涪陵页岩气田江东区块优快钻井技术研究与应用

涪陵页岩气田江东区块地质构造复杂、地层倾角大,存在机械钻速低、定向钻井托压严重、水平井轨迹控制困难等问题,给该地区优快钻井作业带来了挑战。本文通过总结现场施工作业及技术攻关实践,分析总结了江东区块复杂地质条件下相适应的钻井新工艺、新工具,形成了一套适用于涪陵页岩气田江东区块的优快钻井技术。江东区块钻井周期从开发前期的235 d缩短至9033 d,机械钻速、储层钻遇率不断提高的同时,定向钻井托压、钻头提前失效等工况逐渐减少。通过4年发展,涪陵页岩气田江东区块优快钻井集成技术逐渐成熟,基本满足了深层页岩气的开发需要。     

涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术

涪陵页岩气田是我国第一个投入商业化开发的国家级页岩气示范区,与北美相比,涪陵地区地表条件、地质条件和页岩气储层特征更加复杂、储层埋藏更深,开发初期钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、成本高。为此开展了涪陵页岩气田水平井组优快钻井技术研究,形成了集水平井组钻井工程优化设计、水平井优快钻井技术、国产低成本油基钻井液、满足大型压裂要求的长水平段水平井固井技术、山地特点“井工厂”钻井技术以及绿色环保钻井技术为核心的页岩气水平井组优快钻井技术体系。在涪陵页岩气田推广应用了290口井,完井256口,平均单井机械钻速提高了182%,平均单井钻井周期缩短了55%,平均单井钻井成本降低了34%。为涪陵页岩气田年50亿m3一期产能建设的顺利完成提供了强有力的技术支撑,对我国页岩气规模开发提供了重要的借鉴和引领作用。     

优快钻井配套技术在希50-54井应用实践

针对海塔地质特点和钻井难点,开展钻井技术研究和现场试验,制定了切实可行的钻井提速方案,较好地解决了上部地层易塌、中部地层易斜、下部地层硬造成的相关钻井技术难点,实现了优快钻井的目标,为增储上产提供了强有力的保障。以希50-54井为例,从技术应用思路和应用效果两方面出发,深入分析井身结构优化、钻头及参数优选、复合钻井等几大海塔优快钻井配套技术在现场实际中的应用情况,实践表明机械钻速得到大幅度提高,钻井周期明显缩短,效果显著。     

富县天然气井直井优快钻井技术优化与应用

为解决富县区块天然气井钻井机械钻速低、钻井周期长、井下复杂情况多等问题,开展了优快钻井技术研究。总结分析了富县气井钻井施工难点,通过岩石可钻性研究、岩屑滚动回收实验和处理剂筛选实验,同时结合现场应用,优选出各钻井参数。优选出一批能适应该区地层特征,耐磨性强,进尺效率高的钻头;优选钻具组合,采用转盘 螺杆的复合钻进方式;为保障井下安全,优选了钾铵基聚磺钻井液体系。现场应用表明,平均钻井周期由优化前80.96 d缩短至41.02 d,平均缩短39.94 d,缩短49.35%,井下事故复杂情况大大减少,为富县区块天然气井优快钻井提供了有力的技术支持。     

大牛地气田水平井优快钻井技术探索

大牛地属于低压、低渗、低丰度的三低油气藏,能否实行优快钻井成为制约水平井发展的主要因素,通过对井身结构、钻具组合、钻头选型及泥浆体系结构等统计分析,总结出适合大牛地气田水平井优快钻井技术,形成了一套大幅度提高机械效率、缩短钻井周期,适合大牛地工区的优快钻井技术。     

大港油田优快钻井配套技术研究

大港油田深井、超深井提速困难主要是由于馆陶组厚层底砾岩和沙河街组致密泥岩的岩石可钻性差、深部油气藏存在异常高温、高压现象,且钻井液具有高密度和高粘度的特点。为探索适合大港油田的深井、超深井优快钻井配套技术,结合滨深24-5-27井的钻井实例展开了研究。通过优选钻井液体系、应用精细控压钻井技术,以及高效PDC钻头+螺杆马达复合钻井技术,实现该井完钻井深4510 m,钻井周期36天,全井平均机械钻速为11.56 m/h的快速钻井效果。研究结果表明,该井钻井周期的缩短主要得益于全井机械钻速的提高,以及生产组织的有序衔接和保证。相对所在区块的历史指标井,该井机械钻速提高15.27%,二开和三开的生产组织时间缩短31.68%,钻井周期缩短18.78%。该优快配套钻井技术可为大港油田高效开发深部油气藏提供工程技术保障。     

元坝高研磨性地层提速提效集成钻井技术

四川元坝地区陆相下沙溪庙组—须家河组地层岩性复杂、可钻性差、研磨性强、地层压力高,使用牙轮钻头、PDC钻头等常规钻井技术钻速慢、周期长、效率低,引进扭力冲击器+PDC钻头、孕镶金刚石钻头+涡轮等进口提速工具费用昂贵,提速效果明显,但经济效益差。为降低钻井成本,结合地层地质特性,开展了个性化钻头及配套提速工具的研制及优选,形成了元坝高研磨性地层提速提效集成钻井技术,即自流井组珍珠冲段以上地层采用研制的KS1362ADGR型PDC钻头+国产大扭矩螺杆马达;珍珠冲及须家河组地层优选国产NR826M型孕镶金刚石钻头+高转速螺杆马达。通过3口井现场试验表明：同比2012—2013年完钻井指标,平均机械钻速提高64.7%;在井段长度增加8.7%的情况下,平均钻井周期缩短36.3%。该技术将对川东北、川西须家河组等高研磨性地层钻井具有指导作用。     

大庆徐深28井气体钻井实践

大庆油田徐家围子地区深层采用常规钻井机械钻速较低,试验气体钻井技术表明,能够大幅度提高深层钻井机械钻速,缩短钻井周期。通过前期的地质分析,在总结大庆油田已经试验的2口气体钻井现场试验的经验和教训的基础上,确定在徐深28井三开登娄库设计采用空气钻井技术,进入营城组试验氮气钻井技术,这是大庆油田第一口采用空气和氮气钻井的气体钻井。经过周全的设计,克服了冬季气温低、地层出水、气液转化井壁稳定等难题,保证了井身质量,机械钻速与邻井常规钻井相比提高了7倍,缩短钻井周期26天,节约钻头7只,尝试了氮气钻进营城组,取得     

伊朗Y油田水平井钻井技术

伊朗Y油田水平井面临着地质岩性多变、地质靶区不确定、裸眼井段长、井眼摩阻大、长水平段井眼轨迹控制困难等一系列钻井技术难点。结合Y油田一期水平井钻井实践,详细总结、形成了包括井身结构优化、螺杆钻具类型及其稳定器外径优选、钻头选型、侧钻钻具组合优选、水平井段优快钻井、KCl聚磺钻井液在内的6项水平井钻井技术。该技术在YS9井得到成功应用,定向段和水平段施工比设计提前12.4 d。Y油田水平井优快钻井技术的应用,能够提高钻井成功率,缩短水平井的建井周期,降低钻井成本,对Y油田后续的水平井施工起到一定的指导和借鉴作用。     

古深3井非目的层井段气体钻井设计与实践

古深3井是部署在松辽盆地西部断陷区古龙断陷敖南凹陷的一口风险预探井,目的层为营城组,在3180～4460 m非目的层井段实施气体钻井,层位为泉一段～登一段,总进尺1208.72 m。通过地层出水预测,结合气体钻井的特点,对井身结构设计、钻具组合设计、钻头及参数优选以及注气排量设计等进行了优化设计,同时优化钻井工艺,采用气液转换,机械钻速达6.36 m/h,比邻井古深1井同层位常规钻井平均机械钻速1.40 m/h提高了4.54倍,缩短了钻进周期43.56天,提速效果明显。同时创造了气体钻井单只钻头进尺674.87 m和单只钻头使用时间101.88 h的新纪录。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the