利用GPS与InSAR研究西安现今地面沉降与地裂缝时空演化特征

西安孕育严重的地面沉降及地裂缝灾害,严重制约着城市的现代化发展,本文采用GPS精密定位和InSAR遥感差分技术对西安地面沉降和地裂缝进行变形监测与分析,获取了西安地面沉降与地裂缝整体变形现状的珍贵信息,通过对这些变形信息的研究分析,揭示了西安现今地面沉降与地裂缝时空演化特征和机理：随着停止或限采地下水,西安地面沉降量级由20世纪90年代中期的最大年沉降速率20～30 cm/a减少到不足10 cm/a,且超过60%的沉降区域的年沉降速率已由90年代中期的5~8 cm/a减少到不足2 cm/a;原有的沉降中心大部分已不存在或大大减小;地裂缝在时空活动与分布上与地面沉降存在明显的关联性;地面沉降和地裂缝随着西安高新区的建设向南、西南、东南逐步扩展.     

西安地裂缝的新活动及其机制的初步研究

本文给出了西安地裂缝的新活动图象(1985—1989)井进行了分析,指出了西安地裂缝的构造特征及人文特征。对于构造特征,本文提出了不仅有构造的几何控制作用,而且有构造的力学控制作用。前者直观地表现在地裂缝的空间几何分布规律上,而后者则既表现在地裂缝的形成过程中,又表现在地裂缝活动与地震活动的时间特征上。人类活动主要是过量抽取地下承压水所导致的地面不均匀沉降,这是地裂缝运动速率比构造运动速率高一个数量级的原因。按照地裂缝的主运动即垂直差异运动速率,本文将地裂缝分为三个等级(A级≥20毫米/年,5毫米≤B级<20毫米/年,C级<5毫米/年)。西安地裂缝的活动度分级图较好地反映了地裂缝的多因迭加机制。     

地裂缝破裂扩展的大型物理模拟试验研究

通过大型物理模拟试验,研究了具有正断层性质的隐伏地裂缝破裂扩展时,下伏断层位错引起上覆土体中的应力场和位移场等的变化规律,以及隐伏地裂缝向上破裂扩展模式和平、剖面结构特征,并对裂缝的破裂过程进行了分析;将模拟试验结果与西安地裂缝的破裂扩展模式及建筑物的破坏模式进行对比分析发现,模拟试验结果与西安地裂缝剖面结构不一致,但与地裂缝带上建筑物的破裂形式相一致,这证明了西安地裂缝的形成年代较为久远,是一种早就存在的接近地表的构造破裂面,过量开采地下水则使其重新开启而形成地表裂缝.大型物理模拟试验取得的重要成果对于揭示西安地裂缝的成因机理具有重要的指导意义.     

试论西安地裂缝的属性

本文根据大量实际观测数据运用逐步回归分析方法,对西安地裂缝在垂直、水平,引张三个方向上运动的时间序列及各种因素在相同时期内变化的时间序列之间的关系进行计算分析,发现了与地裂缝运动有关的因素。从而论证了西安地裂缝的运动除受地质构造条件的控制外,也与承压水水位的剧烈下降密切相关。利用此方法试图对西安地裂缝研究开拓一个新的途径,从而为地裂缝的理论研究,提供重要依据     

西安市地面沉降及地裂缝成因的讨论

1977年以来,西安市区陆续发现地裂缝,使裂缝附近建(构)筑物遭到不同程度的变形和破坏,直接影响了市政工程建设。因此,弄清该区地裂缝的成因有其重要的现实意义。 地裂缝的分布特征 目前查明,西安市区主要有6条地裂缝带,即铁炉庙—后村—小寨—吉祥村地裂缝带(下文简称铁炉庙地裂缝带)、辛家庙—重机宿舍地裂缝带(下文简称辛家庙地裂缝带)、南廊门—煤矿设计院—南廊村地裂缝带(下文简称和平门外地裂缝带)、西北大学—团结村     

位错理论在西安地面沉降模拟中的应用

介绍了用位错理论研究地面变形的基本理论和方法.根据西安地面变形的地质模型,利用位错理论对西安市11条地裂缝活动与地面垂直变形的综合影响进行了数值模拟计算,并将计算结果与精密水准实测结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:位错理论模型数值模拟结果与实测的水准结果在空间分布具有很好的一致性.从理论上分析了西安地区的地面地面沉降除与抽取地下水,地面负荷等有关外,还与西安地区的地质构造特征有密切的关系.     

震源车地震勘探技术在西安地裂缝勘探中的试验研究

为克服巨大的城市环境干扰,采集高质量的人工地震勘探数据,将大吨位震源车引入到西安地裂缝人工地震勘探中,并在真实城市道路环境下对已知地裂缝进行多项试验,包括抗干扰效果、勘探深度、震源工作参数、垂直叠加次数、不同主频检波器接收、勘探排列长度、最佳反射波接收窗口等,最后将人工地震勘探结果与钻探结果进行验证对比。结果表明,大吨位震源车在实际道路干扰环境下可以得到理想的地震反射剖面,剖面中地裂缝异常明显,推测解释的地裂缝在地面的位置可信。     

西安地区的地壳形变及构造活动

西安地裂缝的发展及其对建(构)筑物的破坏性引起了各有关部门的关注。弄清该区地裂缝的成因无论是对地震预报研究,或是对西安市政工程建设和城市总体规划的实施均具有现实意义。但目前对于该区地裂缝的成因尚存在争议,为推动该项研究工作,本刊选载王辛和易学发两同志的文章,以供讨论。     

西安地裂缝活动多因素影响的GM（1,N）数字模型

西安地裂缝受构造控制,人工抽汲地下水产生的地面沉降,承压水位变化和其它随机因素影响使其活动加剧。利用地裂缝活动及相关监测资料,运用灰色系统理论,建立了地裂缝活动多因素影响的动态模型ＧＭ（１,３）、ＧＭ（１,４）,定量评价了各影响因素对地裂缝垂直活动量的贡献,为建立和完善地裂缝防治减灾系统提供科学依据。     

西安地裂缝近期活动与热水井水位关系研究

本文根据西安小寨地裂缝与西影井第三系深层热水水位的观测资料,分析了二者变化周期的准同步和相位的滞后性特征,并结合地面沉降速率和周围地震活动性,探讨了地裂缝与第三系深层承压水位之间存在内在联系的原因,以及抽水—地面沉降对地裂缝影响的构造动态调制作用.     

西安地裂成因力学问题初探

给出了西安地裂的构造模型,并用断裂力学原理分析了地裂的形成与扩展过程,准定量地比较了抽取地下水所引起的地面不均匀沉降以及构造运动所产生的地裂位移在地裂总位移中所占的比例。提出了构造对地裂发育不但有静态控制作用而且有动态控制作用。认为西安地裂是构造地裂,而西安地裂的致灾作用主要是由过量抽取地下承压水所引起的。     

Ground fissure hazards in the USA and China

Tremendous losses were caused by ground fissure hazard both in USA and China. Six states of southwestern USA and seven provinces of central China were affected by the destructive ground fissures. The aseismic ground fissure hazards usually take place in land subsidence area. The comparison of the two countries’ ground fissures were given including ground fissure formation, evolution, mechanics of destruction and countermeasures against them. The destructive ground fissures occurred about a half century earlier in USA than in China. The mechanisms of various ground fissures were analyzed with interdisciplinary studies. It has been found that the preexisted faults are serving as the bases of forming modern ground fissure, and human activities, e.g. over pumping ground water, or oil, can accelerate the creeping of the fissures and make them destructive to many kinds of civil engineering. The countermeasures to mitigate ground fissure hazard were put forward, not only in science and technology but also in social administration. The successful practices in the two countries were introduced as examples.     

Ground fissure hazards in USA and China

IntroductionGround fissures are very popular each surface phenomena showing the discolltinue or broken of the earth surface. Usually, they occur accompanying with other geological hazards. Thereare many kinds of ground fissures: tectonic fissures, including fault fissures, eathquake fissures,volcanic fissures; slip-collapse fissures, including landslide fissures, mining fissures. Ground fissures have long history in China. The earliest ground fissures were recorded aboUt five thousandyears a…     

顺义地裂缝成因与顺义-良乡断裂北段第四纪活动性讨论

本文通过钻孔地层对比方法研究了顺义一良乡断裂北段的第四纪活动性，资料显示该断裂在第四纪期间呈现强弱交替的分期活动特征，距今315万年以来有3个较强活动期和3个较弱活动期，前三者分别距今266～315、171～228、73～147万年，后三者距今分别为228．266、147～171、0～73万年。中更新世晚期以来断裂活动不明显。超量开采地下水导致地面不均匀沉降是造成顺义地裂缝现今活动的主要原因。     

Monitoring land subsidence and fault deformation using the small baseline subset InSAR technique: A case study in the Datong Basin,China

The Datong Basin is located to the north of the Fenwei Graben Basin, where ground fissures and subsidence are common geological hazards. The Datong Basin is also one of China's main energy bases and is known as “the hometown of coal”. In this study, the small baseline subset InSAR technique was used to process 40 scenes of Envisat ASAR images that cover this area. The magnitude and distribution of subsidence in the Datong Basin were obtained. Additionally, the relationships among the regional land subsidence, ground fissures and fault activity were addressed. The results reveal that Datong ground subsidence is affected by the groundwater exploitation and the nearby faults. The Datong ground fissures are controlled by regional fault activity (e.g., seismic activity) and its interaction with the ground subsidence. Meanwhile, the influence of surface precipitation on ground fissure activity was analyzed. The differential subsidence on both sides of the ground fissures was also studied.     

The Influence of Clay Zones on Land Subsidence from Groundwater Pumping

The objective of this article is to analyze the influence of clay zones on subsidence from groundwater pumping. Finite element analyses were conducted on a sand‐only aquifer and a sand aquifer with two clay zones located at different distances from the well face. A model that accounts for recoverable and nonrecoverable strains was used to simulate the sand and clay. This model couples the groundwater flow with the stress‐deformation response of the aquifer materials. Each aquifer was pumped from a single well for a period of 6 months, and then the groundwater level was lowered gradually to an elevation below the elevation of the clay zones and kept there for 10 years. The groundwater level was then raised gradually back to the original elevation over a period of 10 years. The results of the analyses show that the ground surface subsidence profile is strongly influenced by the presence of the clays zones. The ground surface sags where these clay zones are present resulting in a wavy ground surface profile. Subsidence continued when pumping is stopped, albeit at a much slower rate than during pumping, and when the groundwater level is below the elevation of the clay zones. Clay zones further away from the well face lag the subsidence of clay zones nearer the well face because of lower changes in hydrostatic head. Sags in ground surface subsidence profile from groundwater pumping are indicators of the presence of low hydraulic conductive geological materials.     

西安地裂缝场地动力响应规律及影响因素分析

在地裂缝密集分布的西安地区,建筑"傍缝而建"的现象非常普遍,地裂缝的存在严重制约了城市建设用地的有效利用和规划。为研究地裂缝对场地动力响应的影响,分析地震动作用下地裂缝场地动力响应规律及其影响范围,以西安地裂缝为研究对象,基于室内振动台试验及FLAC~(3D)数值模拟,分析地裂缝场地动力响应中的加速度幅值动力响应特征。在此基础上,进一步分析不同地震波类型、地裂缝破裂面倾角、地震动强度、地裂缝两侧土层错距对地裂缝场地动力响应的影响。研究表明:地裂缝对场地动力响应影响明显,表现为地裂缝一定范围内峰值加速度呈"带状"分布,即地裂缝处峰值加速度最大,随着距地裂缝越来越远,峰值加速度逐渐减小后趋于稳定,带状分布范围上盘约30 m,下盘约20 m;地裂缝场地动力响应表现出明显的"上盘效应",即上盘峰值加速度略大于下盘;地震动强度对地裂缝场地动力响应影响明显,地裂缝倾角、地裂缝两侧土层错距、地震波对地裂缝场地动力响应均无明显影响     

Earth Fissures in Su–Xi–Chang Region,Jiangsu, China

The earth fissures in the Su-Xi-Chang area are caused by differential land subsidence due to long-term excessive groundwater withdrawal and controlled by the bedrock ridge or cliff underlying. There have been more than 15 earth fissures in the area since 1989. The field investigations have lasted for more than 20 years. The earth fissures generally have a main fissure and a number of secondary ones parallel to the main one. The main fissure (crack) has a scarp, is steeply dipping, and can be more than 2000 m long. Geophysical surveys (2D or 3D seismic investigation, controlled source audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding, and electric sounding) combined with geological drilling are effective for the investigation of earth fissures. Geodetic leveling is effective to monitor the ground deformation across the earth fissure, so is the extensometer for the opening of the fissure. The activities of earth fissures are directly related to different stages of land subsidence and controlled by geological abnormalities. Most earth fissures in the area are still active.