空间数据立方体的多维数据组织及存储

定义空间数据立方体地理空间维、专题维和时间维分别包含的数据种类和内容;设计它们的维和维层次数据结构;表述地理空间维、专题维和时间维在概念层次和物理层次上构成空间数据立方体的方法;确定地理空间维、专题维和时间维数据的多维数组组织方法,以及多维数据的数据文件和虚拟内存存储策略;表达多维数组中记录间的关联运算和多维数组的压缩方法。     

Methods for estimating missing data on migrants in the 1991 British census

"This paper discusses the use of suppression to protect data in the Special Migration Statistics, a dataset produced from the 1991 [British] Census, and argues that this procedure prevents accurate analysis of the data. A computer program is described that uses a series of methods to ?recover' data which were suppressed, and to estimate those parts of the data which cannot be recovered.... The program has been used to recover and estimate data successfully, and results include sample tables of migrants between types of districts by ethnicity."     

用Delphi开发新疆地区棉铃虫测报数据库管理系统

以棉花三种害虫．棉叶螨、棉蚜、棉铃虫．测报的国家标准为基础,结合新疆地区棉花生产过程中这三种害虫发生的实际情况,建立新疆疆棉花害虫基数调查网络数据库,数据库包括：棉叶螨子数据库(3张数据表)、棉蚜子数据库(4张数据表)和棉铃虫子数据库(6张数据表)。基于局域环境构建了C／S结构的应用程序体系,实现了棉叶螨、棉蚜和棉铃虫基数调查的数据维护、查询、统计等功能。棉花害虫基数调查网络数据库的建立和C／S应用系统的实现,为棉花害虫区域化测报和管理提供厂强大的数据支持。     

Observations of the phase SP at distances less than 40°

Summary. A detailed analysis of short-period shear waves using an array of three component seismometers near Tennant Creek in the centre of northern Australia has found only isolated samples of the phase Sp which, for a mode conversion at the crust/mantle boundary precedes the S arrival by about 6 s. Two strong phases commonly observed in the S wavetrain in the distance range 30–40° with a time separation of between 6 and 8 s have been determined to be the phases S and SP respectively. Contrary to the Jeffreys-Bullen seismological tables, SP is first generated at a minimum distance not of 40°, but rather in the vicinity of 20°.     

移动GIS中GML数据压缩技术研究

目前利用GML实现多源异构移动GIS空间数据资源整合时,存在数据压缩的"瓶颈"问题。在分析移动计算环境中GML数据压缩特性(语义同构、时空拓扑特性保持以及自适应网络流量动态调整压缩结构)的基础上,利用语义编码构造整体空间,并通过语义空间聚类与小波变换分析,构建移动GIS中GML数据压缩模型。实验表明:该压缩模型在压缩比、直接读取压缩数据以及在无线网络上传输压缩数据3方面均具有较好的性能,对移动GIS数据共享集成的理论与技术研究具有一定的参考价值。     

历史环境变化数据库的建设与应用

阐述了历史环境变化数据库的资料来源及其计算机化的规范 ;介绍了以计算机、数据库等为技术手段的历史环境变化数据库的建设方案及数据库的主要功能 ;展望了历史环境变化数据库的应用前景     

Crust and upper mantle shear velocities from controlled sources

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A two ship refraction profile was undertaken on the Australian continental shelf during the Banda Sea geophysical program, carried out by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Geological Survey of Indonesia. S waves originating close to the sea bottom were observed to distances of up to 1150 km at an array of stations in northern Australia.
These observations are interpreted as implying S mantle velocities of 4.60 km s^-1 from a depth of 45 km to a depth of 76 km and 4.72 km s^-1 below a depth of 76 km.
Ratios of the P and S travel times (V_p/V_s) have been determined to be 1.74 in the crust rising to a value of greater than 1.79 below a velocity discontinuity at a depth of 200 km. It is inferred that this high value arises because the effect of temperature is greater for S than for P .
Using the data from this and other studies in the shield region of Northern Australia it has been found that the _S travel times are significantly less than predicted by the Jeffreys—Bullen tables.     

BODY DIAGONALIZATION OF CORE MATRICES IN THREE-WAY PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS:THEORETICAL BOUNDS AND SIMULATION

In contrast with conventional PCA,a direct superposition and joint interpretation of loading plots is notpossible in three-way PCA,since there may be data variance which is described by unequal componentsof different modes.The contributions to variance of all possible combinations of components aredescribed in the core matrix.Body diagonalization,which is achieved by appropriate rotation ofcomponent matrices,is an essential tool for simplifying the core matrix structure.The maximum degreeof body diagonality which may be obtained from such transformations is analysed from both themathematical and simulation viewpoints.It is shown that,at least in the average case,high degrees canbe expected,which makes the procedure reasonable for many practical applications.Furthermore,simulation as well as theoretical derivation show that the success of body diagonality depends on the so-called polarity of the core array.The methodology is illustrated by a three-way data example fromenvironmental chemistry.     

GML数据的整体同构压缩算法研究

在分析传统的GML,数据压缩技术特点的基础上,提出GMI数据整体同构压缩方法:以GMI,文档中的Fea-ture元素为基元,利用标签索引编码实现语义的同构压缩;以GMI空间数据的聚类分区结果建立分组局部坐标参考系,利用坐标参考系转换实现空间内容的同构压缩.实验证明:该压缩算法的存储空间消耗、查询处理速度等性能均优于传统方法,对研究GMI数据的存储、查询与传输等技术具有一定的参考价值.     

AVERAGE GLOBAL LOCATIONS

Global distributions are commonly described by maps and tables which emphasize the dispersion of a distribution. The Mean Spheroidal Center (M.S.C.) defines the average location of a world distribution. It is an objectively determined point within the sphere's surface. The M.S.C. calculations are demonstrated using the world's 25 largest cities in each of four time periods.     

A long-range, controlled source seismic profile in northern Australia

Summary. A two-ship refraction profile was fired on the Australian continental shelf during the Banda Sea geophysical programme carried out by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Geological Survey of Indonesia. Some of the 55-kg shots fired during this profile were observed at an array of stations in northern Australia to a distance of 1150 km.
The first arrival P travel times at the land stations had apparent velocities of 6.52, 8.24 and 8.48 km/s. The observed travel times correspond closely with those for other stable continental platform or shield regions. The travel times in these regions are of the order of 6 s less than those given in the Jeffreys—Bullen tables at distances of 700 to 1150 km.
The observations are interpreted as implying an upper-mantle velocity of 8.4 km/s at a depth of about 75 km.     

基于小波变换和混合熵编码的山区格网DEM数据压缩

用信息论的观点对山区格网DEM数据进行了分析,发现山区DEM数据具有信息熵高、冗余度低的特点,从而导致了无损压缩方法——熵编码对其进行压缩的压缩比低。为了实现对DEM数据高效、高精度的压缩,笔者提出利用具有线性相位的双正交小波变换以及混合熵编码方法(Huffman编码加游程编码)对山区格网DEM数据进行压缩。实验结果表明,该方法在基本不损失DEM数据精度的情况下,可获得比无损压缩方法高得多的压缩比。     

APPRAISAL OF GEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMS IN THE SOVIET UNION

Global distributions are commonly described by maps and tables which emphasize the dispersion of a distribution. The Mean Spheroidal Center (M.S.C.) defines the average location of a world distribution. It is an objectively determined point within the sphere's surface. The M.S.C. calculations are demonstrated using the world's 25 largest cities in each of four time periods.     

A TIN compression method using Delaunay triangulation

This study introduces a new Triangulated Irregular Network(TIN) compression method and a progressive visualization technique using Delaunay triangulation. The compression strategy is based on the assumption that most triangulated 2.5-dimensional terrains are very similar to their Delaunay triangulation. Therefore, the compression algorithm only needs to maintain a few edges that are not included in the Delaunay edges. An efficient encoding method is presented for the set of edges by using vertex reordering and a general bracketing method. In experiments, the compression method examined several sets of TIN data with various resolutions, which were generated by five typical terrain simplification algorithms. By exploiting the results, the connecting structures of common terrain data are compressed to 0.17 bits per vertex on average, which is superior to the results of previous methods. The results are shown by a progressive visualization method for web-based GIS.     

Toward sustainable desertification reversion: A case study in Horqin Sandy Land of northern China

Desertification reversion is an interactive process involving climate, land use change, and water processes. In order to reveal the relationship between desertification reversion and these factors, we analyzed historical data on precipitation, air temperature, desertified land changes, underground water tables, and water body changes in Naiman County in the central part of Horqin Sandy Land. Our analysis showed that during 1961-2010 the annual precipitation fluctuated dramatically and has decreased fairly consistently in recent years. The air temperature increased by 0.50-1.25 °C, and the minimum temperature increased more obviously. The desertified land area increased from 42,300 km2 in 1959 to 62,000 km2 in 1985, and then declined to about 50,000 km2 in 2010. The underground water tables have been lowered by about 10 m in the past 30 years, and declined more rapidly in recent years. Desertified land is significantly related to the amount of total cropland, and underground water tables are significantly correlated with annual precipitation and the amount of irrigated cropland. Therefore, it is necessary to pursue sustainable desertification reversion without compromising the capacity for local development and restoration of degraded land, through application of appropriate management measures for improving water availability in this region.     

S to P scattering at the 650 km discontinuity

Summary. A search of seismograms recorded at the Warramunga seismic array (WRA) from events occurring below the Izu-Bonin Islands shows an arrival on some, but not all, of the records, with an onset at 25–30 s after P , which is not predicted by the standard travel-time tables. The slowness and azimuth of the phase show that it is generated almost in line with P , and the variation of arrival time with the hypocentral depth of the earthquake indicates that its origin lies on the receiver side of the source. It appears, in fact, to be an S to P conversion at a depth of 650–700 km, which is seen only when the receiver is close to a node of the P radiation pattern and an antinode for S so that its amplitude compared with that of P is at a maximum.
Finally, the duration of the phase indicates that it is not simply a refracted wave, but that it has a coda of scattered arrivals from lateral heterogeneity in the neighbourhood of 650 km below the Izu-Bonin Islands.     

A detailed survey in the Mediterranean Rise and Herodotus Basin area

Summary. Results from the detailed survey described in this paper, along with data from a previous cruise, indicate that N—S diapiric ridges found in the Herodotus Basin may have been triggered by N—S faulting associated with the curvature of the Mediterranean Rise, which trends NE—SW in this region. Modelling of two reflection profiles using a synthetic modelling program developed by Tanner and of the diapiric features using the simple gravity instability theory of Biot & Odé support this conclusion. The results further suggest that the Mediterranean Rise consists of sediments which were once part of the large abyssal plain to the south, and were uplifted, folded and thrusted as a result of compression. This compression may be due to the piling up of a thick sedimentary column which will not subduct at the Hellenic Trench in the north.     

基于SPIHT小波的DEM自适应压缩方法研究

海量地形数据给其存储、分发和实时渲染带来了极大的挑战,因此迫切需要适合网络环境下地形可视化的数据压缩方法。该文探讨地形复杂度与DEM压缩方法的关系,研究可视化中地形复杂度的计算方法,并提出一种改进的SPIHT小波压缩方法:采用小波分解后的系数对DEM的地形复杂度进行评估,并针对地形复杂度对编码算法进行自适应调节。实验证明,这种改进的SPIHT小波压缩方法采用合适的压缩比进行DEM数据压缩,能够在满足地形可视化需要的同时提高压缩效率。     

REPRESENTATION OF SPECTRA BY CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

A general framework for manipulating spectra as functions in traditional multivariate methods such asPCA and PLS is described.The functional representation is very convenient for compression,ensuringsmoothness and continuity.There are two fundamentally different types of representations:(a)byfunctions and(b)by function coefficients.The use of coefficients is the most practical way of analysis.     

Three-dimensional location and waveform analysis of microseismicity in multi-anvil experiments

We present an acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technique to study high-pressure ( P > 1 GPa) microseismicity in multi-anvil rock deformation experiments. The application of this technique is aimed at studying fault mechanisms of deep-focus earthquakes that occur during subduction at depths up to 650 km. AE monitoring in multi-anvil experiments is challenging because source locations need to be resolved to a submillimetre scale due to the small size of the experimental assembly. AEs were collected using an 8-receiver array, located on the back truncations of the tungsten carbide anvils. Each receiver consists of a 150–1000 kHz bandwidth PZT transducer assembly. Data were recorded and processed using a high-speed AMSY-5 acquisition system from Vallen-Systems, allowing waveform collection at a 10 MHz sampling rate for each event signal. 3-D hypocentre locations in the assembly are calculated using standard seismological algorithms. The technique was used to monitor fault development in 3 mm long × 1.5 mm diameter olivine cores during axisymmetric compression and extension. The faults were generated during cold compression to ∼2 GPa confining pressure. Subsequent AEs at 2–6 GPa and 900 °C were found to locate near these pre-existing faults and exhibit high pressure stick-slip behaviour.