Coalescence of offset rock joints under biaxial loading

Crack coalescence in rock masses was studied by performing a series of biaxial compresion tests on specimens made of rock-like material. Specimens of size 63.5 × 27.9 × 20.3 cm, made of 72% silica sand, 16% cement (Type I) and 12% water by weight were tested. The joint inclination angle was maintained at 45°, while the offset angle i.e. angle between the plane of the joint and the line that connects the two inner tips of the joints, was changed from 0° to 90° with an increment of 15°. Three levels of lateral stress were used; 0.35 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.5 MPa on each sample. HP data acquisition system was used to record the data for each sample. In each sample, four LVDTs were fixed to measure the axial and lateral displacement along the sample. The failure mechanisms were monitored by eye inspection and a magnifier to detect crack initiation and propagation. For each test, the failure surfaces were investigated to determine the characteristics of each surface. Wing cracks initiated at the tip of the joint for the low confining stress applied, while at higher confining stresses wing cracks also initiated at the middle of the joint. Secondary cracks initiated at the tip of the joint due to shear stress. Three modes of failure took place due to coalescence of the secondary and wing cracks. The bridge inclination was the main variable that controlled the mode of failure. For bridge inclination of 0°, the coalescence occured due to shear failure and for bridge inclination of 90° the coalescence occurred due to tensile failure while for the other bridge inclinations coalescence occured due to mixed tensile and shear failure.     

三轴压缩条件下冻融单裂隙岩样裂缝贯通机制

采用岩石力学伺服试验机,对预制单裂隙模型试样进行冻融循环后的三轴压缩试验,基于冻融循环试验对裂隙岩体的冻融损伤劣化模式进行研究,探讨经历不同冻融循环次数后的裂隙岩样在三轴压缩条件下裂缝的贯通机制。试验发现：裂隙岩体的冻融损伤劣化模式有颗粒散落模式、龟裂模式和沿预制裂隙断裂模式3种;在三轴加载条件下,冻融裂隙岩样的贯通模式呈现拉贯通、剪贯通、压贯通和混合贯通4种;贯通模式和冻融循环次数、围压的大小以及裂隙倾角有关,随着冻融循环次数的增加和围压的升高,岩样表面的破裂线越来越多,导致裂纹的贯通模式由单一贯通转换为混合贯通,在围压为2、6 MPa时,岩样的破坏模式为拉-压贯通,而围压为4 MPa时,岩样主要呈现拉贯通,裂隙倾角为30°的岩样主要贯通模式为拉贯通,裂隙倾角为60°的岩样主要贯通模式为剪贯通。     

基于宏细观损伤耦合的非贯通裂隙岩体本构模型

针对非贯通裂隙岩体工程结构中的受荷岩体,提出受荷细观损伤与裂隙宏观损伤的概念。以完整岩石的初始损伤状态作为基准损伤状态,综合考虑裂隙宏观缺陷的存在、微裂纹细观缺陷在受荷下的损伤扩展以及宏细观缺陷在受荷过程中的耦合,基于Lemaitre应变等效假设,推导了考虑宏细观缺陷耦合的复合损伤变量,并给出同时考虑试件尺寸、裂隙几何与力学特性的宏观损伤变量的计算公式,从而建立了基于宏细观缺陷耦合的非贯通裂隙岩体在荷载作用下的损伤本构模型。用宏细观损伤耦合的本构模型来描述非贯通裂隙岩体在受荷过程中的细观损伤演化与宏观损伤行为,与非贯通裂隙岩体实际受荷情况符合较好。研究结果表明：（1）完整岩样和裂隙岩样的应力-应变行为在峰值强度之前差异较大,峰值强度以后差异逐渐减小,最后趋于一致,二者具有相近的残余强度;（2）裂隙岩体强度随裂隙贯通率的增加而增大,随裂隙倾角的变化具有明显的各向异性,同时还与裂隙面的内摩擦角有关;（3）裂隙倾角为90°时,裂隙岩样的峰值强度最高;张开型裂隙岩样的裂隙倾角为45°时,峰值强度最低;（4）非贯通裂隙岩体工程结构中的受荷岩体,其力学性能由受荷细观损伤与裂隙宏观损伤及其耦合效应所决定,基于宏细观损伤耦合的复合损伤变量可以较好地反映非贯通裂隙岩样的力学特性。     

Three-dimensional numerical study on the failure characteristics of intermittent fissures under compressive-shear loads

A 3-D conjugated bond-pair-based peridynamic model is developed to comprehensively investigate failure characteristics of rock-like materials with intermittent fissures in the compressive-shear loading tests. Rock-like specimens containing one single central fissure are first simulated. Numerical results indicate that the 3-D conjugated bond-pair-based peridynamic model can faithfully reproduce failure characteristics of rock-like materials under compressive-shear loads. Then, the failure characteristics of rock-like specimens containing two parallel central intermittent fissures are numerically investigated. Effects of fissure inclination angle, fissure ligament length and rock bridge angle on fracturing behaviors, such as crack coalescence patterns, are also studied as well as crack initiation stress and coalescence stress.

     

Numerical investigation of the effect of joint geometrical parameters on the mechanical properties of a non-persistent jointed rock mass under uniaxial compression

The strength and deformability of rock masses transected by non-persistent joints are controlled by complex interactions of joints and intact rock bridges. The emergence of synthetic rock mass (SRM) numerical modelling offers a promising approach to the analysis of rock masses, but has not been rigorously compared with actual physical experiments. In this work, SRM modelling by the discrete element software PFC3D is used to investigate the effect of geometric parameters of joints on the rock mass failure mechanism, unconfined compressive strength and deformation modulus. Firstly, a validation study is undertaken to investigate the ability of SRM modelling to reproduce rock mass failure modes and strength as determined by uniaxial and biaxial compression testing in the laboratory. The numerical analyses agree well with physical experimentation at low confining pressure. A sensitivity study is then undertaken of the effect of joint configuration parameters on the failure mode, unconfined compressive strength and deformation modulus of the rock mass. Five failure modes are predicted to occur: intact rock, planar, block rotation, step-path and semi-block generation. It is found that the failure mode is determined principally by joint orientation and step angle and the joint orientation with respect to principal stress direction is the parameter with the greatest influence on rock mass properties.     

Effects of Cyclic Loading on the Shear Behaviour of Infilled Rock Joints Under Constant Normal Stiffness Conditions

The variation of the shear strength of infilled rock joints under cyclic loading and constant normal stiffness conditions is studied. To simulate the joints, triangular asperities inclined at angles of 9.5° and 18.5° to the shear movement were cast using high-strength gypsum plaster and infilled with clayey sand. These joints were sheared cyclically under constant normal stiffness conditions. It was found that, for a particular normal stiffness, the shear strength is a function of the initial normal stress, initial asperity angle, joint surface friction angle, infill thickness, infill friction angle, loading direction and number of loading cycles. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model is proposed to evaluate the shear strength of infilled rock joints in cyclic loading conditions. The proposed model takes into consideration different initial asperity angles, initial normal stresses and ratios of infill thickness to asperity height.     

剪胀对复杂裂隙岩体渗透性影响的离散元分析

裂隙岩体流固耦合问题是目前国内外研究热点之一,采用离散元软件UDEC对裂隙岩体发生节理剪胀的渗透性变化规律进行了模拟分析。基于现场调查的裂隙信息统计生成裂隙网络岩体模型。 通过固定垂直应力、不断增加应力比RS(RS=水平应力/垂直应力)使岩体出现剪胀,采用库伦滑移节理模式对岩体在剪胀过程中的渗透性变化情况进行模拟。结果发现:当应力比较小(RS3.1)时,节理水力隙宽、流速、渗透系数等参数都随着应力比的增加表现出明显的降低; 而当岩体出现剪胀现象之后(应力比大于3.1),发生剪切滑移和剪胀现象的节理控制着裂隙岩体的总体渗流行为,与不考虑节理剪胀的计算结果相比,岩体渗透能力出现了显著增长。这一结果表明,剪胀对裂隙岩体渗透性的影响是显著而不可忽视的。     

动载下节理岩体破坏过程的数值试验研究

节理岩体是工程中最常见的一类岩体,其在地震、爆炸等动载下的力学响应及破坏过程对相关工程安全性的影响至关重要。采用基于有限元应力分析和统计损伤理论开发的动态版RFPA2D数值模拟软件,对动载下节理岩体的动态破坏过程进行了模拟,重点讨论了节理条数、节理贯通度、节理倾角及应力波峰值对岩体动态破坏过程的影响规律。计算结果表明,断续节理岩体动态破坏过程及破坏强度与节理构造形态、应力波峰值密切相关。相同动载下,随着节理条数的增加,岩体破坏程度以及应力波能量损失增强,但当节理条数数超过一定值后,岩体破坏程度及应力波能量损失逐渐趋于稳定;节理贯通度较小时,岩体破坏程度较低且破坏单元自上而下均匀分布。随着节理贯通度的增加,岩体破坏增强,且破坏主要出现于节理上部岩体;节理倾角较小时,节理上部岩体破坏严重,易形成次生贯通裂纹。随着节理倾角增加,破坏范围逐渐变大,不易形成次生贯通裂纹;倾角为45°～60°时,岩体破坏效果最佳;动载荷的峰值越大,试样的破坏越严重。当峰值达到一定值时,节理附近发育出多条裂隙并向上下方不断发展而导致岩体完全破坏。在不同节理贯通度工况下与岩石霍布金森压杆（SHPB）试验结果进行比较,结论吻合,证明该数值模拟的合可行性和结论的可靠性。     

单轴压缩条件下裂隙岩样冻融损伤破坏模式分析

以寒区裂隙岩体为研究对象,采用水泥砂浆类岩石材料制作具有不同几何特征的裂隙岩样,对预制的不同裂隙岩样进行冻融循环试验和单轴压缩试验,研究裂隙长度、裂隙倾角、裂隙数目以及冻融循环次数对试件贯通模式的影响。试验表明：裂隙岩体的几何特征以及冻融循环作用对岩体损伤破坏模式有较大影响。随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样破裂面的破裂程度越来越严重,破坏模式也越来越复杂;裂隙倾角为30°的裂隙岩样,主要发生拉伸破坏,而裂隙倾角为60°的裂隙岩样,则表现为拉剪贯通,且双裂隙岩样岩桥间多出现压剪裂纹,对于裂隙倾角为90°的岩样,裂隙数目以及裂隙长度对其影响不大,均为劈裂破坏,且破坏面不一定为裂隙面;预制裂隙长度越大,越容易产生除了主拉裂纹以外的支裂纹（压裂纹）。研究结果可为寒区岩体工程建设及运营提供科学的参考。     

Microplane damage model for jointed rock masses

The paper presents a new microplane constitutive model for the inelastic behavior of jointed rock masses that takes into account the mechanical behavior and geometric characteristics of cracks and joints. The basic idea is that the microplane modeling of rock masses under general triaxial loading, including compression, requires the isotropic rock matrix and the joints to be considered as two distinct phases coupled in parallel. A joint continuity factor is defined as a microplane damage variable to represent the stress‐carrying area fraction of the joint phase. Based on the assumption of parallel coupling between the rock joint and the rock matrix, the overall mechanical behavior of the rock is characterized by microplane constitutive laws for the rock matrix and for the rock joints, along with an evolution law for the microplane joint continuity factor. The inelastic response of the rock matrix and the rock joints is controlled on the microplane level by the stress–strain boundaries. Based on the arguments enunciated in developing the new microplane model M7 for concrete, the previously used volumetric–deviatoric splits of the elastic strains and of the tensile boundary are avoided. The boundaries are tensile normal, compressive normal, and shear. The numerical simulations demonstrate satisfactory fits of published triaxial test data on sandstone and on jointed plaster mortar, including quintessential features such as the strain softening and dilatancy under low confining pressure, as well as the brittle–ductile transition under higher confining pressure, and the decrease of jointed rock strength and Young's modulus with an increasing dip angle of the joint. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩桥直剪细观破坏特征与剪胀效应研究

节理岩体的剪切贯通机制影响着边坡的稳定性。为揭示锁固段型非贯通节理岩体在不同连通率和法向应力下的破坏特征,在室内直剪试验中结合高速摄影与AE特征参数分析其剪切全过程及剪胀效应。结果表明:节理岩体直剪试验中,法向应力的增大及节理连通率的下降会致使峰值剪切应力及峰值剪切位移增大;节理连通率与法向应力对其破坏特征具显著影响,表现为节理连通率较高且法向应力较小时呈直接剪断的特性,节理连通率降低后呈拉剪复合破坏,出现剪胀现象,而法向应力的增大使得剪胀效应呈波动现象;AE特征与岩桥贯通过程一致,事件数峰值随节理连通率的降低及法向应力的增大而增大且位于峰后。试验得到的岩桥细观破坏特征与剪胀效应对研究锁固段型岩质边坡的贯通破坏机制具指导意义。     

锚固的贯通节理岩体剪切破坏特性分析

为了研究节理对锚固岩体力学特征和失稳损伤演化的影响,采用对锚固贯通节理岩体进行室内剪切试验和PFC2D数值模拟的方法,研究不同节理倾角下锚固贯通节理岩体剪切性能的作用机制和破坏模式,研究结果表明:（1）随着节理倾角变化,贯通节理岩体呈现出不同的破坏形式,锚固贯通节理岩体的抗剪强度与剪切位移曲线并不是呈线性增长,而是呈"双驼峰"趋势。（2）锚固体系在剪切试验的过程中,节理面颗粒的接触方位角会发生一定程度的改变,主要集中在锚杆和节理倾角附近。（3）锚固体系在剪切试验的过程中,会因为颗粒间黏结键的断裂生成裂纹,裂纹数生成的越少,其抗剪强度越高,裂纹分为张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹,并且张拉裂纹的数量要远远大于剪切裂纹的数量。研究结论可用于实际工程破坏模式的预测和岩体工程稳定性评价。     

法向卸荷下贯通裂隙岩样压剪破坏特征研究

开展贯通裂隙岩样在法向卸荷下的压剪破坏研究,有助于更好地理解岩体裂隙在卸荷条件下的失稳特征。对单裂隙贯通岩样开展剪切应力峰前一系列法向卸荷破坏试验,分析了法向卸荷下试样裂隙的变形及能量演化规律。结果表明,法向卸荷下裂隙压剪失稳时的法向应力大于常规直剪试验的对应值,裂隙的抗剪能力减弱;剪切位移随法向应力减小而增大;卸荷变形比K随裂隙轮廓面积比Rs的增加而增大;卸荷过程中总变形能U0由减小转变为增加的现象可用于预测岩石裂隙卸荷失稳。研究结果对理解贯通裂隙岩体压剪卸荷失稳破坏具有一定参考意义。     

含预制节理岩体卸荷条件下力学特性试验研究

节理对卸荷条件下岩体的力学性质有重要影响。通过含2条不同间距预制断续节理岩体的三轴卸荷破坏试验,研究了节理岩体在卸荷应力条件下的应力-应变特征、强度、变形特征、破坏规律及节理间距对岩体力学性质的影响。研究表明：相比于完整岩体,节理岩体卸荷破坏时从峰值强度跌落至残余强度过程中轴向应变较大,为完整岩体的3～4倍,岩体破坏时极限强度明显低于完整岩体,脆性特征不如完整岩体明显;节理岩体卸荷破坏时,变形模量有较大幅度的降低,其降低程度是同条件下完整岩体的6～7倍,节理间距越大,变形模量降低程度越大;与含预制节理岩样三轴加载试验结果相比,节理岩体卸荷条件下破坏程度更为强烈,除剪切破裂面外,沿最大主应力方向分布的不同级别的张性裂隙非常发育,预制节理的间距对岩体破坏形态影响不大。     

Damage Constitutive and Failure Prediction of Artificial Single-Joint Sandstone Based on Acoustic Emission

The effect law of deformation and failure of a jointed rock mass is essential for underground engineering safety and stability evaluation. In order to study the evolution mechanism and precursory characteristics of instability and failure of jointed rock masses, uniaxial compression and acoustic emission (AE) tests are conducted on sandstones with different joint dip angles. To simulate the mechanical behavior of the rock, a jointed rock mass damage constitutive model with AE characteristic parameters is created based on damage mechanics theory and taking into account the effect of rock mass structure and load coupling. To quantify the mechanism of rock instability, a cusp catastrophe model with AE characteristic parameters is created based on catastrophe theory. The results indicate that when the joint dip angle increases from 0° to 90°, the failure mechanism of sandstone shifts from tensile to shear, with 45° being the critical failure mode. Sandstone's compressive strength reduces initially and subsequently increases, resulting in a U-shaped distribution. The developed damage constitutive model's theoretical curve closely matches the test curve, indicating that the model can reasonably describe the damage evolution of sandstone. The cusp catastrophe model has a high forecast accuracy, and when combined with the damage constitutive model, the prediction accuracy can be increased further. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for the safety and stability evaluation of underground engineering.

     

基于连续-非连续方法的裂隙破坏与相互作用研究

岩体内裂隙等非连续结构面对岩体的强度及变形等力学特性有着显著的影响,研究岩体裂隙起裂、扩展、相互作用和贯通机制,对工程岩体力学行为的表征和工程性能的评价十分重要。本文基于连续介质力学模型的离散元方法,通过考虑裂隙分布、模型加载条件及其与裂隙产状的关系,建立了一系列裂隙力学计算模型,研究了不同模型裂隙扩展演化特征和岩体破裂机制,分析了岩体裂隙扩展规律及其对岩体破坏路径和强度的影响,研究结果表明:（1）裂隙岩体模型加载条件下的破坏起裂点、最终贯通破坏特征及损伤分布受控于裂隙的产状及其与最大主压应力取向角度大小及围压大小。（2）裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向斜交时,裂隙弱面在加载条件下其端部裂隙扩展、贯通破坏表现比较明显,反之,当裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向一致时,裂隙弱面被动影响裂隙模型内新生裂隙的萌生、扩展和贯通模式,自身未出现新的扩展破坏。（3）裂隙数目的增多和围压的增大会显著增加模型内部剪切裂缝的数量和模型破坏后的破碎程度,模型内部的损伤区域主要围绕破裂面呈滑移线型交叉分布,非破裂面区域损伤呈条带状X型分布。（4）裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向斜交时,裂隙对岩体模型强度的弱化程度高于裂隙弱面走向与最大主压应力取向一致的情况,而裂隙模型破坏后的残余强度则正好相反。     

基于统计岩体力学的岩体强度特征分析

结构面的存在改变了岩体力学性质,影响了岩体强度特征。基于统计岩体力学强度判据,结合摩尔-库仑准则,得到了含单组结构面岩体破坏的4种不同方式和相应的结构面倾角范围,推导了岩体强度由结构面控制转化为应力控制的临界围压表达式。在此基础上,根据岩石和结构面参数之间的关系,将含单组结构面岩体分为4类,并探讨了可能破坏方式和发生破坏的条件。最后,举例分析了含单组结构面闪长岩的强度特征,结果表明,该岩体属于第I类岩体,在垂向受压时先沿结构面后沿岩块破坏,临界围压为9.12 MPa;从全空间分析,该岩体强度各向异性显著,围压增大可使岩体在一些方向上受力时强度由结构控制转化为应力控制。     

多节理岩体裂纹扩展及变形破坏试验研究

为了研究不同倾角下多节理岩体力学行为,采用10 MN微机控制电液伺服大型多功能动静力三轴仪,开展包含较多预制非贯通节理类岩石试件的单轴压缩试验,研究了多节理岩体裂纹的特征、贯通模式、破坏模式、应力-应变特征等与节理倾角之间的关系。试验结果表明,（1）多节理岩体的裂纹类型主要有翼裂纹和次生共面裂纹,翼裂纹的扩展路径与单个节理情况下的扩展路径差异较大,翼裂纹起裂后沿起裂方向存在较长的扩展长度,直接与相邻节理或翼裂纹形成贯通,并且裂纹的贯通表现出四种不同的模式;（2）多节理岩体的破坏模式归纳为3种类型：平面破坏、块体转动式破坏和台阶式破坏;（3）根据多节理岩体的应力-应变曲线在应变软化阶段所表现出的不同非线性变形行为特征,可以将曲线归纳为4种类型;（4）多节理岩体的强度和变形各向异性特征非常显著,强度和弹性模量均在节理倾角30°时最小,90°时最大。     

单裂隙砂岩单轴压缩的中等应变率效应颗粒流模拟

加载速率对裂隙岩体的力学性质及变形破坏均有重要影响。利用二维颗粒流程序PFC2D开展了不同倾角非贯通单裂隙砂岩试件的单轴压缩试验,研究了中等应变率对裂隙砂岩应力-应变曲线特征、裂隙尖端应力状态、特征应力状态、岩体损伤及裂隙扩展等力学响应的影响规律。裂隙岩体应力-应变曲线呈现明显的波动性,定义应力突变指标 对应力突变型波动剧烈程度进行了定量统计分析：随应变率的增加,曲线应力突变波动越剧烈,且峰后明显大于峰前;随裂隙倾角的增大,波动幅度峰前增大,而峰后减小。裂隙尖端破裂应力随应变率增大均有所提高,随裂隙倾角的增大,切向剪应力 总体上呈增加变化,而法向应力 明显减小。尖端破裂时岩样加载应力 、岩样临界扩容应力 及峰值应力 均随应变率增大而增大。裂隙尖端的破裂可立即引起岩体扩容,一般应变率越低,岩体裂隙尖端破裂点 和扩容点 越接近峰值强度 。随着应变率的提高,损伤裂纹及宏观裂隙类型越多,岩体试件损伤破裂程度越强,特别是试件端部效应愈显著。裂隙首先以I型翼裂纹在其尖端起裂,而I型翼裂纹的扩展长度与加载速率与裂隙倾角具有较强的相关性。