小兴安岭五营林区近49a气候变化趋势及突变分析

利用1958～2006年五营林区的地面资料,采用气候倾向率、累积距平、信噪比等气候统计方法,研究了近49a五营气候的变化趋势、气候突变和异常年份等。结果表明:五营林区近49a气候明显变暖,雪季升温较雨季快。降水量异常的年份增加,年降水量呈显著减少的趋势,-22.44mm/10a。前后10a降水中心生了明显的时空变化。雨季降水日数、年平均气温分别在1974年、1987年发生了气候突变。     

小兴安岭五营林区近49 a降水特征及趋势分析

为分析小兴安岭地区的降水特征及变化规律,利用五营观测站49a(1958～2006年)的降水资料,对五营林区的降水特征及趋势进行了分析。近49a来年降水量呈减少趋势,雷暴日数和降水强度均呈上升趋势。     

不同地形区域降水特征及趋势对比分析

小兴安岭五营林区与肇州平原区是黑龙江两个典型的代表区域,其降水资源对林业及农业的影响极其重要。本文采用线性回归法分析两个区域的降水特征及变化趋势,结果表明:两个地区年降水量、年昼降水量均呈减少趋势,但是五营林区年夜降水量呈减少趋势,肇州却呈略微增加趋势。     

五营林区近58 a气候变化事实分析

利用1958-2015年五营林区的地面资料进行统计分析,研究了近58 a五营林区年际和年代际气候变化特征。结果表明:五营林区近58 a气温呈变暖趋势,气候从"偏冷期"跃变为"偏暖期";降水量则呈减少趋势,但近年降水量有所增加;平均风速迅速减小;无霜期明显延长。极端高温气候事件增多,极端低温气候事件减少,五营林区气温范围明显缩小。     

全球变暖背景下广西典型石漠化区降水响应研究

利用广西典型石漠化区28个气象站逐日降水资料,分析该地区1971-2013年的年际、季节变化特征,并利用线性倾向估计法,计算其变化趋势,结合Mann-Kendall检验法检验其变化的突变时间及显著性。结果表明:近43a广西典型石漠化地区的年降水量总体呈不显著的减少趋势,但降水年际变化较大。70年代和90年代为多雨期,80年代和00年代以后为少雨期。同时,各季降水量都具有明显的阶段性,春、夏、秋季呈减少趋势,其中秋季减少较明显,为-15.7mm/10a,春季和夏季次之,分别为-13.4mm/10a和-1.8mm/10a;冬季呈略增加趋势,为3.9mm/10a。在突变特征方面,典型石漠化区年降水量与各季降水量突变时间不同,其中年降水量比春、夏、秋季的减少突变时间偏早,比冬季增加的突变时间偏晚,且年降水量与春、夏、秋季减少的突变均发生在80年代中后期。     

哈萨克斯坦共和国不同区域降水的变化特征

基于哈萨克斯坦5个代表站的降水资料,利用一元线性回归法、Mann-Kendall突变检验和Morlet小波的方法,分析历年降水变化特征,结果表明：东部和中部降水呈减少趋势,其余为增加趋势,东部于1962年发生突变,西部和中部分别于1970年和1984年发生突变。东部春季和夏季的降水呈减少趋势,秋季和冬季为增加趋势。西部的春季、秋季和冬季降水呈增加趋势,夏季降水呈减少趋势。北部春季和秋季降水为增加趋势,夏季和冬季降水呈减少趋势。南部的春季、夏季和秋季降水呈增加趋势,冬季降水呈减少趋势。中部春季、夏季和秋季的降水呈减少趋势,冬季降水呈增加趋势。哈萨克斯坦不同区域的降水量均存在多个尺度的周期变化,但其共同点是均存在2～3a和6a的短周期变化。     

近50年黄河流域降水量及雨日的气候变化特征

利用1961-2010年黄河流域143个测站降水量和雨日资料,分析了黄河流域年、季降水和雨日的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)多年平均年降水量和年雨日空间分布特征均呈北少南多。(2)年降水量和年雨日变化趋势相一致,二者均呈减少趋势,年降水量负趋势的测站数达81.8%,年雨日负趋势达88.8%,即年雨日较年降水的减少趋势更显著。(3)在季节变化方面,除冬季外,春、夏和秋季的降水量和雨日都是负趋势,特别是秋季减少最显著。四季降水量通过显著性水平检验的负趋势站数从多到少依次为秋季春季夏季冬季,雨日则为秋季夏季春季冬季。(4)流域年降水和年雨日一致突变点为1985-1986年,其降水量及雨日减少主要原因是大气环流发生了变化,1986年以前黄河流域降水和雨日偏多是由于季风较强,使水汽得到有效输送和河套西北部的风向辐合造成的,而突变后降水和雨日减少与季风偏弱、缺乏有效的水汽输送和蒙古至河套的反气旋环流有关。     

小兴安岭五营林区夏季旅游度假的气候认证

利用小兴安岭五营林区1958—2007年历年旬平均气温、降水量、日照时数和相对湿度等气象资料．通过对气象要素月、季节、年际变化等一系列讨论,分析了五营林区的气候特征,得出：五营50a平均气温为0．1℃,各月平均温度7月达到最高点,1月为最低值。50a平均年降雨量为617．1mm,降水量主要集中在7、8月,冬季降水较少。五营林区1960—2007年年日照时数平均值为2227．6h,本地区可照时数、阴天日数均在7月份达到峰值。五营林区夏、冬两季相对湿度较大,而春、秋两季相对湿度较低。     

阜新地区1951—2010年降水变化特征

根据阜新地区2个观测站1951-2010年逐月和逐年降水资料,通过趋势分析、Mexicohat小波变换和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了阜新地区降水的气候变化特征。结果表明：阜新地区近60 a来年降水量呈下降趋势,下降速率为10.7 mm/10a;降水量年际变化明显,极易出现旱涝灾害。除春季降水略有增加外,其他三季均呈减少趋势。年降水量和季节降水量均有准12 a和18 a的周期振荡。除春季降水外,夏、秋、冬三季均存在突变点,其中夏季降水量存在3个突变年份,分别为1967年、1978年和1986年,秋季降水量在1996年存在突变,冬季降水量在2004年存在突变。     

阜新地区1951—2010年降水变化特征

根据阜新地区2个观测站1951-2010年逐月和逐年降水资料,通过趋势分析、Mexicohat小波变换和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,分析了阜新地区降水的气候变化特征。结果表明：阜新地区近60 a来年降水量呈下降趋势,下降速率为10.7 mm/10a;降水量年际变化明显,极易出现旱涝灾害。除春季降水略有增加外,其他三季均呈减少趋势。年降水量和季节降水量均有准12 a和18 a的周期振荡。除春季降水量没有明显突变点外,夏、秋、冬三季均存在突变点,其中夏季降水量存在3个突变年份,分别为1967年、1978年和1986年,秋季降水量在1996年存在突变,冬季降水量在2004年存在突变。     

Rate constants for the reactions of the NO3 radical with HCOOH/HCOO− and CH3COOH/CH3COO− in aqueous solution between 278 and 328 K

The kinetics of the aqueous phase reactions of NO₃ radicals with HCOOH/HCOO^– and CH₃COOH/CH₃COO^– have been investigated using a laser photolysis/long-path laser absorption technique. NO₃ was produced via excimer laser photolysis of peroxodisulfate anions (S₂O ₈ ^2– ) at 351 nm followed by the reactions of sulfate radicals (SO ₄ ^– ) with excess nitrate. The time-resolved detection of NO₃ was achieved by long-path laser absorption at 632.8 nm. For the reactions of NO₃ with formic acid (1) and formate (2) rate coefficients ofk ₁=(3.3±1.0)×10⁵ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂=(5.0±0.4)×10⁷ l mol^–1 s^–1 were found atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l. The following Arrhenius expressions were derived:k ₁(T)=(3.4±0.3)×10¹⁰ exp[–(3400±600)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₂(T)=(8.2±0.8)×10¹⁰ exp[–(2200±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The rate coefficients for the reactions of NO₃ with acetic acid (3) and acetate (4) atT=298 K andI=0.19 mol/l were determined as:k ₃=(1.3±0.3)×10⁴ l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄=(2.3±0.4)×10⁶ l mol^–1 s^–1. The temperature dependences for these reactions are described by:k ₃(T)=(4.9±0.5)×10⁹ exp[–(3800±700)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1 andk ₄(T)=(1.0±0.2)×10¹² exp[–(3800±1200)/T] l mol^–1 s^–1. The differences in reactivity of the anions HCOO^– and CH₃COO^– compared to their corresponding acids HCOOH and CH₃COOH are explained by the higher reactivity of NO₃ in charge transfer processes compared to H atom abstraction. From a comparison of NO₃ reactions with various droplets constituents it is concluded that the reaction of NO₃ with HCOO^– may present a dominant loss reaction of NO₃ in atmospheric droplets.     

Kritische Bemerkung zur Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit der Ozonverteilung

Zusammenfassung A. undE. Vassy haben in der Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit des Ozongehalts der Atmosphäre aus der Gleichung loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) geschlossen, daß auch die Gleichung loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) gültig sei. Es wird hier nun gezeigt, daß die bei der ersten Gleichung erlaubten Vernachlässigungen bei der zweiten zu großen Fehlern führen können und daß daher von A. undE. Vassy kein Beweis für die Richtigkeit der Beziehunge=J.K(T) erbracht ist.

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Summary In the question of temperature dependence of ozone content of the atmosphere A. andE. Vassy have concluded from the equation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) that also the formula loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ) must be valid. In this paper it is proved that the neglections which may be admitted for the first equation, can conduct to great errors. Therefore A. andE. Vassy have not produced a proof for the correctness of the equatione=J.K(T).

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Résumé A. etE. Vassy en étuidant le problème de la teneur de l'ozone atmosphérique en relation avec la température ont admis que l'équation loge _n –logJ _n logK(T _n ) entraînait aussi la relation loge _n logJ _n +logK(T _n ). On montre ici que les simplifications admises pour la première équation conduisent pour l'application de la seconde à de fortes erreurs, et que par conséquent ces auteurs n'ont pas fourni de preuve de la justesse de la relatione=J.K(T).

     

Characteristics of ionic components in precipitation in Kitakyushu City,Japan

Precipitation samples were collected by filtrating bulk sampler in Kitakyushu City, Japan, from January 1988 to December 1990. Volume weighted annual mean of pH was 4.93, but the pH distribution indicated that most probable value lay in the range pH 6.0–6.4. Volume weighted annual mean concentrations of major ionic components were as follows; SO ₄ ^2– : 84.2, NO ₃ ^– : 28.1, Cl^–: 86.3, NH ₄ ⁺ : 45.5, Ca²⁺: 63.3, Mg²⁺: 27.0, K⁺: 3.4, Na⁺: 69.0 µ eq l^–1. The highest concentrations of these ionic components were observed in winter and the lowest occurred in the rainy season. The ratio of ex-SO ₄ ^2– /NO ₃ ^– exhibited the lowest ratio in summer, and the highest ratio in winter. Good correlations were obtained between Cl^– and Na⁺, ex-SO ₄ ²⁺ and ex-Ca²⁺, NO ₃ ^– and ex-Ca²⁺, and NH ₄ ⁺ and ex-SO ₄ ^2– , respectively. However, no correlation between Cl^– and Na⁺ with Ca²⁺ was observed. The relationship of H⁺ with (ex-SO ₄ ^2– + NO ₃ ^– ) - (ex-Ca²⁺ + NH ₄ ⁺ ) indicated positive correlation.     

Regional effects of large-scale extreme wind events over orographically structured terrain

Summary ?Above orographically structured terrain considerable differences of the regional wind field may be identified during large-scale extreme wind events. So far, these regional differences could not be resolved by climate models. To determine the relationships between large-scale atmospheric conditions, the influence of orography, and the regional wind field, data measured in the upper Rhine valley within the framework of the REKLIP Regional Climate Project were analyzed and calculations were made using the KAMM mesoscale model. In the area of the upper Rhine valley, ratios of the wind velocity in the Rhine valley at 10 m above ground level, ν_val, and the large-scale flow velocity, ν_lar, are between ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.1 and ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio exhibits a strong dependence on thermal stratification, δ, and decreases from ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 1 at δ = 0 K m⁻¹ to ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2 at δ = 0.0075 K m⁻¹. In areas, where the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley is interrupted, the ν_val/ν_lar ratio increases again with increasing stability or decreasing Froude number. This is obviously due to flow around the Black Forest under stable stratification. It is demonstrated by model calculations that a complex wind field develops in the Rhine valley at small Froude numbers (Fr < 1) irrespective of the direction of large-scale flow. The ν_val/ν_lar ratio is characterized by small values in the direct lee side (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.2) and high values on the windward side of the lateral mountainous border of the Rhine valley (ν_val/ν_lar ≈ 0.8). Received October 22, 2001; revised June 18, 2002; accepted June 23, 2002     

Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals, NO3 Radicals and O3 with Three C7-Carbonyls Formed From The Atmospheric Reactions of Myrcene, Ocimene and Terpinolene

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH radicals, NO₃ radicals and O₃ with the C₇-carbonyl compounds 4-methylenehex-5-enal [CH₂=CHC(=CH₂)CH₂CH₂CHO], (3Z)- and (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal [CH₂=CHC(CH₃)=CHCH₂CHO] and 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one, which are products of the atmospheric degradations of myrcene, Z- and E-ocimene and terpinolene, respectively, have been measured at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained (in cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 units) were: for 4-methylenehex-5-enal, (1.55 ± 0.15) × 10^–10, (4.75 ± 0.35) × 10^–13 and (1.46 ± 0.12) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3Z)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (1.61 ± 0.35) × 10^–10, (2.17 ± 0.30) × 10^–12, and (4.13 ± 0.81) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; for (3E)-4-methylhexa-3,5-dienal: (2.52 ± 0.65) × 10^–10, (1.75 ± 0.27) × 10^–12, and (5.36 ± 0.28) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively; and for 4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one: (1.10 ± 0.19) × 10^–10, (1.81 ± 0.35) × 10^–12, and (6.98 ± 0.40) × 10^–17 for the OH radical, NO₃ radical and O₃ reactions, respectively. These carbonyl compounds are all reactive in the troposphere, with daytime reaction with the OH radical and nighttime reaction with the NO₃ radical being predicted to dominate as loss processes and with estimated lifetimes of about an hour or less.     

Über die Voraussage zeitlich gemittelter Höhenkarten für Zwecke mittelfristiger Wetterprognosen

Zusammenfassung Eine Überprüfung der vonNamias abgeleiteten Formel zur Konstruktion sogenannter Trendkarten an Hand 20 ausgewählter Höhenkarten in der Zeit vom November 1955 bis Mai 1956 ergab eine vollkommene Bestätigung der vonNamias für Amerika angegebenen Korrelationskoeffizienten und des Faktors der entsprechenden Regressionsgleichung für den mitteleuropäischen Raum, obwohl die Untersuchungen sich auf die 850 mb-Topographie bezogen zum Unterschied vonNamias, der die 700 mb-Fläche zugrunde legte. Durch eine sinngemäße Kombination der in der synoptischen Praxis üblichen Konstruktionsmethode für 24 stündige Vorhersagekarten mit statistischen Überlegungen über die Abweichungen vom Normalwert gelingt die Ableitung einer Prognosenformel für eine dreitägige Mittelkarte, die als Grundlage für mittelfristige Wetterprognosen (Halbwochenprognosen) Verwendung findet. Die Formel weist gegenüber der Trendformel vonNamias den Vorteil auf, daß sie mit praktisch derselben Treffergenauigkeit einen wesentlich größeren Vorhersagezeitraum erfaßt.

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Summary Using 20 different contour charts during the period from November 1955 to May 1956 the formula for the construction of socalled trendcharts, primarily derived byNamias, has been verified for Central Europe though the investigations were based upon data from the 850 mb-level instead of the 700 mb-level used byNamias. Through a combination of the synoptic method for construction of forecast maps 24 hours in advance with statistic considerations about the departure from normals a formula is finally derived for a forecast of a three day mean chart. This formula has been successfully used for an extended forecast half week in advance. The described method shows an essential improvement upon theNamias procedure since a much greater forecast period can be obtained with almost the same accuracy.

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Résumé La formule établie parNamias en vue de construire les cartes d'évolution a fait l'objet d'un examen critique fondé sur la discussion de vingt cartes d'altitude de la période de novembre 1955 à mai 1956. Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation données par cet auteur pour l'Amérique du Nord ainsi que le coefficient de l'équation de régression correspondante ont été confirmés pour l'espace européen, bien que les topographies étudieés n'aient pas été les mêmes (850 mb au lieu de 700 mb). Combinant les méthodes usuelles de construction des cartes de prévision de vingt-quatre heures à des critères statistiques d'écart à la normale, l'auteur établit une formule de prévision destinée à calculer une carte moyenne de trois jours servant de base à la prévision à moyenne échéance. Cette formule présente sur celle deNamias l'avantage d'atteindre une plus longue période de prévision avec une égale exactitude.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.H. Ficker zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Ein Kurzverfahren zur Bestimmung der langwelligen Ausstrahlung dicker Atmosphärenschichten

Zusammenfassung Für eine Reihe von Atmosphärenmodellen, die untereinander gleiche Temperaturschichtung und konstante relative Feuchtigkeit, aber verschieden hohe Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit im festen Niveau haben, wird der NettostrahlungsstromE in 400 mb und am Boden durch Berechnungen in den bekannten Strahlungsdiagrammen bestimmt. Es läßt sich zeigen, daßE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) als Funktion der Temperaturt ₄₀₀ (t _B ) und der Feuchtigkeit bzw. des Taupunktes ₄₀₀ ( _B ) dargestellt werden kann [Abb. 1 und 3, Gl. (1) und (3)], ählich, wie das für die effektive Strahlung des BodensE _B bereits früher durch die Formeln vonÅngström, Brunt u. a. geschehen ist. Wolkenschichten können durch Korrektionsfaktoren berücksichtigt werden. Die Abweichungen zwischen den so gewonnenen Strahlungssummen und den durch Planimetrieren im Strahlungsdiagramm berechneten sind im Durchschnitt kleiner als 3,5% (11%), für die Differenz E=E ₄₀₀–E _B sind sie kleiner als 6%.

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Summary For a series of model atmospheres which have the same stratification of temperature and constant relative humidity but different temperatures and humidities at a fixed level, the net radiation fluxE at 400 mb and at the surface are determined by computations in the well known radiation charts. It is shown thatE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) can be represented as a function of the temperaturet ₄₀₀ (t _B ) and humidity resp. dew point ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 and 3, formula (1) and (3)], in a similar manner as the outgoing radiationE _B is already approximated by the formulae ofÅngström, Brunt, a. o. Cloud layers may be accounted for by correction factors. The differences between the radiation fluxes found in this way and those computed by integration in a radiation chart are in the average smaller than 3.5% (11%); with E=E ₄₀₀–E _B , the differences are smaller than 6%.

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Résumé Pour plusieurs modèles de l'atmosphère qui ont la même structure par rapport à la température et une humidité relative constante, mais à un niveau fixe des températures et humidités différentes, on calcule à l'aide de diagrammes de radiation connus le flux net de radiationE pour 400 mb et au sol. On peut montrer queE ₄₀₀ (E _B ) peut être représenté comme fonction de la températuret ₄₀₀ (t _B ) et de l'humidité, resp. du point de rosée ₄₀₀ ( _B ) [Fig. 1 et 3, formules (1) et (3)], tout comme cela a déjà été fait pour la radiation effective au solE _B grâce aux formules d'Ångström, deBrunt et d'autres. Par un facteur de correction on tient compte des couches de nuages. Les écarts entre les sommes de radiation ainsi obtenues et celles calculées à l'aide des diagrammes de radiation sont en moyenne plus petits que 3,5% (11%), la différence E=E ₄₀₀–E _B ne dépasse pas 6%.

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Mit 4 Textabbildungen.