祁连山疏勒河上游多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤CO2通量特征

研究青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤CO₂通量有助于准确估算该区域的土壤CO₂排放, 对认识高原土壤碳循环及其对全球气候变化的响应具有重要意义. 利用静态箱-气相色谱法和LI-8100土壤CO₂通量自动测量系统对疏勒河上游多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤CO₂通量进行了定期观测, 结合气象和土壤环境因子进行了分析. 结果表明: 整个观测期高寒草甸土壤表现为CO₂的源, 土壤CO₂通量的日变化范围为2.52～532.81 mg·m^-2·h^-1. 土壤CO₂年排放总量为1 429.88 g·m^-2, 年均通量为163.23 mg·m^-2·h^-1; 其中, CO₂通量与空气温度和相对湿度、活动层表层2 cm、10 cm、20 cm、30 cm 土壤温度、含水量和盐分均显著相关. 2 cm土壤温度、空气温度和总辐射、空气温度、2 cm土壤盐分分别是影响活动层表层2 cm土壤完全融化期、冻结过程期、完全冻结期、融化过程期土壤CO₂通量的最重要因子. 在完全融化期、冻结过程期和整个观测期, 拟合最佳的温度因子变化分别能够解释土壤CO₂通量变化的72.0%、82.0%和38.0%, 对应的Q₁₀值分别为1.93、6.62和2.09. 冻融期(含融化过程期和冻结过程期)和完全冻结期的土壤CO₂排放量分别占年排放总量的15.35%和11.04%, 在年排放总量估算中不容忽视.     

多年冻土区高寒草甸根系分布与活动层温度变化特征的关系

多年冻土区植物根系的地下分布格局是其适应高寒、反复冻融作用等特殊环境条件的重要体现.针对目前青藏高原高寒植物根系研究不足的现状,对青藏铁路沿线高寒草甸植物群落根系的分布特征及多年冻土活动层地温变化等进行调查观测.研究高寒植物群落根系在活动层土壤中的垂直分布特征,重点探讨多年冻土活动层温度变化对于高寒植物根系分布和格局的影响,揭示植物根系对冻土环境变化的响应特征及其对逆境条件的适应策略.研究结果表明:活动层季节性冻融对于高寒植物和地下根系分布格局具有深刻的影响,多年冻土表层最先具备适宜根系生长的温度和水分条件,导致高寒草甸根系分布浅层化,生物量大量累积在土壤表层,并随深度增加而减少.高寒草甸地下平均总根量为3.38 kg·m^-2,0~10 cm土层根量密度平均为21.41 kg·m^-3,约占地下根系总量的63.4%.高寒草甸植物群落具极高的根茎比,活动层长期的低温环境增加了根系的干物质总量和高寒植物总的生物产量.活动层0℃以上积温是根系分布的主要影响因子.     

青藏高原高寒沼泽化草甸群落生物量及地下CNP对积雪增加的响应

以青藏高原多年冻土区高寒沼泽化草甸为研究对象,采用雪栅栏诱导方式模拟积雪厚度增加,结合植物地上、地下根系以及土壤养分变化,分析了高寒沼泽化草甸对积雪厚度增加的响应。结果表明：积雪厚度增加后,0~20 cm浅层土壤温度和水分含量增加;植物群落高度和土壤表层0~10 cm根系生物量显著增加,植物群落组成和地上生物量没有变化;地下0~20 cm土壤碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）总储量降低,根系中C、N、P储量增加;土壤表层0~10 cm总N∶P比显著增加,但是有效磷含量在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均显著增加。可见,积雪厚度增加并不影响沼泽化草甸植物群落的组成和地上生物量,仅增加植被高度;增加土壤表层总N∶P比意味着积雪厚度增加可能会减轻沼泽化草甸土壤中氮限制,从而减缓沼泽化草甸的氮匮乏状况。结论可为高寒生态系统响应积雪变化研究提供样地尺度的观测数据,并为冰冻圈生态系统应对未来气候变化的模型估算提供数据支撑。     

多年冻土区活动层土壤水分对不同高寒生态系统的响应

土地覆被变化对土壤水分的影响是生态水文学和流域水文学研究的关键问题,基于长江源典型多年冻土区不同高寒草地土壤水分的观测,结合降水、生物量（包括地上和地下）和土壤理化性质,研究了活动层土壤水分变化对不同高寒生态系统的响应. 结果表明：高寒草甸生物量、土壤养分含量均比高寒草原高,且对降水响应更为强烈,致使高寒草甸土壤水分变异性弱于高寒草原. 在土壤完全融化阶段,高寒草甸土壤活动层存在一个低含水层（50 cm左右）和两个相对高含水层（20 cm和120 cm）,但高寒草原土壤水分在活动层剖面上有随深度逐渐增大的一致性趋势;在秋季冻结过程中,高寒草甸土冻结起始日滞后于高寒草原土3~15 d;在春季融化阶段,高寒草原土更高的含冰量需要更多的融化潜热. 此外,表层土壤中（0~20 cm）,高寒草甸土比高寒草原土有更大的持水特性,而在活动层中下部则呈现完全相反的结果,不同高寒生态系统的演替改变了土壤的水热迁移过程.     

青藏高原多年冻土区活动层土壤入渗特征及机理分析

青藏高原多年冻土区活动层土壤的入渗规律研究是高寒区土壤水循环过程研究的主要内容。以青藏高原多年冻土区高寒沼泽草甸、高寒草甸和高寒草原的活动层土壤为研究对象,裸地为参照对象,分析了不同植被类型土壤的入渗规律及其主要影响因子。结果表明：不同植被类型土壤的入渗能力排序为高寒草原>裸地>高寒草甸>高寒沼泽草甸。高寒草甸土壤中致密的根系对土壤水分的运移具有强烈的阻滞作用,降低了土壤的入渗性能,而高寒草原土壤层根系较为稀疏,对土壤入渗的阻滞作用较弱,土壤水分向深层的渗漏速率较大。通过对比4种土壤入渗模型的模拟结果,发现Horton模型更适用于描述高寒草地土壤水分的入渗过程。另外,不同入渗模型对裸地入渗过程的模拟均优于其他植被类型草地,说明植被类型及植物的生长状况影响土壤入渗过程的模拟效果。全球变暖条件下,多年冻土区土壤入渗研究将为青藏高原多年冻土区陆地水文过程模型提供参数支持,为未来水资源变化研究提供基础数据。     

青藏高原不同高寒生态系统类型下多年冻土活动层水热过程差异研究

基于青藏高原北麓河地区高寒草原、高寒沼泽草甸和高寒草甸生态系统下多年冻土活动层水热过程的监测数据,对活动层水热过程特征开展了相关研究。研究结果显示,在活动层厚度、冻融时间、持续时间以及活动层土壤水分含水量分布方面,不同的高寒生态系统下活动层的上述属性特征差异明显。高寒草原下多年冻土活动层厚度最大,土体开始融化的时间最早,每年持续融化的日数也最长;高寒草甸最小,高寒沼泽草甸居中。高寒草原下活动层土壤含水率从上到下逐渐增加,水分基本集中在活动层的中下部分;高寒沼泽草甸下活动层土壤水分的分布情况相对比较均衡;高寒草甸下活动层土壤含水率分布呈现从上到下逐步减少的模式,越靠近地表土壤含水率越大。对监测数据的进一步分析发现,不同的高寒生态系统下,近地表地温与气温温差累计值、近地表土壤有机质含量、n因子特征以及近地表地温标准差统计特征都具有明显的区别。研究分析表明,多年冻土活动层水热过程特征与高寒生态系统类型具有明显的关联性,高寒生态系统会影响近地表能量通量,从而使地-气热量交换产生差异,这一差异又将改变活动层土壤温度、水分分布特征及其动力学过程。     

长江源区沼泽草甸多年冻土活动层土壤水分对模拟增温的响应

气候变化对高寒生态系统地气间水能循环过程产生强烈的影响, 因此, 气候变暖条件下的高寒生态系统水热过程和寒区流域水循环过程具有重要研究意义. 采用开顶式温室(OTC)对长江源沼泽草甸进行模拟增温试验, 分析了模拟增温对多年冻土活动层土壤水分的影响. 结果表明: 短期增温使得沼泽草甸生物量显著增加, 使得多年冻土活动层土壤冻结起始时间推迟、融化起始时间提前, 从而使融化期延长. 室外对比样地在65 cm深度存在明显的干层, 而OTC土壤水分随着深度加深不断降低. 增温使得多年冻土浅层土壤具有更高的含水量, 但并未导致表层土壤干化, 这与沼泽草甸土壤浅层密集的根系层和具有较强的持水和保水能力的有机质层有关.     

高寒草甸土壤水分的影响因子及其空间变异研究

以黄河源区典型高寒草甸草地类型为对象,运用旋转主成分分析法对影响高寒草甸土壤水分的植被盖度、群落高度、土层根系深度、草地类型等9个环境因子进行了分析,将这些环境因子分为4个主成分因子依次为:立地与草地类型因子、植被因子、坡向风速因子和地形因子.同时,采用统计方法对于不同深度土壤水分进行了统计分析,揭示了土壤水分在整个土壤剖面上的空间变异可划分为:速变层(0~30 cm)、活跃层(40 cm)、次活跃层(50 cm)和相对稳定层(60 cm).     

青藏高原多年冻土区典型高寒草地生物量对气候变化的响应 青藏高原多年冻土区典型高寒草地生物量对气候变化的响应

多年冻土区冻土生态系统对气候变化极其敏感,利用在长江黄河源区实测的高寒草甸和高寒草原植被生物量数据以及青藏高原降水、气温以及地温等的空间分布规律,建立了长江黄河源区高寒草甸与高寒草原等主要高寒生态系统地上与地下现存生物量对气候要素变化的多元回归模型.预测分析表明：如果未来10 a气温增加0.44℃.（10a）^-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量分别递减2.7%和2.4%,如果同时降水量小幅度增加8 mm.（10a）^-1,则地上生物量可基本保持现状水平略有减少;在气温增加2.2℃.（10a）^-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量年分别平均减少达6.8%和4.6%,如果同期降水量增加12 mm.（10a）^-1,高寒草甸地上生物量可基本维持现状水平略有增加,而高寒草原地上生物量则递增5.2%.高寒草原植被地上生物量对气候增暖的响应幅度显著小于高寒草甸,而对降水增加的响应程度大于高寒草甸.明确高寒草地植被生物量随气候变化的演变趋势,对于青藏高原生态环境保护和研究气候变化对青藏高原生态系统碳循环和河源区水循环的影响具有重要意义.     

青藏高原多年冻土区典型高寒草地生物量对气候变化的响应

多年冻土区冻土生态系统对气候变化极其敏感,利用在长江黄河源区实测的高寒草甸和高寒草原植被生物量数据以及青藏高原降水、气温以及地温等的空间分布规律,建立了长江黄河源区高寒草甸与高寒草原等主要高寒生态系统地上与地下现存生物量对气候要素变化的多元回归模型.预测分析表明:如果未来10 a气温增加0.44℃·(10a)^-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量分别递减2.7%和2.4%,如果同时降水量小幅度增加8 mm·(10a)^-1,则地上生物量可基本保持现状水平略有减少;在气温增加2.2℃·(10a)^-1,在降水量不变的情况下,高寒草甸和高寒草原地上生物量年分别平均减少达6.8%和4.6%,如果同期降水量增加12 mm·(10a)^-1,高寒草甸地上生物量可基本维持现状水平略有增加,而高寒草原地上生物量则递增5.2%.高寒草原植被地上生物量对气候增暖的响应幅度显著小于高寒草甸,而对降水增加的响应程度大于高寒草甸.明确高寒草地植被生物量随气候变化的演变趋势,对于青藏高原生态环境保护和研究气候变化对青藏高原生态系统碳循环和河源区水循环的影响具有重要意义.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.