Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

北斗/超宽带组合定位的室内外过渡区无缝链接方法

室内外无缝导航定位是万物互联之基石,具有广阔的市场前景和应用价值. 但目前对于室内外过渡区的无缝组合导航技术,仍存在诸多棘手问题亟待解决. 对此,从三个方面对BDS/UWB组合定位的室内外无缝链接方法进行了改进:一是提出了一种基于内引法和外引法的室内信标绝对定位方法,以解决室内外定位结果的坐标基准统一问题;二是提出了一种基于位置精度因子(PDOP)平稳变化的室内信标优化布局方案,以提高过渡区域的导航定位精度与信标可用性;三是提出引入自适应权重因子,来解决BDS/UWB组合定位的观测值合理定权问题. 通过具体实验验证:1) 利用基于内引法和外引法的室内信标绝对定位方法,可实现室内外坐标基准的统一,显著提高了用户使用的便捷性;2) 采用所提信标优化布局方案,可有效提高过渡区定位精度,相比无超宽带(UWB)信标,BDS/UWB组合定位的平均定位精度至少提高 355%;3) 自适应权重因子可实时调节不同时间、不同类型观测值的权比,增强了观测信息利用效率,相比北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)空旷区域,定位精度可至少提高22.5%.      

Finding outdoor boundaries for 3D space‐based navigation

Outdoor navigation is widely used in daily life, but faces various issues related to the fidelity of outdoor navigation networks. For instance, agents (pedestrians) are often guided via unrealistic detours around places without clear paths (e.g., squares) or if there are vertical constraints such as overpasses/bridges. This is partly explained by the fact that the main sources of navigation networks in current outdoor navigation are two‐dimensional road/street networks. Utilizing a three‐dimensional space‐based navigation model, compatible with some indoor approaches, is a popular way to address the above‐mentioned issues. A 3D space‐based navigation model is generated by treating 3D spaces as nodes and the shared faces as edges. Inputs of this model are enclosed 3D spaces (volumes). However, outdoor spaces are generally open and unbounded. This article puts forward an approach to enclose outdoor spaces and mimic the indoor environments to derive a network based on connectivity and accessibility of spaces. The approach uses 2.5D maps and consists of three major steps: object footprint determination, footprint classification and space creation. Two use cases demonstrate the proposed approach. Enclosing outdoor spaces opens a new research direction toward providing seamless indoor/outdoor navigation for a range of agents.     

Integrating Indoor and Outdoor Spaces for Pedestrian Navigation Guidance: A Review

In light of the many improvements within 3D urban modeling and Location‐Based Services, this article provides a timely review of the state‐of‐the‐art on integrating indoor and outdoor spaces in pedestrian navigation guidance aids. With people moving seamlessly between buildings and surrounding areas, navigation guidance tools should extend from merely outdoor or indoor guidance, to provide support in the combined indoor‐outdoor context. This article first examines the challenges and complexities of integrating indoor and outdoor spaces into a single navigation system. Next, by using objective selection criteria, 36 relevant studies were withheld and further reviewed on their specific developments in data model requirements, and algorithmic and context support for integrated IO navigation systems. This review shows that the challenges of dealing with both indoor and outdoor space structures, while taking into account pedestrian's freer use of space, currently complicate the proposition of a unified IO space concept for navigation. However, there are some ongoing developments (e.g. context definitions, algorithmic extensions, increased data availability, growing awareness of pedestrians’ perception during wayfinding) that will help to bring outdoor and indoor spaces closer together in the realm of combined geospatial analysis.     

数码城市GIS中建筑物室外与室内三维一体化表示与漫游

介绍了数码城市中室外与室内场景的数据管理及可视化等关键技术，对室外与室内场景进行了综合比较，讨论了室内外场景一体化的表示思想。     

From 2D and 3D GIS for CyberCity

In order to understand the 3D landscape with many high buildings in a city, the 2D GIS has to be extended to 3D GIS. The further development of CyberCity has to include various applications of 3D scenes from the outdoor scenes to the indoor ones. In thispaper, some key techniques, such as data management method and dynamicalvisualization method for the outdoor and the indoor scenes, are discussed. The indoor scene is compared with the outdoor one. The idea of integratedrepresentation of the outdoor and the indoor scenes in CyberCity GIS is discussed. Funded by the open research fund program of LIESMARS (No. 010302).     

A comparison of network model creation algorithms based on the quality of wayfinding results

Various network model creation algorithms have been introduced to demonstrate a better approximation of the actual walking pattern and to provide a better wayfinding guide. However, it is under‐investigated which algorithm creates the most appropriate indoor navigation network model in the context of wayfinding applications. Due to the lack of discussion, some studies unconsciously extended an algorithm designed for creating an outdoor navigation network model to indoor space applications. This is problematic because indoor space has different spatial contexts from outdoor space, such as non‐linear space and no‐designated walking space. Our solution is to select five well‐known algorithms that have been introduced, to reproduce the algorithm for the automated construction of the indoor navigation network model, and to evaluate the applicability of algorithms for indoor wayfinding applications. This article compares the quality of wayfinding results from the output of the indoor navigation network model against two criteria: route efficiency (i.e., length) and route simplicity (i.e., number of directions). Our statistical analysis illustrates that the visibility graph algorithm is the most appropriate for indoor wayfinding applications.     

基于众源数据的室内外一体化行人路网构建

行人路网的完整性和准确性是保障步行导航服务的关键。当前的行人路网大多是基于室外道路设施构建的,缺乏室内可步行路径的数据支持,无法在导航应用中提供准确、真实的最优路径规划服务。鉴于此,本文提出了一种基于众源数据的室内外一体化行人路网构建方法,采用智能手机定位传感器与惯性传感器记录的众源轨迹,首先对缺失或者漂移的室内步行数据进行筛选,然后使用改进的行人航位推算(PDR)方法推算出准确的室内轨迹,进而采用莫尔斯理论生成涵盖室内外行人路径的完整行人路网。试验分析中对搜集到的260条步行轨迹数据进行行人路网构建,并使用高精度测量设备采集真实路网数据进行对比分析,结合OSM数据对试验结果进行综合评价。试验结果表明,本文方法能够准确、完整地生成室内外一体化行人路网。     

A generic space definition framework to support seamless indoor/outdoor navigation systems

Contemporary public buildings are becoming conglomerates of open, semi‐open and closed spaces, with indoor, outdoor and underground sections. For humans and robots to navigate seamlessly through such environments, new flexible approaches need to be developed. Navigation systems generally rely on a network (nodes and edges) as an abstraction of underlying space availability. However, indoor and outdoor networks have different origins. While indoor systems rely on indoor space subdivision approaches, current outdoor systems utilize road‐based network approaches. Linking such networks via particular nodes is possible but restrictive. Many spaces in the built environment are not strictly indoor or outdoor spaces and are thus often omitted from navigation networks, further limiting navigation options. To overcome these shortcomings, we introduce a new space definition framework in which the entire built environment is categorized into indoor, outdoor, semi‐indoor and semi‐outdoor spaces. We provide strict definitions for the four space categories. Our framework allows the same navigation network extraction approaches to be used and therefore enables seamless indoor/outdoor path computation for single or combinations of locomotion modes. The notions of semi‐indoor and semi‐outdoor spaces offer new options for further tailoring of the navigation path with respect to environmental factors, which we demonstrate with two use cases.     

Designing Service Architectures for Distributed Geoprocessing: Challenges and Future Directions

In this paper we study the feasibility of using services offered by a Spatial Data Infrastructure as a basis for distributed service oriented geoprocessing. By developing a prototype we demonstrate that a Spatial Data Infrastructure facilitates rapid development of applications that solve typical problems for an existing risk management application. The prototype provides users with a distributed application that enables the assessment of fire damage areas based on land cover data in a given area. The services involved in the application include: Web Feature Services, Web Map Services, a Gazetteer Service, a Catalogue Service, and Geoprocessing Services. We present the architecture of the application and describe details about implementation‐specific issues. We conclude that current OGC specifications provide a sound basis for developing service oriented architectures for geographic applications; however, in particular for geoprocessing applications, we question the feasibility of the use of Web Feature Services as data sources for larger amounts of data and call for further research in this direction.     

From 2D to 3D GIS for CyberCity

In order to understand the 3D landscape with many high buildings in a city, the 2D GIS has to be extended to 3D GIS. The further development of CyberCity has to include various applications of 3D scenes from the outdoor scenes to the indoor ones. In thispaper, some key techniques, such as data management method and dynamicalvisualization method for the outdoor and the indoor scenes, are discussed. The indoor scene is compared with the outdoor one. The idea of integratedrepresentation of the outdoor and the indoor scenes in CyberCity GIS is discussed.     

低成本大视场深度相机阵列系统

在测距传感器不断轻量化、小型化以及室内外地图一体化导航应用的驱动下,三维（3D）室内移动测量成为当今研究和应用的热点,在室内建模、室内定位等新兴领域中的应用越来越广泛。3D室内移动测量系统通常配备激光扫描仪、全景相机、惯性测量单元（inertial measurement unit,IMU）系统和里程计等传感器,虽能实现3D室内点云数据的采集,但其距离传感器-激光扫描仪价格昂贵且便携性较差。彩色深度（RGB depth,RGB-D）相机为低成本3D室内移动测量系统构建提供了新的距离成像传感器选择,但主流型号RGB-D相机视场角小,继而导致数据采集效率远低于传统激光扫描仪,难以做到点云数据的完整覆盖与稳健采集,且易造成同时定位与制图（simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM）过程中跟踪失败。针对以上问题,构建了一种低成本室内3D移动测量系统采集设备,通过组合多台消费级RGB-D相机构成大视场RGB-D相机阵列,提出了一种阵列RGB-D相机内外参数标定方法,并通过实验检验了设计系统采集的点云数据的精度。     

面向位置服务的室内外统一空间基准转换

随着智慧城市建设的不断推进,对位置服务的需求已经由室外拓展至室内空间,并对室内外一体化服务提出更高要求.由于室内空间范围相对较小且对几何信息表达精度要求较高,因此,通常采用独立的平面或三维直角坐标系作为空间基准,从而造成室内与室外以及不同建筑室内空间基准的差异,影响室内外空间信息的一体化表达与应用.为此,文中在系统分析...     

基于过渡投影面的室内地图统一数学基础转换方法

室内外统一的地图数学基础是室内外空间数据共享和使用的重要基础,是室内外一体化位置服务的重要保证,并且对于复杂室内及地下空间的安全管理与应急响应具有重要作用。室内地图通常采用自定义局部平面坐标系,造成室内与室外地图以及不同建筑室内地图之间数学基础的不一致。针对此,将地理坐标系作为室内地图统一遵循的数学基础,研究了室内地图从局部平面坐标系到地理坐标系的转换方法。分析了传统地图数学基础转换方法的适用性之后,提出了一种基于过渡投影面的室内地图统一数学基础转换方法。选取某住宅区的实测数据进行了转换试验,结果表明该方法可以显著提高室内地图统一数学基础转换的精度。     

基于GNSS/UWB的室内外连续定位方法

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)与超宽带(UWB)等定位系统在室内外复杂环境下作用范围有限,并且单一定位源均无法获得从室外到室内连续可靠的定位结果等问题,针对北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)+GPS/UWB松组合定位方法展开研究,设计了室内外动态定位实验与过渡区域静态定位实验,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF)对定位误差状态进行最优估计,并对BDS+GPS组合、UWB以及BDS+GPS/UWB松组合三种定位模式进行分析评价. 实验结果表明:在室内外的过渡区域,BDS+GPS/UWB松组合改善了GNSS-实时动态定位(RTK)的定位精度,扩展了GNSS-RTK的作用范围;BDS+GPS/UWB松组合相比于各单一定位源在一定程度上提高了系统从室外到室内定位的连续性与定位结果的可用性.      

手持测距仪快速定位测量装置的研制

目前,国内外测绘业使用的手持测距仪主要用于房屋室内测量,测距大多在70～80m以内。在室外较长距离的测量中,手持测距仪存在着测距精度低、测距对点慢和准确率低等情况。手持测距仪快速定位测量装置旨在拓展手持测距仪应用范围,为室外较长距离测量提供了一种经济适用,简便快捷的测量方法。     

高精度室外定位确定室内初始点

室内外无缝定位分为室内定位和室外定位两个独立部分.室内定位通常选取(0,0,0)作为初始地磁点的坐标,然而这一坐标会随着实验者的改变或者实验场地的变换而更换,不具备普适性.全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)虽然不能进行室内定位,但在室外定位出的地心地固坐标是唯一的,不发生改变.本文选取GNSS在室内外无缝定位过渡点的地心地固坐标点作为初始点,室内定位坐标系同样使用地心地固,可以有效解决室内外无缝定位的坐标兼容性问题,具有更广泛的作用.      

基于泛在位置服务的嵌入式导航计算机系统研究与设计

分析了全球定位系统(GPS)、捷联惯导系统(SINS)和无线定位技术(WLAN)在城市复杂环境下室内外定位时的优缺点,提出了在城市复杂环境下采用基于卡尔曼滤波松组合的SINS／GPS组合导航定位方式,在室内环境下时,单独使用WLAN无线定位技术时易受室内复杂环境的影响,比如天花板、墙壁造成的多径效应,在传播过程中易受相近频段电器的干扰等等;提出了采用基于卡尔曼滤波的SINS／WLAN的组合导航定位技术来实现,从而实现更加平滑的导航定位结果。同时兼顾全组合导航系统高精度、低功耗、小型化的要求,设计出基于TMS320C6713和FPGA架构的嵌入式导航计算机平台。通过该平台系统的搭建,能够有效解决人们对泛在位置服务的需求问题。      

基于泛在信号融合的室内外场景鲁棒感知算法

针对室内外场景结合的导航应用服务需求的发展以及现有室内外场景感知方法的识别稳定性较低、准确率不高问题,本文提出一种基于泛在信号融合的室内外场景鲁棒感知算法,利用室内外场景中融合的泛在信号降低单一信号识别误差;同时为提高传统AdaBoost算法对不平衡数据集的分类精度,采用概率神经网络（PNN）作为训练的弱分类器,并引入熵权法,对迭代产生的弱分类器的权重进行修正来提高强分类器的分类准确率．现实场景下的实验表明,本文算法在采用室内外环境中的WiFi信号、全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）可用星数、光照强度这三种融合的泛在信号进行室内外场景感知时性能最佳,对于不同角度方向下的室内外场景切换,可以在误报率仅为1.7％的情况下,达到98％的识别准确率,验证了本文所提算法的准确性和鲁棒性．      

自动推算室内接入点坐标算法

随着基于位置服务的应用与发展,室外和室内定位技术都得到了飞速发展。特别是在WiFi定位技术的不断完善下,室内定位技术有了广泛的应用,但是,WiFi定位技术的两种定位方式均需预先知道室内网络接入点的精确坐标,这一要求无法满足一些紧急情况下的定位需求。因此,本文提出了一种基于M估计的自动推算室内接入点坐标算法。该算法借助在室内外交界处同时获取卫星定位信息和WiFi信号的RSSI信息,巧用分段RSSI测距算法提高长距离RSSI测距精度,结合残差绝对和最小的M估计改进距离交会定位算法,最终推算出室内接入点的三维坐标,实现自动化推算过程。试验结果表明：该方法的定位精度比常规距离交会最小二乘算法提高了50%,能够快速实时较精确地推算室内接入点的坐标,进一步完善了WiFi定位技术。