联合光谱和纹理特征的滨海湿地高光谱深度学习分类—以黄河三角洲湿地为例

本文基于CHRIS高光谱遥感影像，发展了一种结合地物光谱特征和多纹理空间特征信息，采用双全链接的8层深度卷积神经网络分类算法对滨海湿地高光谱影像进行遥感地物分类，并在黄河口滨海湿地进行了应用。结果表明：1）基于测试样本数据，联合光谱特征和K-L变换的纹理特征信息，采用DCNN模型方法展现了高的分类精度，精度高达99%；2）利用光谱特征和全纹理特征的精度比仅使用光谱特征和光谱特征联合K-L变换后纹理特征的分类精度低。利用K-L变换后的光谱特征和纹理特征的DCNN分类精度达到99.38%，相比于使用全纹理特征信息的精度提高了4.15%；3）基于验证图像，发展的DCNN分类方法精度优于其他算法，DCNN方法总体分类精度为84.64%，Kappa系数为0.80；4）相比于浅层分类方法，本文发展的DCNN模型分类算法保证了所有地物类型的分类精度更加均衡，保持了主要地物类型的分类精度几乎不变，同时提高了滩涂和农田的精度。基于DCNN模型，潮滩和农田的分类精度分别达到79.26%和56.72%。比其它浅层分类方法提高了2.51%和10.6%。     

基于地物光谱可分性的CHRIS 高光谱影像波段选择及其分类应用

本文以黄河口湿地为研究区,应用覆盖该区域的CHRIS高光谱遥感影像,提出了一种基于地物光谱可分性的滨海湿地高光谱影像波段选择方法。该方法利用研究区的7种典型地物的110余条现场实测地物光谱曲线,通过分析比对地物两两之间的光谱可分度,确定地物类型之间的光谱可分区间,基于此选取CHRIS高光谱影像的地物分类特征波段,应用三种经典的监督分类方法(支持向量机法SVM、人工神经网络法ANN和光谱角制图法SAM)开展利用全波段的和利用本文方法选择特征波段的分类对比实验。结果表明:(1)基于光谱可分性特征波段的方法较全波段分类精度有所提高,其中ANN分类精度最高,为82.52%,较全波段分类精度提高了约为5.1%;(2)芦苇、水体、黄河水和裸滩4种地物的识别能力高,生产者精度都在80%以上;(3)碱蓬的用户精度提升最为明显,约在7%。     

基于双路图卷积的黄河三角洲湿地地物分类研究

黄河三角洲湿地地物精确分类对湿地资源的保护、开发和利用具有重要意义。目前的湿地分类算法大多存在着全局信息利用不足,地物类型边界不易区分等问题,导致分类精度不高。针对此问题,本文提出了基于双路图卷积的黄河三角洲湿地地物分类算法,包括图结构数据构建模块、特征提取与融合模块两部分。图结构数据构建模块,设计欧式图表示光谱值之间的绝对差异,衡量不同地物类型,设计余弦图表达不同像素光谱波形之间的差异,用以区分不同的地物边界;特征提取与融合模块,利用图卷积聚合全局信息,对欧式图利用双层图卷积进行特征提取,对余弦图使用图U-Net网络进行特征提取,之后将两个特征融合,得到同时具有光谱值绝对差异和光谱波形差异的融合特征,最后进行分类。在CHRIS和GF5两个数据集的实验结果表明,本文所提算法在黄河三角洲湿地地物分类中取得了具有竞争力的分类结果。     

基于光谱特征空间的监督分类中包络线去除效能评价

对覆盖黄河口滨海湿地的PROBA CHRIS高光谱遥感影像进行包络线去除变换,采用6种常用的基于光谱特征空间的监督分类算法对变换前后的影像数据进行滨海湿地典型地物分类,通过目视对比分析和定量分析相结合的方法分析比较变换前后的分类结果,评价包络线去除方法对该类算法影响的效果和能力。结果表明,包络线去除方法能够提高部分监督分类算法针对滨海湿地典型植被类型的区分和识别能力;但由于滨海湿地内具有面积较大的裸滩和浑浊水体,这两类地物在影像中的光谱特征相近,而包络线去除方法并不能解决二者的误分问题,因此并不能提高该类算法针对CHRIS高光谱遥感影像的总体分类精度。     

黄河口湿地典型地物类型高光谱分类方法

黄河口湿地地物类型具有复杂多样的特点,本文将线性光谱混合分析模型与归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化水体指数(NDWI)相结合,建立了一种新的滨海湿地遥感影像分类方法;开展了基于CHRIS高光谱影像的黄河口湿地芦苇、柽柳、碱蓬、大米草、潮滩和水体6种典型地物分类实验,整体分类精度为77.33%,Kappa 系数为 0.71,与经典的最大似然分类(MLC)方法相比较,整体分类精度提高1.6%,Kappa 系数提高0.02,尤其是芦苇、碱蓬、大米草和潮滩的分类精度明显提高。     

联合Bi-LSTM和注意力加强多尺度卷积的黄河三角洲湿地高光谱图像分类方法研究

近年来,面向黄河口的监测需求日益增大,如黄河入海流路改道至清水沟路以来,在新老河道的交汇处存在着丰富的地物类别,对于这些地物类别的检测识别研究有助于掌握生态环境状态,对于黄河口的湿地保护以及国家改善环境的战略支持具有重要意义。因此,本文提出一种新的湿地高光谱图像分类方法,分双路分别提取图像的空谱特征并融合分类。光谱维采用分组预处理的双向长短期记忆网络(Bi-LSTM)有效学习光谱特征;空间维采用注意力加强的多尺度卷积网络有效增强所提取的空谱特征,使得分类结果更具准确性。本文实验应用覆盖黄河入海口新老河道交界处的成像光谱仪(Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer,CHRIS)所采集的数据和黄河三角洲自然保护区滨海湿地高分5号传感器(GF-5)所采集的高光谱图像开展。结果表明:分组与双向长短期记忆网络(Bi-LSTM)的有效结合显著提升了网络性能,同其他监督分类方法相比提升约3%~8%,此外注意力机制的加入同比增加约3%,在使用1%的极少训练集下数据集CHRIS和GF-5的总体分类精度分别达到92.3%和86.11%。     

基于Tabu搜索的高光谱影像特征选择

在高光谱影像的分类过程中,如何有效地降低特征空间的维数,又能保证原始数据所包含的丰富地物信息,是一项十分重要而繁琐的工作。在分析了传统降维方法所面临问题的基础上,将禁忌(Tabu)搜索算法引入到高光谱影像的特征选择研究,指出由于Tabu搜索算法所具有的良好全局寻优能力,因而在该类影像的降维研究中有着广阔的应用前景。实验表明,将Tabu搜索算法获取的波段进行高光谱影像分类,在求解的时间和分类结果的精度上都可达到令人满意的效果。     

基于空谱融合与AlexNet算法的滨海湿地植被分类研究

为提高遥感影像融合质量,提升资源一号(ZY-1 02D)高光谱遥感影像滨海湿地植被分类精度,提出将ZY-1 02D高光谱影像与空间分辨率为10 m的哨兵2号(Sentinel-2)影像进行Brovey融合,并通过搭建AlexNet卷积神经网络对ZY-1 02D高光谱影像和Brovey融合影像的滨海湿地植被进行分类,与支持向量机、随机森林和BP神经网络分类算法进行精度对比。研究结果表明:经Brovey融合后,AlexNet、支持向量机、随机森林和BP神经网络算法的植被分类总体精度分别提高15.60%、7.00%、14.80%和10.00%,Kappa系数提高了21.35%、9.93%、18.97%、12.85%;基于Brovey影像融合与AlexNet算法的植被分类精度最高,总体精度为92.40%,Kappa系数为89.42%。空谱融合配合AlexNet卷积神经网络有效解决了高光谱遥感影像在滨海湿地植被分类应用中精度较低的问题,为滨海湿地植被资源动态监测提供技术和方法支撑。     

Sentinel-1与Sentinel-2影像联合的黄河三角洲湿地信息提取

针对目前湿地信息提取中存在的“同物异谱”、“同谱异物”问题,以黄河三角洲自然保护区为实验区,采用在信息提取方面具有优势的典型相关森林算法,将Sentinel-1A雷达影像和Sentinel-2A多光谱影像作为基础数据,考察分别应用多光谱影像、合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)和多光谱二者综合、SAR纹理特征以及植被指数对湿地信息提取的效果和适用性。研究结果表明:(1)基于Sentinel-2A多光谱影像,在分类方法上,典型相关森林(canonical correlation forest,CCF)的总体精度最高,达到94.32%,与支持向量机和随机森林分类算法相比分别提高了6.55%和5.47%;(2)基于Sentinel-2A多光谱影像和Sentinel-1A后向散射系数的CCF总体精度达到了94.89%,与只利用多光谱影像相比,3种算法的总体精度和Kappa系数均得到了提升;(3)在SAR和光学联合的基础上加入SAR纹理特征后总体精度和Kappa系数均略有下降,分别为94.72%和0.935 3;(4)在SAR和光学联合的基础上加入归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、差值植被指数(DVI)、归一化差分红外指数(NDII)和差分红外指数(DII)5种植被指数后,总体精度达到了最高为95.35%,7种地物的生产者精度有所提高,有效提高了对黄河三角洲湿地信息的提取能力。实验结果可为黄河三角洲湿地的合理开发和有效保护提供科学支持。     

多光谱遥感影像的光谱规则分类算法修正及海岛、海岸带应用

在光谱规则分类算法(Spectral Rule-based Classifier, SRC)基础上考虑大气校正对遥感影像光谱反射率的影响,提出了一种改进光谱规则的分类算法(Modified Spectral Rule-based Classifier, MSRC),从地物光谱响应曲线和光谱指数两个方面来修正光谱规则集,通过规则细化和补充、阈值改正优化光谱类别。以珠江三角洲海岛(佳蓬、淇澳)和海岸带(荃湾、惠东)的Landsat 8影像作为实验数据,对比了大气校正前后波段反射率和地物光谱响应曲线,分析了改进后MSRC算法的地物分类结果和精度,并与原SRC算法、最小距离分类(MDC)算法、最大似然分类(MLC)算法、支持向量机分类(SVM)算法、神经网络分类(NNC)算法以及基于光谱指数的算法等多种地物分类算法进行比较。结果表明,4组实验数据的MSRC算法分类结果总体精度分别为87.66%、82.38%、77.67%和80.05%,高于SRC、MDC、MLC和基于光谱指数的分类算法,在无需人工标注训练数据集的前提下接近SVM和NNC算法的分类精度。MSRC算法适用于海岛和海岸带的Landsat 8多光谱遥感影像。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.