Quantifying the response of surface urban heat island to urbanization using the annual temperature cycle model

Urban heat island(UHI),driving by urbanization,plays an important role in urban sustainability under climate change.However,the quantification of UHI’s response to urbanization is still challenging due to the lack of robust and continuous temperature and urbanization datasets and reliable quantification methods.This study proposed a framework to quantify the response of surface UHI(SUHI)to urban expansion using the annual temperate cycle model.We built a continuous annual SUHI series at the buffer level from 2003 to 2018 in the Jing-Jin-Ji region of China using MODIS land surface temperature and imperviousness derived from Landsat.We then investigated the spatiotemporal dynamic of SUHI under urban expansion and examined the underlying mechanism.Spatially,the largest SUHI interannual variations occurred in suburban areas compared to the urban center and rural areas.Temporally,the increase in SUHI under urban expansion was more significant in daytime compare to nighttime.We found that the seasonal variation of SUHI was largely affected by the seasonal variations of vegetation in rural areas and the interannual variation was mainly attributed to urban expansion in urban areas.Additionally,urban greening led to the decrease in summer daytime SHUI in central urban areas.These findings deepen the understanding of the long-term spatiotemporal dynamic of UHI and the quantitative relationship between UHI and urban expansion,providing a scientific basis for prediction and mitigation of UHI.     

Special Issue Devoted to Petroleum Geology in Marginal Sea Deepwater Settings—Take the South China Sea as an Example

1 Deepwater Settings of Marginal Seas一the Frontier of Oil and Gas Exploration From the perspective of geographical environment,the areas of global oil and gas exploration can be divided into land,shallow water and deep water areas.The timespan of oil and gas discovery in each field is different.Oil and gas have been discovered on land since ancient tinies,but the application of modern technology to discover oil and gas began in 1859 in Pennsylvania,USA(Hua,1984).Largescale oil and gas exploration began in the 1920s,and the reserve discovery reached its peak in the 1960s and 1970s.     

Instructions to authors

The Chinese Journal of GEOCHEMISTRY is published quarterly and edited by a distinguished editorial committee under the auspices of the Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and published by Science in China Press and Springer.The subject areas featured     

SPATIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN KARST ROCKY DESERTIFICATION AND LITHOLOGY IN DU‘AN YAO AUTONOMOUS COUNTY IN GUANGXI

Karst rocky desertification refers to soil degeneration process such as serious erosion of soils,exposure of basement rocks in great areas, dramatic decrease in soil productivity, and occurrence oflandscapes similar to harsh deserts on ground surface, etc. under vulnerable environmental backgroundtypical of karst in subtropical areas, due to interferences and destruction resulted from the unreasonablesocial and economical activities by human beings (Wang, 2002). As a matter of fact, it was res…     

Guidelines for Authors

1 AIM AND SCOPE GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS(GSF) is a bi-monthly international journal that publishes in English significant original research articles and high quality reviews of recent advances in the frontier fields of Earth Sciences - including stratigraphy and paleontology,mineralogy and petrology,economic geology and fuel exploration,structural geology,lithospheric tectonics,environmental and engineering geology, hydrogeology,astrogeology,marine geology,geophysics and geochemistry.GSF is a broad spectrum journal that provides a bridge to link interdisciplinary research in areas of global focus.The article categories include high profile review papers under the category of GSF Focus published together with author vitae and photographs,regular research papers,discussions and book reviews.Selected color figures of accepted papers will be printed free of cost in color in the Journal.GSF also provides gratis reprints and complimentary journal copy.Open access to full text of all articles published in GSF is provided through Elsevier’s ScienceDirect platform.     

Guidelines for Authors

1 AIM AND SCOPE GEOSCIENCE FRONTIERS(GSF)is a bi-monthly international journal that publishes in English significant original research articles and high quality reviews of recent advances in the frontier fields of Earth Sciences-including stratigraphy and paleontology,mineralogy and petrology,economic geology and fuel exploration,structural geology,lithospheric tectonics,environmental and engineering geology, hydrogeology,astrogeology,marine geology,geophysics and geochemistry.GSF is a broad spectrum journal that provides a bridge to link interdisciplinary research in areas of global focus.The article categories include high profile review papers under the category of GSF Focus published together with author vitae and photographs,regular research papers,discussions and book reviews.Selected color figures of accepted papers will be printed free of cost in color in the Journal.GSF also provides gratis reprints and complimentary iournal copy.Open access to full text of all articles published in GSF is provided through Elsevier’s ScienceDirect platform.     

Assessment of Geological Security and Integrated Assessment Geo‐environmental Suitability in Worst‐hit Areas in Wenchuan Quake

Abstract: The Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 and geo-hazards triggered by the earthquake caused large injuries and deaths as well as destructive damage for infrastructures like construction, traffic and electricity. It is urgent to select relatively secure areas for townships and cities constructed in high mountainous regions with high magnitude earthquakes. This paper presents the basic thoughts, evaluation indices and evaluation methods of geological security evaluation, water and land resources security demonstration and integrated assessments of geo-environmental suitability for reconstruction in alp and ravine with high magnitude earthquakes, which are applied in the worst-hit areas (12 counties). The integrated assessment shows that: (1) located in the Longmenshan fault zone, the evaluated area is of poor regional crust stability, in which the unstable and second unstable areas account for 79% of the total; (2) the geo-hazards susceptibility is high in the evaluation area. The spots of geo-hazards triggered by earthquake are mainly distributed along the active fault zone with higher distribution in the moderate and high mountains area, in which the areas of high and moderate susceptibility zoning accounts for 40.1% of the total; (3) geological security is poor in the evaluated area, in which the area of the unsuitable construction occupies 73.1%, whereas in the suitable construction area, the areas of geological security, second security and insecurity zoning account for 8.3%, 9.3% and 9.3% of the evaluated area respectively; (4) geo-environmental suitability is poor in the evaluated area , in which the areas of suitability and basic suitability zoning account for 3.5% and 7.3% of the whole evaluation area.     

Trend of Salt Lake Changes in the Background of Global Warming and Tactics for Adaptation to the Changes

Salt lakes are a mirror of climatic changes and provide holographic records of environmental changes of lakes. According to a study of geological hazards in typical salt lake areas in China and other regions, the authors explain how geological hazards in salt lake areas are caused by natural agents and how humans can seek benefits, avoid hazards and reduce losses on the premise that they have monitored and mastered the trend of salt lake changes in advance and even can store flood and recharge water in lakes and extract saline resources. The climate     

Geological features of Larderello－Travale and Mt.Amiata geothermal areas （southern Tuscany, Italy）

This paper summarises the geological features of the Larderello-Travale and Monte Amiata areas, where the world‘s most ancient exploited geothermal fields are located. In both geothermal areas, three regional tectonostratigraphic elements are distinguished, from the top: (a) Late Miocene-Pliocene and Quaternary,continental to marine sediments; (b) the Ligurian and Sub-Ligurian complexes, which include remnants of the Jurassic oceanic realm and of the transitional area to the Adriatic margin, respectively; (c) the Tuscan Unit(Tuscan Nappe), composed of sedimentary rocks rang-ing in age from Late Triassic to Early Miocene. The sub-stratum of the Larderello and Monte Amiata areas isreferred to as the Tuscan Metamorphic Complex. This ismainly known through drilling of geothermal wells. This complex is composed of two metamorohic units: the upper Monticiano-Roccastrada Unit and the lower Gneiss Complex. The Monticiano-Roccastrada Unit consists of(from top to bottom): the Verrucano Group,the Phyllite-Quartzite Group and the Micaschist Group.The Gneiss Complex consists only of pre-Alpine poly-metamorphic gneiss. The Tuscan Metamorphic Complexis affected by contact metamorphism by Plio-Quater-nary granitoids and their dy ke swarms. Hydrothermal phenomena still occur in both geothermal fields. The Larderello-Travale and Mt. Amiata geothermal fields are located in the inner Northern Apennines, in an area that has been subject to extension since the ?Early-Mid-dle Miocene. Two main extensional events are well expressed in the structures of the geothermal areas. The first extensional event (?Early-Middle Miocene) deter-mined the tectonic delamination of the Ligurian Units and Tuscan Nappe. The second extensional event (LateMiocene-Present) is characterized by high-angle nor-mal faults bounding the Neogene tectonic depressions of southern Tuscany.     

Progress and Prospects of Salt Lake Research in China

正1 Introduction Salt lakes in China distributes in the east part of the salt lake belt of Northern Hemisphere,and they originated under complex morphological and geological background.The QT Plateau and its northern areas belong to active tectonic zone and stable tectonic zone respectively.With elevation varies from more than 5000 m to the lowest of-     

Geochemical features of the ecosystem of Lake Kolyvan (Altai territory) and related technogenic impact

Regularities of the formation of bottom sediments down to a depth of 1.2 m, as well as factors governing the composition of sediments, waters, and soils in the catchment area of the lake, are discussed. It has been established that the chemical composition of lacustrine sediments is closely associated with the composition of soils in the ambient watersheds, and the soils, in turn, are associated with the composition of the soil-forming rocks. The available data suggest an extremely irregular contamination of the lake system by technogenic radionuclides within the water area. Maximum radiocesium contamination of lacustrine bottom sediments is 350 mCi/km² (recalculated to year 2000). Concentrations of elements (Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Co, Mg, Be, Sb, Mn, and others) in bottom sediments, water, and soils in catchment areas of Lake Kolyvan do not exceed the background values (except for the Hg content in bottom sediments), suggesting that the area under consideration is not contaminated by inorganic technogenic components.     

Biogeochemical Differentiation of Living Matter and Biodiversity in the Ardon Polymetallic Subregion of the Biosphere

Specific responses of plants and animals to changes in the contents of microelements (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, As, Se, etc.) in abiotic environmental components of the Ardon River Basin (North Ossetia) were studied by new biogeochemical indication methods. In comparison to background areas, a local increase in the Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, and As contents in soils and organisms occurs under the impact of natural and technogenic factors. The heavy metal contents in Ardon River water are generally within hygienic norms. Activation of sulfurcontaining synthesis in the leaves of willow, sea buckthorn, and coltsfoot was revealed for the maximum heavy metal content in soils. On plots adjacent to the Unal tailing dump, the contents of pigments and their proportions in leaves of coltsfoot, dandelion, and willow do not differ from those in less contaminated areas. On technogenic plots, the species richness of plants decreases, as well as the mowed biomass and projective cover of herbaceous plants (to 40%); inhibition of plant growth, chlorosis, necrosis, and lamina deformation are observed. A new metallophyte species (Cladochaeta candidissima M. Bieb.) was revealed. The increase in lead and arsenic contents in soils and plants of the Ardon floodplain is accompanied by an increase in their concentrations in the blood and hair of animals.     

Technogenic tectonic seismicity in Kuzbass

This paper presents an analysis of the development of the current seismic state of the Kuznetsk coal basin, which is characterized by an increase in technogenic seismicity of different types under the influence of prolonged intensive mining operations. The development of technogenesis led to a significant increase in technogenic seismicity in the Kuznetsk Basin in the 1970-1980s, when the number of technogenic earthquakes began to exceed the number of natural earthquakes. Among the various types of induced seismicity, special attention is paid to strong technogenic tectonic earthquakes with a regional magnitude M_b ≥ 3 and, accordingly, a seismic energy release of more than 10⁹ J, i.e., earthquakes of energy class K > 9. These small-focus earthquakes are often accompanied by destruction of underground mines, collapse of quarries and pits, damage to surface facilities and equipment, and other adverse effects. In this paper, such earthquakes are defined as technogenic tectonic to emphasize their dual origin: technogenic impacts and the subsequent relaxation of tectonic stresses. It is also noted that the Earth’s interior in Kuzbass initially had its own natural seismicity and a developed system of tectonic faults. Natural seismotectonic activity combined with constantly increasing scales of mining and explosive consumption has led to an increase in the number of technogenic seismic events and their intensity. A striking example of such an event was the 18 June, 2013 Bachat earthquake with a regional magnitude M_b= 5.8 and a seismic intensity of 7 in the epicentral zone. It was the world’s largest man-made earthquake induced by the mining of solid minerals. We consider the possible causes of this catastrophic earthquake and discuss the conditions favoring the formation of foci of such technogenic tectonic earthquakes resulting from changes in the geodynamic and hydrogeological conditions in the Earth’s crust under man-caused impacts. These induced changes in natural processes are accompanied by a change in the stress-strain state, resulting in the concentration of tectonic stresses at heterogeneities and in fault zones, which become sources of induced technogenic seismicity.The paper discusses the current period of the occurrence and increase in such anthropogenic seismicity in the Kuzbass region with increasing scales of coal mining and blasting. Over the last 20 years, the consumption of explosives at Kuzbass enterprises increased from 100-200 to 500-600 thousand tons per year, and, accordingly, the amounts of broken and transported rock increased from several million tons per year to a billion tons per year, which disturbed the dynamic equilibrium in the Earth’s crust and changed the existing field of tectonic stresses. Moreover, the continuously increasing consumption of explosives has also increased the technogenic impact on the crust structures. The location of the epicenters of large-scale blasts inducing seismic events with regional magnitudes M_b= 3.0-4.5 has made it possible to identify regions with the greatest technogenic impact in Kuzbass. Using the data of the ISC seismological catalog, we separated seismic events with the above magnitudes into day and night ones. Since blasting work is forbidden at night, night seismic events are referred to as technogenic tectonic earthquakes (night event criterion). The maximum magnitude of seismic events induced by blasting operations in the Kuznetsk Basin was estimated at M_b ≤ 4.4. The annual number of technogenic tectonic earthquakes with 3.0 ≤ M_b ≤ 3.4, 3.5 ≤ M_b ≤ 3.9, 4.0 ≤ M_b ≤ 4.4, and M_b ≥ 4.5 was determined based on the night event criterion. The regions of their occurrence were identified from the location of the epicenters of technogenic tectonic earthquakes.     

Numerical Modeling in the Structural Study of Technogenic Rock Array

The relevance of research underlies in the fact that numerical models of technogenic rock arrays can predict and evaluate structural and mechanical properties, which are very difficult or even impossible to study instrumentally. It is possible to simulate the technogenic rock array’s structure by the method of discrete elements, where each particle in the array structure is described separately. The article contains the method of numerical simulation of structure of bulk disjointed rock array, describes the basic initial and boundary conditions of the model; represents the visualization of numerical model of the array created with peripheral dumping (as the array with more textured and visual segregated granulometric composition). The ways of application of technogenic rock array numerical modeling in the mining process are described. Comparative analysis of real and simulated array structure shows the adequacy of the numerical model and the algorithm developed for its creation. In addition, the adequacy of the model is supported by a high convergence of the experimental and calculated dependence of the filtration rate values upon the particle size distribution of technogenic rock arrays.     

Behavior of heavy metals in sulfide mine tailings and bottom sediment (Salair,Kemerovo region,Russia)

The given work focused on solving the problem of environmental geochemistry related to investigation of element speciation, their mobility, and migration in polluted areas. The purpose was to describe quantitatively migration, distribution, and redistribution of heavy metals by the example of the old tailings (Talmovaya sands) of the Lead Zinc Concentration Plant (Salair, Kemerovo region, Russia) and technogenic bottom sediments of the Malaya Talmovaya river. Contents of elements in the sulfide tailings range in the following limits: Zn: 1,100–27,000 ppm, Cd: 1.3–240 ppm, Pb: 0.01–0.81 ppm, Cu: 220–960 ppm, As: 15–970 ppm, Fe: 19,000–76,000 ppm, and Ba: 80,000–1,00,000 ppm. Element concentrations in the river sediment are proportional to the element contents in the sulfide tailings. Element speciations in the sulfide tailings and technogenic bottom sediments were investigated by the modified sequential extraction procedure. Chemical forms of heavy metals in pore water and surface water were calculated by WATEQ4F software. Principles of heavy metal migration in the sulfide tailings and technogenic bottom deposits were established. The obtained results about element species in the sulfide tailings and sediment explain the main principles of element migration and redeposition. In the mine waste and technogenic bottom deposits, there is vertical substance transformation with formation of geochemical barriers.     

Forecasting of technogenic placer dynamics in the shore zone of the sea on the basis of numerical modeling: The case of the Val’kumei deposit

As natural placer and primary ore deposits are exhausted, the role of technogenic deposits is increasingly growing. In some cases, technogenic components accumulate in the shore zone of the shelf. The proposed numerical dynamic model is based on data concerning the technogenic tin deposit formed as a product of 50 years of operations at the Val’kumei Mining and Concentrating Combine, which disposed of tin ore flotation tailings in the coastal zone of the Chaun Gulf of the East Siberian Sea. The developed model describes adequately the current placer dynamics and forecasts a change in the morphology and geochemical parameters of a technogenic fan, opening the way to modeling behavior of natural geochemical anomalies in the coastal zone under conditions of active lithodynamics.     

First data on the uranium content in water of the Yenisei River basin in the area affected by the operation of Rosatom plants

This study is devoted to investigating the content of uranium isotopes in water of the Yenisei River and its tributaries within the territories affected by the operation of Rosatom plants (mining chemical combine, and electrochemical plant). Long-term monitoring of the ²³⁸U content by mass spectrometry carried out in two institutes of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences first revealed the multiple excess of ²³⁸U over the background content in different areas of the Yenisei River basin, such as the region of the Yenisei River near the effluents of the mining and chemical combine (MCC), and the territories of the Bol’shaya Tel’ and Kan rivers. In these regions, the ²³⁸U content in water reaches 2.1–4.0 μg/l, which exceeds its content upstream from the MCC (0.3–0.6 μg/l) by almost an order of magnitude. The studies of the isotopic composition of uranium in water samples, which were carried out at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, showed the presence of a technogenic isotope of uranium ²³⁶U in the samples from the Bolshaya Tel’ River and revealed the deviation of the isotope ratio ²³⁸U/²³⁵U (167 ± 3 and 177 ± 3) from the equilibrium natural ratio (²³⁸U/²³⁵U = 138). These facts attest to the technogenic origin of part of the uranium in water of the Bol’shaya Tel’ River connected with the activity of MCC. The excess uranium content in the Kan River requires additional studies to ascertain the fraction of uranium of technogenic origin connected with the activity of the electrochemical plant (ECP) (Fig. 1, Table 4).     

环境地质新课题：技术成因成岩作用研究

技术成因成岩作用包括技术成因交代作用和技术成因沉积作用。前者主要是被污染地下水中阴离子替代组成含水层介质骨架的矿物晶格中阴离子,生成新的矿物相的过程。后者是指从被污染地下水中沉淀析出石膏、方解石、萤石以及某些重金属元素的氢氧化物、氧化物、酸式盐和碱式盐的过程。本文探讨了这两种作用发生的物理化学条件,有关实例和研究意义。     

Hardware-software complexes for geodynamic monitoring

The paper discusses the technical characteristics of hardware-software complexes based on the application of broadband seismographs, GPS/GLONASS receivers, and laser strainmeters in the context of the examination of their capacity to study variations in the Earth’s stress-strain field leading to natural and technogenic catastrophes.     

Transformation of the geophysical ecological function of abiotic spheres of the Earth under the impact of technogenesis and its consequences

Among the ecological functions of the Earth’s spheres that play an important role in the formation of ecological conditions on the Earth, the geophysical function is “assigned” the role of a regulator of energy exchange between living and inert matter. The geophysical ecological function is realized through the natural and technogenic physical fields, whose total potential is a factor of physical (energy) impact on living organisms. As a result there can be an energy imbalance that would lead to a change in the ecological situation surrounding humans and the world of coexisting living organisms.