东北冷涡发展过程的位涡收支分析

从位涡收支的角度对一次东北冷涡发展过程进行了诊断分析,研究了位涡趋势方程中各趋势项对冷涡发展的贡献。结果表明,在对流层低层东北冷涡的发展过程中,非绝热加热率、水平平流位涡以及非平流的位涡趋势对低层位涡的增强做正贡献,有利于低层冷涡的发展,也充分说明了非绝热加热对低层冷涡的发展所起的重要作用;而垂直平流位涡刚好相反,对低层位涡的增强做负贡献,不利于低层冷涡的发展。从垂直结构看,水平平流位涡主要是在对流层低层和高层对位涡发展有正贡献;而垂直平流位涡是在中层促使位涡增强;非平流引起的位涡变化主要是在低层;由平流和非平流引起的总位涡趋势增大,促使冷涡加强发展。     

一次北上江南气旋的结构特征与演变机理分析

利用常规的高空、地面观测、NCEP的1°×1°再分析资料和FY-2E水汽图像等资料,分析了一次北上的江南气旋降水分布、生成环境、结构特征及气旋发展和移动的成因。结果表明:(1)气压场形状和强降水落区的演变类似于Shapiro-Keyser气旋模型。(2)江南气旋发生并向北发展,表现为250 hPa高空辐散,500 hPa西北槽与高原东部槽东移合并、下游脊加强环流的背景。(3)这次气旋虽然没有出现Shapiro-Keyser气旋模型中明显的暖锋后弯现象,但在低压中心附近存在弱的暖核,该核主要位于850 hPa以下层次。(4)当正相对涡度区随高度向西倾斜、地面气旋中心西侧的冷锋锋区增强、高层相对涡度值增大时,气旋处于快速加深过程中;当高低层正相对涡度中心几乎垂直重合、且对流层低层冷锋锋区减弱,则气旋缓慢发展。(5)暖湿气流向北发展和垂直于暖锋的次级环流加强使得暖锋附近的降水增强。(6)用准地转ω运动方程诊断得到,在气旋的初生阶段,地面气旋上空垂直上升速度几乎为0,气旋基本不发展;但其下游暖平流和高低层涡度平流差值大,有利于气旋快速向东北方向移动。在气旋发展阶段,地面气旋上空垂直上升速度加大,气旋快速发展,但其下游暖平流和高低层涡度平流差值减小使得气旋移速缓慢。在气旋发展停滞阶段,地面气旋上空垂直上升速度微弱,气旋发展趋于停止,且其下游暖平流和高低层涡度平流差值继续减小,气旋移速进一步变缓。     

一次温带气旋涡度场演变特征及气旋发生发展机制分析

气旋是涡旋运动,因此相对涡度(以下简称涡度)是确切表征气旋中心位置和强度的物理量,分析气旋发生发展过程就是分析涡度的变化机理。文中采用1000 hPa地转风涡度表征地面气旋,利用常规地面观测、6 h一次的NCEP 1°×1°再分析场等资料,对2014年6月一次具有螺旋式回转路径的北方温带气旋过程进行了诊断分析。利用Petterssen地面气旋发展公式,再结合300 hPa涡度平流、散度场与850 hPa热力场的配置关系,考察了对流层中低层温度平流、500 hPa涡度平流以及300 hPa涡度平流引起的辐散对地面气旋发展的贡献。结果表明:(1)这次气旋过程中500、300 hPa存在两个正涡度区及涡度中心的替换:即在地面气旋发生发展阶段,第一个涡度中心为主要的涡度中心;在气旋减弱阶段,第二个涡度中心成为主要的涡度中心。(2)地面和高空涡度中心均以逆时针螺旋式路径移动。在地面气旋初生和发展阶段,高低层涡度中心及正涡度区呈后倾结构;当高低层涡度中心及正涡度区几乎垂直重合时,地面气旋停止发展。(3)温度平流项在气旋初生阶段起主要作用;500 hPa涡度平流决定了地面气旋的发展。(4)当300 hPa正涡度平流引起的辐散区叠加在对流层低层850 hPa斜压锋区上时,地面气旋发展。     

高原涡与西南涡相互作用暴雨天气过程的诊断分析

利用动力诊断方法,对2008年7月20~22日高原低涡与低层西南低涡相互作用引发西南低涡强烈发展和四川大面积特大暴雨天气发生机理进行了诊断分析。分析表明：高原涡与西南涡涡心之间的纬向距离在5个纬度的时候,两者上升气流都在500 hPa以下,当两者继续东移,在经向上耦合的时候,二者同时得到发展,西南涡中心的上升气流达到300 hPa,而高原涡中心的上升气流突破200 hPa;西南涡在低层出现初期,在一定程度上制约了高原涡的发展,随着两者在经向方向发生耦合,上下涡度平流不同造成垂直差动,将激发500 hPa以下的上升运动与气旋性涡度加强,使得500 hPa与700 hPa涡心正涡度值的增大近1倍。并且涡前的正涡度变率使得高原涡发展并东移,待垂直耦合后,高原涡与盆地涡相互强迫作用促使气流上升运动加强也是导致高原低涡与西南低涡共同发展的一种机制。     

梅雨锋上气旋发展的反演诊断

本文采用位涡反演诊断模式,对梅雨锋上气旋的发生,发展机制进行分析研究,利用扰动位涡,反演出气旋发生,发展阶段的扰动位热场,扰动流函数,结果表明,梅雨锋气旋发展阶段,500hPa以上的高层槽脊系统对中低层气旋的发展没有直接贡献,850hPa以下的低层系统（低层锋区）,能够反演出气旋及其周围系统的发展,但强度较弱,气旋区,中层位涡扰动与总位涡扰动所反演的结果的基本一致,即中层系统对梅雨锋气旋的发展起到主要作用,气旋发生阶段,850hPa 以下的低层系统对中低层气旋的加强起主要作用。     

2018年1月北大西洋上一个具有“T”型锋面结构的超强爆发性气旋的分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）提供的0.5°×0.5° ERA-Interim再分析资料，麦迪逊-威斯康星大学气象卫星研究所（CIMSS）提供的地球静止环境业务卫星（GOES-EAST）红外卫星云图和天气预报模式（WRF）的模拟结果，对2018年1月3—6日发生在北大西洋上的一个具有“T”型（T-bone）锋面结构的超强爆发性气旋进行分析。该爆发性气旋在较暖的湾流上空生成，沿海表面温度大值区向东北方向快速移动，生成后6 h内爆发性发展，24 h中心气压降低48.7 hPa。高空槽加深、涡度平流加强和低层较强的大气斜压性为气旋快速发展提供了有利的环流背景场。由于气旋发展迅速，低层相对涡度急剧增大，低压中心南部来自西北方向的干冷空气随气旋式环流快速向东推进，与东南暖湿气流汇合，锋生作用较强。较暖的洋面对西北冷空气的加热作用使得交汇的冷、暖空气温度梯度较小。减弱东移的冷锋与暖锋逐渐形成近似垂直的“T”型结构。用Zwack-Okossi方程诊断分析表明，非绝热加热、温度平流和正涡度平流是该爆发性气旋发展的主要影响因子。气旋初始爆发阶段，西北冷空气进入温暖的洋面，海洋对上层大气感热输送和潜热释放较强，非绝热加热对气旋快速发展有较大贡献。气旋进一步发展，“T”型锋面结构显著，温度平流净贡献较大，对气旋的发展和维持起重要作用。      

引发黑龙江省暴雪爆发性气旋个例动力分析

利用气象站综合观测资料和NCEP FNL的1°×1°再分析资料,分析了2013年11月25日黑龙江省大暴雪的环流特征和气旋爆发性增长过程;在此基础上,对涡度平流、高低空急流的分布特征和垂直结构及湿位涡的正压项和斜压项对气旋爆发性增长的贡献进行了深入细致的研究,探索此次爆发性气旋发展的动力学机制.结果表明:此次黑龙江省暴雪过程地面气旋中心位于槽前最大正涡度平流区下方,正涡度平流使等压面降低,地面减压,气旋获得发展.地面气旋始终位于南支高空急流核左前方和北支高空急流核右后方,两支高空急流的动力作用均引起强辐散.高、低空急流耦合的区域,使高层强辐散和低层强辐合叠置,加强了气旋中心附近的上升运动,从而使气旋和降雪的强度得到加强.气旋在强斜压大气中获得爆发性增长,气旋的爆发与湿位涡的分布和演变关系密切,高层正湿位涡下传,使低层湿位涡增大,气旋获得发展;当高层ξmpv1线趋于准水平状态时,正湿位涡下传造成低层湿位涡发展结束,气旋发展停止并逐渐减弱.大气湿斜压性增加可引起垂直涡度的显著增加,促使气旋爆发性增长,垂直涡度的变化滞后于湿斜压性的变化.     

1986年7月阻塞高压过程的位涡诊断分析

用含有非绝热加热、湍流输送和摩擦作用的等压面位涡方程对1986年7月两次阻塞高压的酝酿建立、维持和减弱消失3个阶段做了诊断分析。发现东亚阻塞高压是一个具有均匀低位涡的深厚高压系统，低值位涡在高层最明显；高压区内对流层偏暖，以低层为最明显，250hPa以上却明显偏冷。阻高低位涡暖空气主要来自伊朗高原。阻高建立时除伊朗高原低位涡空气向东北移动外，还要有下游低位涡空气向北移动与之配合。位涡方程各项中以高层平流项作用最大，阻高建立时有显著正作用；其次为高层的垂直平流项；第三是低层热成风偏差项；湍流项有削弱阻高的作用；扭转项和摩擦项可忽略。     

1998年7月河套气旋强烈发展时的暴雨过程分析

采用位涡理论对1998年7月4—7日的一次河套气旋强烈发展中的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明:此次夏季河套气旋的强烈发展是在高层正位涡平流和低层暖平流的共同作用下产生的。高空双急流结构产生的强烈辐散加强了低层辐合，有利于气旋的加强。强降水出现在河套气旋强烈发展过程中，是由高层冷空气与季风涌带来的西南暖湿气流辐合而引起的大尺度降水过程。在这次气旋强烈发展过程中，对流层低层到中上层均出现强的上升气流，使得南方深厚的暖湿空气不断随西南风流入暴雨区上空。暴雨发生时，华北地区处于地面Ω型的θ_se高能舌之中，其上空500 hPa存在一个由大尺度动力强迫形成的东北—西南向的非地转湿 Q 矢量辐合带，对流云带与 Q 矢量辐合中心有非常好的对应关系。     

高低空位涡扰动、非绝热加热与气旋的发生发展

从湿位涡的扰动量出发，来分析气旋发展过程中高低空位涡的变化，结果表明：低层位涡扰动先于气旋并孤立于高层位涡扰动而存在，在气旋发生过程中，低层正值位涡扰动发展上伸，与高层下传的位涡相接，形成一条正值位涡扰动柱，而湿位涡扰动柱的形成正是气旋发生的重要标志。江南暴雨期的非绝热加热主要由降水产生的凝结潜热造成，最大加热层的出现，是低层位涡扰动产生和向上发展的一个重要原因，对气旋的发展起着促进作用。     

A CASE STUDY OF FRONTAL CYCLOGENESIS AND ITS SENSITIVITY TO COASTAL INITIAL CONDITIONS*

In this study,the predictability and physical processes leading to the rapid frontal cyclogenesis,that took place in the east coast of the U.S.during 3-4 October 1987,are examined using a nestedgrid.mesoscale model with a fine-mesh grid size of 25km.It is shown that the model reproduces reasonably well the cyclogenesis in a coastal baroclinic zone.its subsequent deepening and movement as well as the pertinent precipitation.It is found that the frontal cyclogenesis occurs in a favorable large-scale environment with pronounced thermal advection in the lower troposphere and marked potential vorticity(PV) concentration aloft associated with the tropopause depression.The transport of warm and moist air from the marine boundary layer by the low-level in-shore flow provides the necessary energy source for the observed heavy precipitation and a variety of weather phenomena reported in the cold sector.Several 24-h sensitivity simulations are performed to examine the relative importance of diabatic heating,adiabatic dynamics and various initial conditions in the frontal cyclogenesis.It is found that latent heat release,even though quite intense,accounts for only 25% of the cyclone's total deepening in this case:the weak impact seems due to the occurrence of latent heating in the cold sector and the upward lifting of the dynamical tropopause by diabatic updrafts.Vorticity budgets show that the lowlevel thermal advection dominates the incipient stage,whereas the vorticity advection determines the rapid deepening rate at the mature stage.The results reveal that the predictability of the present storm is closely related to the vertical coupling between the surface cyclone and the upper-level PV core,which is in turn determined by initial offshore perturbations in the lower troposphere.     

一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程的动力诊断分析

台风北移变性并入东北冷涡是造成东北地区夏季大范围暴雨的主要形式之一, 但其中的热动力结构变化特征及其物理机制尚不清晰。本文利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的再分析资料对一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程进行动力诊断分析, 分析结果显示:冷涡冷空气的不断侵入以及台风移动形成的相对冷平流使得台风暖心结构消亡, 其低层低压辐合和高层高压辐散结构消失, 变性并入东北冷涡后气旋整层偏冷, 低层出现冷中心。台风变性并入东北冷涡过程中, 冷涡中心附近高空急流南侧的反气旋切变抑制气旋直接往高空发展, 而急流轴左侧的热动力分布特征有利于垂直涡度的发展, 变性后的气旋环流向冷涡的移近有利于急流轴维持倾斜, 从而促进气旋向高空冷涡倾斜发展。同时, 冷空气在气旋低层附近堆积导致等假相当位温线发生倾斜, 造成垂直涡度在气旋中层倾斜发展。台风变性并入东北冷涡后, 高空冷涡槽底的正垂直涡度平流促进气旋由中层直接向高层发展, 而高空冷涡槽底急流促进正垂直涡度平流的维持。气旋高空环流的发展反过来削弱了东北冷涡的高层环流, 导致高空冷涡中心出现北撤。     

The role of dynamic and diabatic processes in the generation of cut-off lows over Northwest Africa

Summary The present observational study addresses the role of dynamic and diabatic processes leading to the generation of four deep upper-level troughs/cut-offs, involved in two extreme precipitation episodes over West Africa during the cool season. The elongated potential vorticity (PV) streamers associated with the observed troughs form as a result of an equatorward transport of high-PV air downstream of a large ridge over the central North Atlantic. Strong deformation along the eastern side of the ridge leads to a thinning of the PV streamers. In some situations the tips of the streamers break up and form distinct and long-lived stationary cut-offs near West Africa, in particular if the presence of another PV ridge downstream allows a complete isolation from the midlatitude westerlies. In other situations a prior anticyclonic wave-breaking event over Europe leads to an advection of high-PV towards the Iberian Peninsula that merges with the streamer and impedes a complete cut-off. The observations presented here suggest that the rapid amplification of the PV ridges over the North Atlantic and thus the subsequent streamer formation are related to upstream latent heating through non-conservative diabatic reduction of upper-level PV and through the strong divergent outflow near the tropopause that support large negative isentropic PV advection. The intense latent heat release is promoted by cyclo- and frontogenesis, and the transport of warm, moist air by a low-level jet ahead of the surface cold front (often called a warm conveyor belt; WCB). Diabatic PV tendencies are highest where the WCB rises over the surface warm front to the northeast or east of the cyclone centre. In most cases the distinct heating occurs in connection with a strong upper-level jet and a rapid deepening of the involved surface cyclone. More quantitative dynamical and statistical studies of the suggested relation are needed to better understand the relative contributions of single factors to the large and synoptic scale evolution that leads to PV streamers/cut-offs near West Africa.     

两例爆发性东北低压的对比诊断分析

该文选择了发展变化机制有一定差异的两例春季爆发性东北低压（分别是1983年4月25～26日气旋（简称A例）和1983年4月28～29日气旋（简称B例）），进行了对比诊断分析。结果表明:（1）非绝热加热和局地斜压不稳定对A例气旋发展来说是十分关键的因子，而空正IPV平流的显著增强及其与低层IPV分布中两个局地最大值的垂直耦合是B例气旋增强的一个重要原因；（2）两个风暴最大不同点在于非绝热加热效应在影响气旋增强的程度上有所不同。另外，B例事件中对流层中部产生的较强高空锋生可以在低压范围内导致深厚的上升运动并使高空锋向下游的正涡度平流得以加强，这对系统的发展是十分有利的。     

热带气旋“Malakas”与中纬度系统的相互作用及其结构变化

本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF和LAGRANTO轨迹模式对2010年变性台风"Malakas"进行数值模拟和轨迹分析,分析了Malakas在变性过程中与中纬度系统的相互作用,以及在相互作用过程中Malakas的结构变化特征。结果表明:Malakas变性过程经历了三个阶段:(1)高层扰动加强期,高层的正位涡产生的气旋性环流使低层Malakas中心北部的斜压带西侧产生负的温度平流,表现为冷空气的入侵;(2)Malakas和中纬度系统相互作用时期,台风北上导致斜压带出现,深对流的爆发使低层暖湿气流沿着斜压带上升,快速上升气流中的潜热释放导致低PV空气向对流层上部净输送,在其北部高层重新构建出一个脊;(3)Malakas变性成温带气旋,残存的台风内核与斜压带逐渐合并,负的位涡平流带着非绝热外出流驱动了下游最初脊的构建,加速并且固定了中纬度急流,并整体放大了上层Rossby波模式。     

副热带高压对登陆台风等熵面位涡演变影响的数值模拟研究

选取1997年第11号台风“温妮”为研究个例, 通过中尺度模式MM5模拟再现了该台风登陆后经历初期减弱、 变性及变性后再次发展的演变过程。采用Davis et al.(1996) 提出的片段位涡反演方法, 提取具有副热带高压物理意义的位涡扰动, 采用片段位涡反演的方法, 改变模式积分初始时刻台风东部副热带高压强度, 并引入Ertel等熵面位涡收支方程, 深入分析不同强度的副热带高压环流系统在登陆台风结构演变的过程中等熵面位涡的守恒性, 以及守恒性与非守恒性相对作用的大小。研究表明: 台风北上深入内陆的过程中, 高空槽大值位涡源源不断的输送使得对流层低层西北侧位涡增长, 台风中心上空的辐散形势有利于台风强度的再次增强。由于摩擦和非绝热加热的存在, 对流层位涡局地变化主要决定于位涡的水平平流 (守恒项)、 位涡的垂直平流、 加热的垂直微分 (非守恒项) 的分布。台风经历变性及再增强的过程中, 其影响范围内位涡守恒性经历了先减弱后增强的过程, 非守恒项中位涡的垂直平流能较好地描述对流层中层位涡局地变化趋势, 而加热的垂直微分则在对流层低层和高层表现良好。副高强度的加强使台风加速北上, 加快了台风变性速度, 高层位涡的向下输送明显提前且强度增强, 位涡守恒性的破坏、 重建也相应提前, 位涡垂直平流的整层负值减小, 加热垂直微分对对流层低层位涡增长的正贡献加强, 且持续时间更长。     

On the bogusing of tropical cyclones in numerical models: The influence of vertical structure

Summary In this study, idealised conditions are used to study the influence of vertical structure of the bogus vortex on its motion in numerical models by comparing the resultant forecast tracks. Two vortices were used: one has a cyclonic circulation throughout the troposphere and the other has an upper tropospheric anticyclone. Both vortices have the same structure in the middle and lower troposphere. The two vortices were inserted into four different environmental flows on a beta-plane: (a) a resting atmosphere; (b) a uniform flow; (c) a horozontal shear flow and (d) a vertical shear flow. The results show that the forecast tracks are very sensitive to the vertical structure of the bogus vortex, especially when the environmental flow is very weak, or is westerly and has a cyclonic horizontal shear. However, this sensitivity is reduced in moderate vertical shear. This motion sensitivity is found to arise from the vertical coupling mechanism by which the upper-and lower-level circulations interact with each other when a horizontal displacement occurs between them.The vertical structure of the bogus vortex can also affect the intensity of the model cyclone, depending on the configuration of the environmental flow. In general, the bogus vortex without an upper-level anticyclone will intensify quicker and will develop more intense than the one with an upper-level anticyclone. The vertical coupling mechanism can result in different asymmetric rainfall pattern in cyclone core region depending on the vertical structure of the bogus vortex. The asymmetric divergent flow associated with these convective asymmetries may in turn further influence the vortex motion. It is suggested that care needs to be taken in determining the vertical structure of the bogus vortex in numerical models.With 14 Figures     

Growth and Decay of an Extra-Tropical Cyclone’s PV-Tower

Summary The surface low of a mature extra-tropical cyclone is often surmounted by a troposphere-spanning column of anomalously high potential vorticity (PV). In this study the growth and decay of such a PV-tower is traced for one major North Atlantic frontal-wave cyclone using the ECMWF analysis fields and adopting both Eulerian and Lagrangian frameworks. A tower’s structure and composition relates intimately to the strength, scale and structure of the associated surface cyclone. It is shown that the tower comprised a vertical superposition of three elements: (?) a quasi-seclusion of stratospheric air extruded from an upper-level trough, (ℬ) a mid-tropospheric layer of intermingled air from diverse sources, but with a substantial component originating from the system’s cold front, and (?) a low-tropospheric layer of diabatically-induced PV that was linked to and originated from flow along a bent-back warm front. An examination of the tower’s growth and decay helps identify the factors influencing the onset and rapidity of the cyclogenesis. There was first an in-phase development of a surface baroclinic wave with the precursor of element (?), and also the emergence of element (ℬ) in the form of a low-level elongated band of PV aligned along the cold front. Thereafter a short period of rapid growth was marked by the appearance of a low-level band of PV along the warm front (element ?), and it co-spiraled with and beneath the upper-level stratospheric intrusion (element ?). Demise of the tower followed a loss of amplitude of its central portion and a loss of coherency aloft. Evidence of the modulating as opposed to the dominating influence of diabatic processes upon the cyclone’s structure and strength is derived from consideration of: the tower’s durable and ephemeral potential vorticity, the PV production along the warm front, and sets of model simulations of the event that selectively suppress diabatic PV production. Received July 9, 1999 Revised December 2, 1999     

2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度爆发气旋的数值模拟和分片位涡反演分析

基于NCEP 6 h一次,0.5°（纬度）×0.5°（经度）水平分辨率的GFS（Global Forecasting System）再分析数据,利用数值模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）,对2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度的爆发气旋事件进行了模拟。在成功复制爆发气旋主要特征的基础上,较详细的分析了本次爆发气旋快速发展的有利环境条件,并利用分片位涡反演的方法,对此次爆发气旋的快速发展过程进行了研究,主要结论如下:（1）本次爆发气旋的爆发性发展阶段维持了约27 h,其最大加深率约为3.98 Bergeron（气旋加深率单位）,最低中心气压约为919.2 hPa。（2）爆发气旋的快速发展与对流层高层高空急流对热量的输送,对流层中层西风带短波槽槽前暖平流和正涡度平流的有利准地转强迫,以及对流层低层暖锋伴随的暖平流过程密切相关。（3）分片位涡反演的结果表明,对流层顶皱褶对应的平流层大值位涡下传和降水凝结潜热过程造成的正位涡异常是本次爆发气旋快速发展的主导因子,而对流层低层的斜压过程贡献相对较小。在气旋爆发期的前期和强盛期,降水凝结潜热释放是爆发气旋发展的最重要因子,而在爆发期后期,随着降水的减弱和爆发气旋的东北向移动,对流层顶皱褶作用所造成的正位涡异常成为维持气旋快速发展的最有利因子。     

Heavy rainfall caused by interactions between monsoon depression and middle-latitude systems in Australia: a case study

The heavy rainfall caused by interactions between the monsoon depression and the middle-latitude systems in Australia has been investigated in this paper. For a better understanding of the Australian monsoon depression (AMD) and its synoptic-scale interaction with the middle-latitude systems, some key meteorological parameters have been calculated, including the vorticity budget, moisture budget, temperature advection, frontogenesis function and potential vorticity. The results show that interaction between the lower and mid-latitude systems does exist leading to the merging of the extratropical low with frontal systems and the AMD, meanwhile both the low-level cold air from the mid-latitude and the warm moist air that was lifted by the front were very favorable for the formation and the intensification of heavy rainfall, which was quite different from the rainfall caused by the AMD alone. Second, the obvious temperature advection and gradient were detected, so the baroclinicity was favorable to the intensification of the front, as well as to the development of the upper-level jet. Next, isentropic analysis revealed that the south-west cold-flow sank and met the warm flow coming from the northern part of Australia, thereby forming the obvious baroclinic zone in the lower troposphere. A high-PV anomaly area located in the upper level of the troposphere, which overlaid the low-level frontogenesis zone, also existed. The upper-level PV maximum extended downwards forming a vertical PV column when the extratropical low intensified. Furthermore, the AMD is a warm-cored vortex located in middle and upper troposphere with a deep and thick moisture layer, and there were some differences in the vorticity and moisture budgets of the two different stages. Finally, based on the above-mentioned analysis, a conceptual model describing the interactions between the lower and middle-latitude systems in the southern hemisphere was proposed.