不同附着基对聚缩虫附着的影响

国外Ｆｕｒｓｅｎｋｏ１９２９年;Ｓｕｍｍｅｒ１９３８年;Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ１９７３年;Ｏｖｅｒｓｔｒｅｅｔ１９７３年对聚缩虫的发生、形态、生活史及与对虾的关系进行过报道,国内宋微波１９９１,１９９２年;沈亚林１９９１年;张秋阳１９８６,１９９０年;孟庆显等１９８０年;冯玉爱等１９８４年;高爱根等１９９２年;潘贤渠等１９８７年,郑国兴１９８７年;楼丹１９８７年;刘传损１９８４年;吴友吕等１９９２年对聚缩虫的分类、形态、繁殖、生态对对虾的危害、数量监测与防治等方面进行过研究。笔者曾对聚缩虫进行过实验生态…     

厦门近113a来降水量变化特征分析

利用福建漳州和东山站资料采用回归订正方法插补厦门站缺测资料，分析研究了厦门1893～2005年间年、季降水量变化趋势、旱涝时段、变化周期、降水量气候变率长期变化、降水量异常发生频率及降水量突变点．结果表明：近113a厦门年、夏季降水量呈增加趋势．1893～1902年和1948～1971年为少雨时段，1931～1947年和1983～2005年为多雨时段．年降水量存在着7～8a、60～65a和17a左右的振荡周期．年降水量和夏季降水量在1903～1931年这一时段年际变化较剧烈．秋季是各季降水中气候变率最大的季节．1951～1960年、1901～1910年和1990～2000年是降水量异常事件的频发期．年降水量在1971～1972年和1982～1983年、春季降水量在1942～1943年和1972～1973年、夏季降水量在1987～1988年、秋季降水量在1972～1973年时段都发生了突变．     

日本北海道扇贝放流效果

日本学者估算了北海道扇贝的增殖效果。分析了从1910年到1993年捕获量统计数字和1977年到1993年苗种放流的数字。同开始放流以前(1951年～1973年)相比,年平均捕获量(重量)在最近十年内(1984年～1993年)宗谷地区增加69倍、网走地区增加15倍和根室地区增加6倍。年捕获量(重量)变动系数也明显地减小。放流以前和最近十年之间的Cv     

一九八七年西北太平洋台风和副热带高压的特点

本文对1987年西北太平洋上生成的台风及西北太平洋副热带高压情况进行了分析,结果表明,1987年西北太平洋台风具有年台风个数少、强台风个数偏多等特点;而副热带高压具有强度强、两脊偏西和脊线位置偏南的特点。分析还发现,1987年和1967年西太平洋副热带高压分别为1951年以来最强年和最弱年,其相应为少台风年和多台风年。     

2007年世界天然气产量达到2．94×10^12m^3

2007年世界天然气产量达到2．94×10^12m^3，比2006年2．8653×10^12m^3增加747×10^8m^3。其中，非洲天然气产量占世界比例由2004年占5．4％提高到2005年占5．9％、2006年占6．3％、2007年占6．6％；中南美由2003年占4．5％、2004年占4．8％上升至2005年占4．9％、2006年占5．0％、2007年占5．1％；中东由2002年占9．3％、2003年占9．8％、2004年占10．4％上升至2005年占10．6％、     

2005-2009年、2011年和2013年南海东北部120°E断面秋季体积输运的年际变化

基于2005年至2009年、2011年和2013年各年九月份南海开放航次获取的东北部120°E断面的水文观测资料,运用了地转流诊断和模态分解两种方法,研究了该断面流场结构和体积输运的年际变化特征。2005年、2006年、2007年和2013年流场呈显著斜压特征,断面上、下层流速方向相反;而2008、2009年和2011流场垂向变化不明显,呈现准正压结构。断面体积输运沿深度分布呈现三种方式：一致向西（2005年、2007年和2011年）,上西下东（2008年和2013年）和上东下西（2006年和2009年）。断面净体积输运亦有显著年际变化,在2005年出现西向最大-11.2Sv,在2013年出现东向最大9.1Sv,而在2009年仅为西向-1.2Sv。模态分解表明,准正压结构的年份,流场主要被正压模态控制,但第一斜压亦不可忽略;而斜压结构的年份,流场由正压模和第一斜压模态共同主导。     

20年来北戴河岸线变化监测与对策研究

采用1990-2013年的遥感卫星数据,基于遥感与GIS技术,开展了北戴河海域的海岸线遥感监测,对1990年、1995年、2004年和2013年4年的监测结果进行了对比,从1990-2013年,岸线长度变化不大,在2013年为最长,2012年北戴河及领近海域进行了岸滩环境整治,通过对2012年与2013年的遥感影像分析,有效地保护了沙滩以及河口,河口宽度变化不大,但港口码头建设面积稍有增加。在此基础上,针对北戴河岸线的保护、利用提出了几点建议。     

温暖年份，2008排名第十

12月16日，世界气象组织发布的数据显示，2008年是自1850年有记录以来排名第十的温暖年份；融冰季节北极海冰的面积降至1979年有记录以来的第二低点。与1961年至1990年期间年均14摄氏度的水平相比，2008年全球海平面和地表气温混合平均值上升了0.31摄氏度。不过，由于受到2007年下半年开始出现的拉尼娜现象的影响，2008年的气温比本世纪前几年的气温略有降低。     

对马海峡东部水温的季节变化和长期变化

自1913年以来,福冈县水产试验站一直在对马海峡东部的固定断面上进行海洋观测.根据1919年到1979年的观测资料,研究了水温的季节变化和长期变化。平均水温偏差夏季大,特别是在50米处的温跃居。异常高温出现在春季到秋季。反之,异常低温出现在秋季到春季。对马海峡东部的水温长期变化表明从1919年到1943年是6年或8年周期,1948年以后是6年周期。     

热带印度洋海表日增温年循环和半年循环

利用SeaFlux再分析数据和经验模型研究了热带印度洋海表日增温年循环和半年循环的时空分布特征及其机理。研究结果表明,热带印度洋海表日增温年循环振幅在绝大部分海区都较大;而半年循环振幅仅在北印度洋较大。对年循环而言,在17°S以南海区以太阳辐射年循环的贡献为主,而在17°S以北海区以风速年循环的贡献为主;对于半年循环,在北印度洋以风速半年循环的贡献为主。本文还重点关注了以下两个海区:1)阿拉伯海西部,海表日增温年循环比半年循环振幅小;2)孟加拉湾中部,情况刚好相反。两海区相比,海表日增温年循环振幅在孟加拉湾中部较大;而半年循环振幅在阿拉伯海西部较大。这些差异都是由两海区不同的太阳辐射和风速年循环和半年循环造成的。     

HF radar observations of Arctic pack-ice breakup

This paper describes the first reported high-resolution remote measurements of sea-ice velocities during the summer Arctic pack-ice breakup, made with a high-frequency (HF) radar system (CODAR, for Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar) located on Cross Island, Alaska. Each 36-min observation also gives the positions of the ice edge, the moving ice, and the open water, with an azimuthal and distance resolution of5degand 1.2 km, respectively, to a range of 15 km. The statistical uncertainties in speed are typically 2-4 cm/s. The ice breakup was observed over a two-day period starting with low ice velocity and no open water and ending with ice and current velocities of approximately 40 cm/s. The position of the ice edge is verified by a simultaneous synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. To compare the ice, current, and wind velocities, a uniform velocity model was fitted to the measurements of radial velocity. The speed of both ice and current under free drift conditions was found to lie between 2 and 5 percent of the wind speed and the direction within20degof the wind direction.     

Sea-ice flux in the East Greenland Current

The sea-ice export out of the central Arctic through the Fram Strait is a key variable in the Arctic climate system. Satellite data provide the only basis for mapping ice features with a high spatial and temporal resolution in polar regions. An automatic drift algorithm has been employed and optimized to monitor the sea-ice drift velocity in the Greenland Sea with AVHRR data. The combination of the ice drift and the spatial ice distribution provides an insight into the ice transport processes along the coast of Greenland. The combination with sea-ice thickness measurements allows an estimation of the spatial distribution of the sea-ice mass flux. The seasonal and spatial variability of the mass flux allows further predictions of the meridional melting and freezing processes along the East Greenland Current. This investigation covers the years 1993 and 1994. Seasonal and spatial distributions of the sea-ice drift were derived. The derived absolute values in this study are in good agreement with estimates proposed by other authors.     

基于油气平台的海冰雷达监测图像处理及冰速测量

对海冰的运动规律进行精确、连续和长周期的实时监测有助于海冰热力学和动力学的研究,也可保障冰区生产活动的安全进行。针对辽东湾海冰的运动特点和工程需求,在JZ20-2油气平台上建立了海冰雷达监测系统。采用数字图像处理技术对海冰雷达监测图像进行了分析和软件开发,可对海冰密集度、速度和冰块面积等海冰参数进行提取。采用该海冰雷达监测系统和数字图像处理软件,在2011-2012年冬季对该海域的海冰运动规律进行了全冰期的连续监测,在此基础上重点对海冰速度的雷达图像监测结果进行了分析,讨论了海冰速度场分布以及连续48 h的变化过程。以上结果为海冰的生消运移规律研究和油气作业区的海冰管理工作提供了可靠的现场监测数据。对海冰雷达现场监测及数字图像处理中的问题及改进方法进行了讨论。     

渤海模型冰运动特征的现场观测研究

Sea ice drift is mainly controlled by ocean currents, local wind, and internal ice stress. Information on sea ice motion, especially in situ synchronous observation of an ice velocity, a current velocity, and a wind speed, is of great significance to identify ice drift characteristics. A sea ice substitute, the so-called "modelled ice", which is made by polypropylene material with a density similar to Bohai Sea ice, is used to complete a free drift experiment in the open sea. The trajectories of isolated modelled ice, currents and wind in the Bohai Sea during non-frozen and frozen periods are obtained. The results show that the currents play a major role while the wind plays a minor role in the free drift of isolated modelled ice when the wind is mild in the Bohai Sea. The modelled ice drift is significantly affected by the ocean current and wind based on the ice–current–wind relationship established by a multiple linear regression. The modelled ice velocity calculated by the multiple linear regression is close to that of the in situ observation, the magnitude of the error between the calculated and observed ice velocities is less than12.05%, and the velocity direction error is less than 6.21°. Thus, the ice velocity can be estimated based on the observed current velocity and wind speed when the in situ observed ice velocity is missing. And the modelled ice of same thickness with a smaller density is more sensitive to the current velocity and the wind speed changes. In addition, the modelled ice drift characteristics are shown to be close to those of the real sea ice, which indicates that the modelled ice can be used as a good substitute of real ice for in situ observation of the free ice drift in the open sea, which helps solve time availability, safety and logistics problems related to in situ observation on real ice.     

HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计数据反演北极海冰漂移速度

本文基于最大互相关法,利用海洋二号（HY-2）卫星扫描微波辐射计37 GHz通道多时相垂直极化亮温数据,获取了北极海冰漂移速度。采用2012年和2013年国际北极浮标计划海冰现场观测数据,对利用微波辐射计亮温资料反演的冬季北极海冰漂移速度进行了定量验证,结果表明:流速和流向均方根误差分别为1.12 cm/s和16.37°,从一定程度上说明了HY-2卫星扫描微波辐射计亮温数据反演海冰漂移速度的可行性。此外,使用美国国防气象卫星F-17搭载的专用微波成像仪91 GHz通道垂直极化亮温,采用高斯拉普拉斯滤波方法进行处理,结合最大互相关法反演的海冰漂移速度,优于法国海洋开发研究院海冰漂移速度产品。     

On coherent ice drift features in the southern Beaufort sea

Previous studies have highlighted reversals in the Beaufort Gyre on regional scales during summer months, and more recently, throughout the annual cycle. In this study we investigate coherent ice drift features associated with individual ice beacons during winter 2008 that may be a signature of ice–coast interactions, atmospheric and/or oceanic forcing. Examined in particular are three case studies associated with reversals in ice beacon trajectories in January and April of 2008; case I corresponds to a meander reversal event in January, case II to a loop reversal event in April, and case III to a meander reversal event located to the northeast of the Mackenzie Canyon in April. An assessment of atmospheric and oceanic conditions during these reversal events shows enhanced ocean–sea-ice–atmosphere dynamical coupling during the Case I meander reversal event in January and comparatively weak coupling during the Case II loop and Case III meander reversal event in April. Absolute (single-particle/beacon) and relative (two-particle/beacon) dispersion results demonstrate dominant meridional ice drift displacement and inter-beacon separation for Case I relative to Cases II and III indicative of ice–ice and ice–coast interactions in January. The results from this investigation provide an ice drift case study analysis relevant to, and template for, high-resolution sea ice dynamic modeling studies essential for safety and hazard assessments of transportation routes and shipping lanes, ice forecasting, and nutrient and contaminant transport by sea ice in the Arctic.     

渤海冰漂移对海面风场、潮流场的响应

在对海冰漂移动力学分析基础上,利用MODIS资料,采用MCC方法获取渤海大范围冰覆盖的海域冰速场,并利用NCEP风速资料和潮流资料进行回归分析,得到渤海冰漂移速度与风速和流速的关系.利用MODIS和NOAA/AVHRR资料获取的渤海冰速资料的综合分析显示:渤海海冰运动,除受盛行风控制外,还受到复杂的海岸地形、流和冰内应力的共同作用,所得到的大范围海冰运动规律和多年历史观测资料分析结果基本一致,并清楚地显示了冰边缘带海冰运动的特征,弥补了局地、单站海冰观测的局限性.     

Mechanisms controlling the temporal variation of the sea ice edge in the Southern Ocean

This paper examines the mechanism controlling the short time-scale variation of sea ice cover over the Southern Ocean. Sea ice concentration and ice velocity datasets derived from images of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) are employed to reveal this mechanism. The contribution of both dynamic and thermodynamic processes to the change in ice edge location is examined by comparing the meridional velocity of ice edge displacement and sea ice drift. In the winter expansion phase, the thermodynamic process of new ice production off the ice edge plays an important role in daily advances of ice cover, whereas daily retreats are mostly due to southward ice drift. On the other hand, both advance and retreat of ice edges in the spring contraction phase are mostly caused by the dynamic process of the ice drift. Based on the above mechanism and the linear relation between the degree of ice production at the ice edge and northward wind speed, the seasonal advance of ice cover can be roughly reproduced using the meridional velocity of ice drift at the ice edge.     

Modeling the tidal ice drift and ice-induced changes in tidal dynamics on the Siberian continental shelf

The tidal ice drift is treated as an element of the three-dimensional tidal dynamics in a sea covered by ice. This dynamics is described by the QUODDY-4 finite-element model, and the tidal ice drift is described by a continuous viscous-elastic approximation. We present the results of modeling not only the tidal ice drift (M ₂ wave) (its velocity, direction, and tidal variations in the concentration and pressure of ice compression) but also ice-induced changes in tidal dynamics and the residual tidal ice drift. The modeling results indicate that the maximum velocity of tidal ice drift, which is determined by a combination of various factors responsible for ice evolution and primarily by the horizontal gradient of the level and local tidal velocity, can be higher or lower than the velocity of the surface tidal current in the ice-free sea. This depends on the sign of deviations of tidal sea level elevations in the sea covered by ice from their values in the ice-free sea. In addition, it has been found that ice cover has a stronger effect on the energetics of tides than on their dynamics: the area-mean relative deviations constitute 1.5% for the density of the total tidal energy, 61.5% for the dissipation, 0.1% for the amplitudes of tidal sea level elevations, and 0.9% for the amplitudes of maximum barotropic tidal velocity. In this sense, the conclusion that the role of sea ice is insignificant in the formation of tides can be justified only partially. The main results of this paper are as follows: (1) the development of a module for tidal ice drift, (2) the inclusion of this module into the three-dimensional finite-element hydrothermodynamic model QUODDY-4 to extend its capabilities, and (3) the reproduction (on the basis of the modified model) of qualitative features of the practically important tidal ice drift and ice-induced changes in the tidal dynamics of marginal seas on the Siberian continental shelf.     

渤海平整海冰多角度反射光谱特征

近些年来,遥感技术在渤海海冰的监测中发挥了举足轻重的作用。海冰的反射特征是利用光学遥感监测海冰的基础。在晴空条件下,对盛冰期渤海辽东湾东部3种典型的平整海冰的半球-方向反射率因子(hemispherical directional reflectance factor,HDRF)进行了测量,并计算了相应的各向异性因子(anisotropy factor,ANIF),结果表明,只有在太阳光入射主平面内的前向反射方向附近,半球-方向反射率因子与各向异性因子才会迅速增加,而在其他方向上两者的变化不明显。平整海冰的厚度和内部结构等因素会影响HDRF和ANIF随波长变化的特征,在350~1 350 nm波段,厚度较小且表面光滑的平整海冰的HDRF值相对较小,而厚度较大的平整海冰的HDRF值相对较大。在350~950 nm波段,厚度较小且表面光滑的平整海冰ANIF相对较大,而厚度较大的平整海冰的ANIF值相对较小。以上结果充分说明海冰对太阳光入射辐射的反射是冰-气界面的反射与冰体内部的散射的综合结果。