初至波菲涅尔体地震层析成像

根据地震波传播的有限频理论,对于某个特定震相的观测信息,不仅射线路径上的点对该信息具有影响,射线领域上的其他点对接收信息也具有影响,这种影响可以用核函数来表达.本文基于波动方程的Born近似与Rytov近似,给出了非均匀介质情况下初至地震波振幅与走时菲涅尔体层析成像单频、带限层析核函数的计算方法.通过对均匀介质情况下初至地震波菲涅尔体层析成像核函数解析表达式的理论模型实验与分析,给出了不同维度振幅、走时单频菲涅尔体的空间分布范围,进而给出了带限菲涅尔体边界的确定方法.将本文的走时菲涅尔体层析成像理论应用于表层速度结构反演中,理论模型试验与实际资料处理结果表明,初至波菲涅尔体地震层析成像方法比传统的初至波射线层析成像理论具有更高的反演精度.     

不同地质条件下反演低频模型构建方法分析

地震波阻抗反演是油气勘探开发过程中基于地震数据刻画地下储层特征及分布范围的重要工具,但受地震采集条件限制,地震数据往往是带限的,缺乏低频成分.低频成分蕴含地质构造的基本信息,缺失低频成分在一定程度上会降低基于反演数据开展储层预测的精度.因此,如何构建低频模型补偿地震低频成分就成为地震波阻抗反演的关键.首先,以均匀介质背景下的楔状模型为例,分析了低频成分对反演精度的影响;其次,结合不同学者研究成果,从碎屑岩沉积、碳酸盐岩沉积、火成岩等角度系统总结了不同地质条件下低频模型构建方法及其应用效果,对地震反演阶段根据地质条件构建精确低频模型具有一定的指导意义.分析认为:(1)碎屑岩沉积,勘探阶段钻井数量少,可采用常数低频模型、立体层析法构建低频模型;开发阶段,井资料丰富,为避免井插值引起的"牛眼"问题,视情况可分别采用井插值与地震速度和地震属性、井插值与波形反演、井插值与多重积分联合构建低频模型的方法;(2)碳酸盐岩沉积,岩性复杂、储层非均质性强,沉积相带约束构建低频模型的方法更为合适;(3)砂泥岩地层中发育的火成岩、煤层、钙层等特殊沉积体与砂泥岩地层在岩石物理特征上差异较大,可采用反演迭代法构建低频模型.依据不同沉积条件选取合适方式构建低频模型补偿低频成分,有助于提高低频模型精度,降低反演的不确定性.     

基于空变阻抗约束的贝叶斯稀疏脉冲反演

常规的基于贝叶斯理论的稀疏脉冲反演中,各约束项的拉格朗日算子均采用的是恒定的常系数。反演实际资料发现,波阻抗反演剖面与钻井资料的油气显示并不能很好地对应。考虑到反演不同地震道数据时,低频趋势模型所起的约束作用应当不同。本文在常规反演的基础上做出了改进,假定阻抗约束系数是一个空间变量,由各地震道的实际地震数据与合成记录之间的振幅残差来确定该道的阻抗约束系数。实际资料应用表明,改进后的反演结果更稳定,能更准确地反映地下阻抗信息。      

基于FCM聚类约束的直流电阻率法与地震走时成像法二维联合反演

通过引入模糊均值聚类(FCM)模型约束函数对电阻率与速度进行约束,开展二维直流电阻率法与地震初至波走时成像法联合反演研究.在地下浅层结构勘探中,通常低电阻率的地质体具有低速特征,较高电阻率的地质体表现为较高的地震波速度.直流电阻率法因为低电阻率区域吸引电流而对其敏感,地震走时成像法因为射线集中在高波速区而对高速体敏感,因此,两者联合成像能够大幅度提高反演效果.合成数据反演表明,直流电阻率法和地震初至波走时联合反演对于两类地质体的分辨能力均有提升,能够优势互补.尤其是引入FCM模型约束进行联合反演,根据已知物性进行监督学习,进一步提高了反演质量,改善了成像模型的分辨率.     

委内瑞拉水平井资料在地质统计反演中的应用

M区块位于委内瑞拉奥里诺科重油带,其砂岩储层埋藏浅,厚度大,胶结疏松,内部泥岩隔夹层发育.该区块地震资料品质差,缺少声波测井资料,无法实现常规的地震反演,并且区块内大部分井是水平井,如何利用水平井资料难度大.针对以上问题,本文创新性地提出了综合应用直井和水平井资料进行地震反演,利用GR和电阻率曲线重构出拟声波曲线,在已有声波做速度趋势的约束下,利用倾角叠加技术对水平井进行层位标定,采用稀疏脉冲反演和地质统计模拟进行地震反演.研究表明,重构的拟声波波阻抗能够很好地区分岩性,水平井信息参与反演大大提高了储层和隔夹层的预测精度,从而实现了在缺少声波和密度资料的情况下的直井和水平井约束的地震反演.     

地质统计学反演中变差函数地质含义及求取方法探讨

地质统计学反演具有较高的空间分辨率,在储层预测中应用广泛,其反演精度受地质框架模型、纵/横向变程和岩性比例等多个因素的影响.反演过程中主要基于地震数据提取平面属性采用试错的方法来求取横向变程,该方法人为因素影响大、随机性强,且未赋予参数明确的地质含义.针对这一问题,本文提出了层序约束下基于地质信息求取横向变程的方法.方法以层序地层格架为约束,以井点信息为出发点,在单井垂向单一正旋回砂体厚度识别的基础上,通过经验公式、拟合公式获取储层地质信息(点坝宽度和点坝长度),并根据数据统计分析结果指导反演横向变程的求取.将该方法应用于渤海W油田北区明化镇组下段II油组地质统计学反演的参数求取中,结果表明:以层序为约束基于储层地质信息所求取横向变程约束下的地质统计学反演结果分辨率高,与井上地质信息吻合性更好,反演结果更能清晰表征储层内部砂体叠置关系及其空间展布特征,有助于提高薄储层表征精度,为开发后期的井位部署和井位调整提供依据.     

多尺度地震资料联合反演方法研究

常规三维地面地震反演不可避免的存在多解性和分辨率不高的缺陷,而油藏地球物理阶段丰富的多尺度地震资料为减小多解性、提高分辨率提供了可能.基于贝叶斯反演理论,通过联合概率分布建立新的似然函数,将三维地面地震、VSP和井间地震三种多尺度资料有机地融合在一起,完善了多尺度地震资料联合反演框架及反演流程.模型测试及实际资料处理表明,联合反演算法有效地引入了小尺度地震资料中的高频信息对大尺度资料进行约束,反演结果在保留大尺度地震资料特征的基础上提高了分辨率,降低了多解性,同时促进了多种地震资料之间的相互匹配.     

波阻抗反演预测奥陶系灰岩顶部含隔水性

地震反演技术是岩性地震勘探的重要手段之一,其中地震井约束波阻抗反演技术是利用钻孔测井数据高的纵向分辨率,对井旁地震资料进行井约束反演,然后在此基础上对井间地震资料进行反演,推断地层岩性在空间上的变化情况.本文根据新驿煤矿首采区的三维地震和测井资料,利用波阻抗反演技术预测该区奥陶系灰岩顶部的含隔水性,并依据波阻抗值的大小圈定含水层中的可能富水区.     

叠前地震波形指示反演在薄互储层预测中的应用

地震波形指示反演在高频段通过将地震波形信息代替变差函数,使得反演过程及结果能够更好的体现了"相控"的概念,并且能够有效提升预测储层纵向及横向分辨率,在薄层、薄互储层预测上是地质统计学反演之外一种新的、更高效的反演手段.针对J4井区纵波阻抗无法有效识别河道砂薄互储层的问题,通过横波速度估算,计算得到一系列弹性参数,优选出对砂泥岩识别最敏感的弹性参数,创新尝试在叠前域使用地震波形指示反演敏感参数体,最终达到对目标薄互储层"定量"识别的目的.应用结果表明:在叠前域使用地震波形指示反演代替常规反演可以很好的解决薄层预测中纵横向分辨率不高、纵波阻抗无法有效识别砂泥岩的问题,对同类型储层定量预测具有一定的借鉴意义.     

基于密度模型稀疏表征的重力反演方法

重力反演是恢复地下密度空间分布的有效工具,而选择合理的密度模型约束方法是提升重力反演分辨率和可靠性的关键.常规约束方法大多是从剖分网格空间中的密度模型出发,通过调整光滑或稀疏约束权重来匹配反演目标,但当地质体类型多样、异常分离不准确及网格剖分方案不合理时,模型约束的合理性与灵活性难以得到有效保证.为此,本文提出了一种基于密度模型稀疏表征的重力反演方法.首先假设待反演的密度模型表征为模型特征矩阵和稀疏分解系数的线性组合,之后重新推导了重力反演目标函数,并给出了分解系数的稀疏求解过程.相比现有重力反演方法,用于构建模型特征矩阵的特征模型可包含不同类型地质体的先验几何信息,分解系数的稀疏性保证了待反演目标来自于最典型的地质模式组合.最后,通过模型试验及实际资料验证了基于密度模型稀疏表征的重力反演方法的有效性.     

A NEW APPROACH TO THE INVERSION OF SEISMIC DATA*

A new inversion method for seismic reflection data is based on impedance concepts and uses transformations to reduce the essentially non-linear problem to a linear eigenvalue formulation without approximation. A set of reflection data has been inverted using this method. The characteristic impedances of the layers so determined are compared with log data from a reference borehole.     

测井约束地震反演综述

阐述了测井约束地震反演研究的必要性、技术内涵及研究思路，回顾了测井约束地震反演技术的发晨历程，比较了三种非线性测井约束地震反演方法的优缺点。小波变换以其独特的变时窗特性，在测井约束地震反演技术发展中潜力较大，值得深入研究。同时对测井约束地震反演技术的研究现状做了小结，指出当前的研究对象已转向了复杂地质体。特别是海相碳酸盐岩复杂地质体，由于海相和陆相油气田存在许多不同之处，所以测井约束地震反演技术将面临巨大的机遇和挑战。最后，指出了测井约束地震反演技术的发展方向。     

COMPLETE INVERSION OF ZERO-OFFSET SEISMIC DATA*

The one-dimensional seismic inverse problem consists of recovering the acoustic impedance (or reflectivity function) as a function of traveltime from the reflection response of a horizontally layered medium excited by a plane-wave impulsive source. Most seismic sources behave like point sources, and the data must be corrected for geometrical spreading before the inversion procedure is applied. This correction is usually not exact because the geometrical spreading is different for primary and multiple reflections. An improved algorithm is proposed which takes the geometrical spreading from a point source into account. The zero-offset reflection response from a stack of homogeneous layers of variable thickness is used to compute the thickness, velocity and density of each layer. This is possible because the geometrical spreading contains additional information about the velocities.     

Accurate estimation of acoustic impedance based on spectral inversion

Acoustic impedance is one of the best attributes for seismic interpretation and reservoir characterisation. We present an approach for estimating acoustic impedance accurately from a band‐limited and noisy seismic data. The approach is composed of two stages: inverting for reflectivity from seismic data and then estimating impedance from the reflectivity inverted in the first stage. For the first stage, we achieve a two‐step spectral inversion that locates the positions of reflection coefficients in the first step and determines the amplitudes of the reflection coefficients in the second step under the constraints of the positions located in the first step. For the second stage, we construct an iterative impedance estimation algorithm based on reflectivity. In each iteration, the iterative impedance estimation algorithm estimates the absolute acoustic impedance based on an initial acoustic impedance model that is given by summing the high‐frequency component of acoustic impedance estimated at the last iteration and a low‐frequency component determined in advance using other data. The known low‐frequency component is used to restrict the acoustic impedance variation tendency in each iteration. Examples using one‐ and two‐dimensional synthetic and field seismic data show that the approach is flexible and superior to the conventional spectral inversion and recursive inversion methods for generating more accurate acoustic impedance models.     

高分辨率非线性三维整体反演研究(英文)

高分辨率非线性三维整体反演方法是基于非线性理论,在层位控制下,将工区多井(或全部井)的测井数据与井旁地震道数据输入具有多输入多输出的网络,同时进行整体训练,可获得整个工区的自适应权函数,并建立综合非线性映射关系,并根据储层在纵横方向上的地质变化特征更新这种非线性映射关系,这样,就能对反演过程及其反演结果起到约束和控制的作用,从而获得稳定且分辨率高的地震反演剖面(速度反演剖面/波阻抗反演剖面/密度反演剖面),实现整体反演,该方法通过模型试算和实际资料处理,获得较好的地质效果,证明该方法精度高、实用性强,可用于储层的定量分析。     

Adaptive reconstruction method of impedance model with absolute and relative constraints

Inversion for seismic impedance is an ill-posed and band-limited problem so that inversion results are non-unique and unstable and low and high frequency components of inversion results are missed. Combining regularization with constraints of sonic log data and geological structure information can help to alleviate these problems. To achieve this, we developed an inversion method by constructing a new objective function which includes edge-preserving regularization and soft constraint based on Markov random field (MRF). The method directly introduces absolute constraints with prior impedance and sonic log data in the objective function and indirectly achieves relative constraints with geologic structures of layer interfaces and faults by adjusting the regularization parameter which is the scaling parameter δ. Moreover, we improved the inversion result using anisotropic diffusion smoothing method. Optimization approach utilized in inversion is a fast simulated annealing (FSA). We test the method on both synthetic and field data examples. Tests on 2-D synthetic data indicate that aspects of the discontinuity in the inversion results are significantly improved by adding δ values in faults and layer interfaces. We obtained better results by combining the first-order neighborhood and the third-order neighborhood of MRF. The inversion results of the field data provide more detailed information of the layers. The results of nearby faults were improved by introducing the geological structure constraints.     

Sharp and laterally constrained multitrace impedance inversion based on blocky coordinate descent

Seismic impedance inversion is a well-known method used to obtain the image of subsurface geological structures. Utilizing the spatial coherence among seismic traces, the laterally constrained multitrace impedance inversion (LCI) is superior to trace-by-trace inversion and can produce a more realistic image of the subsurface structures. However, when the traces are numerous, it will take great computational cost and a lot of memory to solve the large-scale matrix in the multitrace inversion, which restricts the efficiency and applicability of the existing multitrace inversion algorithm. In addition, the multitrace inversion methods are not only needed to consider the lateral correlation but also should take the constraints in temporal dimension into account. As usual, these vertical constraints represent the stratigraphic characteristics of the reservoir. For instance, total-variation regularization is adopted to obtain the blocky structure. However, it still limits the magnitude of model parameter variation and therefore somewhat distorts the real image. In this paper, we propose two schemes to solve these issues. Firstly, we introduce a fast algorithm called blocky coordinate descent (BCD) to derive a new framework of laterally constrained multitrace impedance inversion. This new BCD-based inversion approach is fast and spends fewer memories. Next, we introduce a minimum gradient support regularization into the BCD-based laterally constrained inversion. This new approach can adapt to sharp layer boundaries and keep the spatial coherence. The feasibility of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical tests for both synthetic data and field seismic data.     

INVERSION OF REFLECTION DATA *

An iterative inversion method which also takes into account wave energy absorption is described. This method allows estimates of the acoustic impedance in sedimentary layers with nearly plane and parallel stratification. A set of reflection data has been inverted and an impedance model was obtained which correlates well with the essential features of the borehole velocity log.     

井间地震资料测井约束层析成像

利用井间地震资料进行层析成像,由于受观测角的限制,其成像过程具有很强的不稳定性.为了提高成像过程的稳定性,本文将测井资料引入到反演过程中,利用测井资料约束井间地震反演成像过程.采用假设模型进行数值模拟和反演实验,并与无约束反演方法进行对比实验,多种反演结果对比表明,测井约束反演方法改善了层析成像过程的稳定性,提高了成像结果的精度.