阶段逐步完成的工程,评价及编图方法有待通过潜力与适宜性评价和编图的实践不断完善.     

二氧化碳地质储存逃逸通道及环境监测研究

CO2地质储存逃逸通道可分为人为逃逸通道、地质构造逃逸通道以及跨越盖层和水力圈闭逃逸通道三类.在CO2地质储存场地选址和场地勘查阶段,应高度重视区域地壳稳定性、地震危险性和CO2逃逸通道专门性地质调查评价工作,避免因CO2逃逸造成对人群健康和生态系统产生影响,导致地下水污染和诱发地质灾害发生.同时要对可能的CO2逃逸通道进行灌注前CO2背景值监测,灌注工程运营期CO2控制监测和封场后长期监测,确保CO2地质储存的有效性、安全性和持久性.     

深部咸水层二氧化碳地质储存场地选址储盖层评价

深部咸水层CO2地质储存属于环保型工程项目,开展地质评价来确定良好的储盖层是实现CO2地质储存长期、有效、安全封存的首要前提。储层地质评价内容主要包括储层的物理性质及其注入能力等;盖层地质评价内容主要包括盖层发育特征及封闭能力等。在规划选址到工程选址的不同阶段,储盖层评价的内容和对象应根据不同阶段的目的依次提高精度和量化程度。通过国内深部咸水层CO2地质储存工程场地选址阶段划分,结合储盖层地质评价的主要内容,初步建立了储盖层适宜性评价指标及其分级标准,对国内深部咸水层CO2地质储存工程场地选址中的储盖层地质评价及适宜性评价工作具有一定的指导意义。     

安徽省沉积盆地CO2地质储存适宜性评价

CO2的地质储存已成为减缓温室效应的一条有效的途径。区域的CO2地质储存适宜性评价是选址建设CO2地质储存工程的基础,而建立适当的评价指标体系与选择合理的评价方法对于CO2地质储存适宜性评价起到至关重要的作用。本次研究以安徽省内CO2减排需要为目的,根据研究区实际的地质条件,从CO2的地质储存所关联的多重因素出发,建立起包括安全性、技术性、经济性与社会环境性4个方面的评价指标体系,并引入变异系数法对评价指标确定权重与TOPSIS模型对研究区的CO2地质储存盆地适宜性进行排序。研究结果表明:阜阳盆地与合肥盆地为优先选择的CO2地质储存盆地。评价结果为安徽省初步选址CO2地质储存工程建设提供了科学依据。     

松辽盆地CO2地质储存适宜性评价

为缓解全球气候变暖趋势,CO2地质储存成为目前减少向大气排放CO2量的有效方法之一.区域CO2地质储存适宜性评价是筛选CO2地质储存目标区和工程建设的基础,合理的评价指标体系和指标权重对评价结果有重要影响.本次研究结合松辽盆地地质条件,建立包括地质储存规模、储存经济性、储存条件和储存安全性4个方面、20个指标、5个指标...     

国外CO2地质储存现状与展望

温室气体CO2的大量排放给全球气候和环境带来的巨大影响,受到了世界各国的关注。实现CO2的深度减排是人类可持续发展的必由之路。CO2地质储存是缓解碳排放行之有效的方法之一。本文通过以下几方面论述了国外CO2地质储存的现状以及对未来的展望：1）CO2捕集机理,2）CO2地质储存,3）CO2地质储存项目现状与未来预测,4）CO2地质储存场地储量评估,5）CO2地质储存监测技术,6）CO2地质储存模拟工具,7）CO2地质存储经费等。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of