挡土墙填土边坡水文响应过程分析以赖屋山挡土墙填土边坡为例

深圳赖屋山的一挡墙表面出现数条裂缝,为了深入研究其变形破坏机制,在挡墙背后填土区布置自动监测仪器,主要包括渗压计、张力计与水分计及固定式测斜仪。通过对渗压计、张力计和水分计的监测数据分析表明:填土内地下水位埋深大,降雨对其影响小; 土体中孔隙压力和体积含水量对强降雨响应随着埋深存在不同程度的滞后性,强降雨入渗深度大于3m,并且在3m处形成瞬态饱和地下水,抗剪强度降低,易于引起边坡的浅层变形破坏。      

滑坡对降雨响应的多指标监测及综合预警探析:以赣南罗坳滑坡为例

降雨量和位移是当前降雨型滑坡监测预警最常用的指标。然而,降雨量和位移监测结果只能反映降雨作用下滑坡的变形情况,不能揭示滑坡内在物理力学性状对降雨的响应。因此,除降雨量和位移监测之外,建立包括体积含水率、基质吸力等反映滑坡动态演化过程的关键指标监测体系必将成为今后更真实地把握滑坡内在演化趋势、更准确地建立滑坡综合预警判据的最有效手段。笔者对赣南地区典型降雨型滑坡进行了多指标监测及综合预警示范研究。结果表明:(1)在降雨条件下滑坡土体内部体积含水率、基质吸力和温度等多指标均产生有规律的动态响应;(2)随着降雨的持续,滑体体积含水率与基质吸力的变化均具有显著的滞后现象;(3)体积含水率和基质吸力变化速率与滑体位移具有显著的正相关性;(4)滑体温度分布变化规律受大气温度和体积含水率的共同影响。以实测数据的滑坡稳定性分析为基准,在考虑实际降雨入渗深度与滑坡稳定性的关联度上,建立了包括日降雨量、体积含水率增加速率、基质吸力减小速率以及位移速度多元指标预警方法体系,提出了基于关键指标综合预警体系及确定方法,旨在为降雨滑坡准确预警提供新模式。     

降雨引起的边坡位移研究

边坡和滑坡的变形是非常复杂的问题,同时也是滑坡灾害预报与预警的一个重要指标。由降雨引起的边坡位移与边坡体中非饱和土体基质吸力变化产生的应变有关。依据实验数据,笔者对非饱和土中基质吸力变化产生的应变进行了研究。建立了非饱和土应变与含水量的变化关系。在此基础上,对降雨引起的边坡位移机制、规律进行了探讨。并对武都古滑坡蠕滑位移进行了分析。     

生态护坡对边坡岩土体基质吸力的影响研究

对植被蒸腾作用以及阻滞地表径流作用进行了研究,提出生态护坡对边坡岩土体基质吸力的影响主要有3个方面：(1) 植被的蒸腾作用消耗边坡岩土体中的水分,使边坡体基质吸力升高,对边坡稳定有利;(2) 植被阻滞地表径流,增加降雨入渗量,使边坡体含水率增高,基质吸力降低,对边坡稳定不利;(3) 植被的存在究竟使边坡体基质吸力如何变化以及对边坡稳定是否有利,最终决定于降雨量和雨型。在此基础上,更进一步提出在降雨丰沛、暴雨较多的地区进行生态护坡时,应对边坡体采取防排水处理措施。     

赣南地区人工切坡降雨致灾机制现场模型试验

赣南地区滑坡等地质灾害频发,降雨和人工切坡是该地区地质灾害的最主要诱发因素,物理模型试验尤其是现场模型试验是揭示滑坡发生机制的最有效手段。以赣南地区某风化变质岩人工切坡为研究对象,自主设计降雨模拟系统,布设有4个含水率、孔压监测孔及两处位移监测点,开展现场人工模拟降雨试验。研究边坡土体含水率、孔隙水压力以及位移与降雨过程的响应关系,探索持续强降雨作用下风化变质岩边坡的入渗规律,并揭示变质岩风化土坡的变形失稳模式。结果表明:降雨后土体含水率的变化存在滞后,雨水开始入渗后含水率持续增加,含水率增大幅度随其深度增大而减小;各测孔浅层土体孔压值降雨入渗过程响应明显,表层1 m以下土体一直处于非饱和状态;监测点位移与含水率变化速率呈明显的正相关,边坡变形主要集中于含水率变化明显的边坡一侧;边坡位移与孔压值变化响应明显,边坡内部土体发生剪胀变形现象使得孔压值降低,边坡变形速率随即减小;强降雨条件下陡峭人工切坡的变形破坏过程可归纳为3阶段:陡峭坡面分散坍滑,平台形成拉裂缝,边坡大范围垮塌。     

桂三高速公路高架桥右侧边坡稳定性时空演变规律分析

以桂三高速公路高架桥右侧边坡工程为依托,研究开挖过程中碎石土高边坡的稳定性时空演变规律,对该边坡岩土体表面位移、深部位移、桩基承台变形及地下水位的变化进行长期监测,并利用FLAC3D软件对该边坡进行稳定性数值对比分析。结果表明：降雨引起地下水位抬升,导致边坡坡脚处体积含水率逐渐升高,孔隙水压逐渐上升,基质吸力逐渐减小,稳定性逐渐降低;在监测期内,边坡地表累计沉降位移前期变化较大,中期呈现起伏状态,最终趋于稳定数值;抗滑桩累积沉降位移变形为先增大后减小,最终逐渐稳定;水位孔高程随时间变化呈先递减后增加的状态,最终趋于平缓;同时,测斜孔监测结果反映边坡深部12m处曾产生一定变形,但变形量较小,这与数值分析结果基本相符,说明采用抗滑桩加固碎石土高边坡效果良好。     

水-力耦合及干湿循环效应对浅层残积土斜坡稳定性的影响

降雨入渗过程中,土体吸力降低,体积明显改变。天然浅层土体长期受到季节性气候变化的影响,因此,开展水-力耦合及干湿交替对浅层残积土坡稳定性影响的数值分析,分析浅层土坡孔隙水压力、湿润锋及安全系数的时空演变规律,并对水-力耦合及干湿交替条件下的浅层土坡失稳破坏机制进行探讨显得尤为必要。研究结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,水-力耦合分析下孔隙水压力以及湿润锋的迁移速度增加更快,边坡也更易失稳破坏;干湿交替初期,雨水入渗易引起地下水位上升,边坡可因正孔隙水压力的增加而失稳;干湿交替后期,湿润锋的快速推进加剧基质吸力迅速丧失及土体强度下降,边坡安全系数显著降低,发生失稳破坏的时间缩短。因此,可将湿润锋处的安全系数(局部最小值)作为控制边坡长期稳定性的临界值。     

位移-应力协同分析在新近纪软岩质滑坡监测中的应用——以陕西宝鸡市北坡滑坡为例

强降雨可诱发新近纪软岩质滑坡滑移变形。1955年至今,降雨在陕西宝鸡诱发超过十起大型滑坡灾害。2011年9月19日,宝鸡市区72 h内的降雨量达到332 mm,北坡金鼎寺、簸箕山与高家崖滑坡出现裂缝,威胁市区居民安全。为分析滑坡的变形机制与降雨触发的滑体内地下水位的波动关系,2012—2015年,开展了降雨量、地下水位、孔隙水压力、滑坡应力与位移等物理量的实时监测,统计分析了它们的频率、活动强度及累积变化规律,提出了滑坡的位移扩展模型。研究显示:(1)地下水的活动会影响新近纪软岩质滑坡的变形,但降雨量、地下水位、孔隙水压力、滑坡体应力与位移等物理量变化机制有差异,地下水位、孔隙水压力呈周期性变化,滑坡体的应力、位移的变化具有累积效应;(2)宝鸡市北坡滑坡运动变形具有蠕变、快速滑移两个阶段。降雨会触发的滑坡体各物理量出现加速变化,地下水位波动幅度为0.27~1m,孔隙水压力的变化幅度为10kPa,滑体浅层的水平应力变化幅度为5.6kPa;(3)在判断降雨能否诱发滑坡快速滑移过程中,既需分析滑体应力、位移变化的累积效应,又需分析新近纪软岩质滑带的摩擦破坏机制。     

Experimental study on deformation of remolded sulfate saline soil under freeze-thaw cycles北大核心CSCD

季节冻土区特殊的温湿环境造成盐渍土累积变形是导致众多工程问题的主要原因,但其变形破坏机理尚不十分明确。通过配制不同含盐量的粉土开展冻融循环试验,研究试验过程中温度、未冻水含量、孔隙水压力、基质吸力和位移的变化规律。结果表明：孔隙水压力和基质吸力对土体温度敏感,对土体变形有重要影响。类比于非饱和土有效应力原理,给出了冻结盐渍土的有效应力方程,将土体变形分为温度应变、盐胀、冻胀、溶陷、融沉和残余应变,很好地解释了冻结盐渍土的变形机理。研究了含盐量对土体变形的影响程度,发现低含盐量时土体应变以冻胀和融沉为主;随着含盐量的增加,盐胀和溶陷的贡献越来越大;而含盐量为1%时土体变形最小,表明适当控制含盐量可有效抑制土体变形。     

降雨作用下堆积层滑坡的模型试验研究

通过模型试验,研究不同材料堆积体在降雨作用下的滑坡机理。模型试验中,针对凹形堆积体边坡进行了不同堆积材料的试验。试验结果分别记录了黏性土、砂土以及碎石土边坡随降雨时效的坡面变形特征、边坡内部孔隙水压力变化特征,并对监测结果进行了分析。试验结果表明:孔压的变化规律与坡面变形规律具有一致性,降雨通过影响边坡内部孔隙水压力的变化来影响边坡的稳定性。同时,拟合了降雨量与边坡位移的关系,并对比了不同堆积材料对边坡稳定性的影响。     

紧邻边坡建筑物基础软托换及边坡喷锚网加固技术

详细地介绍了采用花管注浆的软托换技术,对紧邻边坡的建筑物地基进行加固处理,对开挖的边坡采取喷锚网结构支护这一技术在工程中的加固机理。实践表明,花管注浆联合喷锚网支护这种复合的加固方法,不仅能对紧邻边坡的建筑物的基础进行托换,还能对边坡进行有效地支护,保证了边坡的稳定性和建筑物的安全性,其设计方法具有一定的参考价值。     

结合边坡形态分析高边坡边坡稳定性问题

下坂地水利枢纽工程右坝肩高边坡的稳定性，对大坝及水库运行安全影响很大，结合工程地质条件，采用边坡形态及结构面综合分析、评价边坡的稳定性，提出了工程处理具体措施。     

Optimization of slope angle of a lead-zinc mine

Summary The present study represents an attempt to optimize the overall slope angle of a lead-zinc mine in Rajasthan state, which could extend to a depth of 170 m during the first phase of mining. Detailed geotechnical investigations were conducted. These included geotechnical mapping, determination of the physio-mechanical properties of intact rock, determination of the rock mass rating and estimation of rock mass properties. Information was collected from mapping of benches and borehole logs. Based on these data, limit equilibrium and numerical simulation techniques were applied in order to assess the stability of the slopes and determine an optimum slope angle. From these investigations it has been inferred that the overall footwall and hangingwall slopes should be 42° and 48° respectively.     

Assessing the impacts of a large slope failure using 3DEC: The Chiu-fen-erh-shan residual slope

This paper assesses the impact of Chiu-fen-erh-shan residual slope failure using a three-dimensional distinct element program. The simulation results indicate that rocks will severely damage the Lung-Nan path. The Taanshan syncline generates a depression zone adjoining to the slope toe and acts as a buffer zone to trap failing rocks. Some rocks will travel through the syncline, which poses a risk to visitors at the monument and the Shihmen observation deck. Few rocks will pass though the memorial park near the northern boundary of the slope. Visitors should be evacuated out of the impact area during a heavy rainfall event.     

Seismic stability analysis of a layered rock slope

In general, the determination of the factor of safety and the location of the critical slip surface are two major challenges in seismic slope stability analysis. In this paper, a new approach for determining the factor of safety and the corresponding critical slip surface of a layered rock slope subjected to seismic excitations is presented, through a case study based on the combination of the shear strength reduction technique and distinct element method. According to this proposed method, the seismic factor of safety and the critical slip surface of the slope are estimated and compared with those obtained by the pseudo-static approach, combined with the limit equilibrium method. It is found that the factor of safety obtained from the proposed method is slightly greater than that computed by the pseudo-static analysis, with a difference of 4.2%, and that the critical slip surface obtained from the two methods is identical, which confirms the reasonability and feasibility of the proposed method.     

Geotechnical characterization of a landslide in a Blue Clay slope

This paper describes the results of an experimental, as well as theoretical, analysis of a landslide in a clay slope at the margin of a small town of Southern Italy, whose reactivation of 1998 caused severe damages to some structures. To protect the upslope urban area, an anchored diaphragm wall and a drainage system were constructed in 2001. In the meantime, in order to understand the processes which caused the reactivation, a Department of the Basilicata Administrative Region provided financial support to a geotechnical investigation. Laboratory tests on undisturbed and reconstituted specimens, in situ pore pressure and deep displacement measurements were carried out. Both experimental and theoretical in situ water content (and porosity) profiles were determined. Theoretical analyses of pore pressure distribution and stability analyses were carried out. The influence of the drainage system on the slope safety factor was evaluated. Experimental and theoretical data suggest that a first time process occurred in the lower part of the landslide system. The upper part moved on pre-existing surfaces on which an average shear strength close to the residual strength was available. Noticeable water content increase was found around some of these surfaces. Erosion at the toe of the landslide was the probable cause of reactivation. The analysis of the drain system effectiveness suggests that drainage has not significantly influenced pore pressures on the considered slip surfaces yet, mainly because of the very low permeability of the clay.     

某高陡危岩边坡的综合整治

京珠高速公路粤境北段位于粤北大瑶山中，地势险要，地形复杂，地层条件差，人为活动频繁。如何保证区内既有公路的正常通行、高速公路的建设施工安全及高速公路和运营安全是一个较为突出的问题。文章介绍了采用SNS主动防护网对高陡危岩边坡进行浅表层加固、SNS被动防护网对坡面滚石进行拦截（和堆存）、预应力锚索及锚墩对坡体深层滑坡进行治理的综合整治措施。其工期短、功效显著，对类似工程具有较大的借鉴意义。     

Stability analysis of the downstream slope of a levee

Consideration of the average pore water pressure and average unit weight of soil in the slope of a levee, ignoring the position of phreatic line for stability analysis is not correct. In addition, the influence of a rock-filled portion on the upstream slope, ignored in Kozeny analysis, plays a significant role in the stability of the downstream slope. In this study, levees resting on an impervious base, without a filter and with a filter, taking into consideration a realistic pore water pressure and corresponding seepage force, with unsaturated and saturated unit weights of soil above and below the phreatic line, respectively, by taking into account the capillary effect, location of the inverted filter and rock-filled portion of the upstream slope have been analysed. A numerical technique has been applied to compute the elevation of the phreatic line and a computer program was developed. The appropriate unit weight of soil above and below the phreatic line, taking into consideration the capillary effect, and actual pore water pressure ensure greater safety of the downstream slope. The factor of safety has been found to be 16.5% more for a levee with a filter than a levee without a filter for an upstream pondage depth of 18 m, this is increased by 22.0% in cases where there is an upstream rock-filled portion.     

Simulation of a slope failure induced by rainfall infiltration

On 1 November 2000, Typhoon Xangsane brought heavy rainfall that caused serious disasters in many areas of northern Taiwan. A slope located at the upstream of the Shanher Stream in Taipei County failed and induced a debris flow. To investigate the environmental influencing factors that caused the slope failure and the debris flow disaster, laboratory tests and slope stability analysis were performed. A series of tests were conducted to obtain the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the soil under unsaturated and saturated conditions. Then, limit equilibrium method and numerical analysis simulating the process of infiltration were utilized to explore the slope stability, the stress variation, and the pore-water pressure in the soil during rainwater infiltration. The results of the stability analysis show that the rainfall intensity–time history is the most significant influence factor, and the analyzed failure zone and the predicted time when the slope failed are comparable to the field observation.     

碎屑流沿坡面运动的数值模拟

根据Savage提出的碎屑流运动方程,分析了碎屑流沿坡面下滑过程中的运动特性,包括速度分布和高度分布的变化。重点考察了床面摩擦系数、土体内摩擦角、初始运动速度和坡角等因素对碎屑流运动形态的影响。研究表明,在不同的因素组合情况下,碎屑体的运动形态有明显的区别。土体内摩擦角和坡角对碎屑流的运动形态和最大运动距离影响明显。相对来说,床面摩擦角对碎屑流的最大运动距离影响不明显,这可能是因为床面摩擦只影响靠近床面的部分物质的运动