基坑开挖对邻近隧道影响的耦合分析方法

为了更合理和快捷地评估基坑施工对邻近已建地铁隧道的影响,将隧道视为弹性的地下连续梁来分析隧道本身的受力和变形,推导了隧道与周围土体相互作用的有限元耦合平衡方程,并引入弹性半空间层状模型来分析基坑卸载对土体和隧道变形性能的影响,建立了层状地基中基坑开挖对邻近隧道影响的耦合分析方法;然后,将提出方法与两阶段方法进行了算例对比,并结合离心机试验结果和工程实测数据进行了验证。研究发现,与两阶段方法相比,耦合方法在能反映出非均质层状地基土体的应力和应变集中（或扩散）现象,不仅具有更好的计算精度,而且减少了计算参数的数量;提出方法的理论计算值与离心试验结果基本一致,与工程实测变形数据基本吻合,验证了方法的有效性;通过工程实际应用得出的一些有益结论,可为合理制定城市基坑施工对邻近隧道影响的保护措施提供一定的理论依据。     

基坑开挖对邻近隧道影响的耦合分析方法

为了更合理和快捷地评估基坑施工对邻近已建地铁隧道的影响,将隧道视为弹性的地下连续梁来分析隧道本身的受力和变形,推导了隧道与周围土体相互作用的有限元耦合平衡方程,并引入弹性半空间层状模型来分析基坑卸载对土体和隧道变形性能的影响,建立了层状地基中基坑开挖对邻近隧道影响的耦合分析方法;然后,将提出方法与两阶段方法进行了算例对比,并结合离心机试验结果和工程实测数据进行了验证。研究发现,与两阶段方法相比,耦合方法在能反映出非均质层状地基土体的应力和应变集中(或扩散)现象,不仅具有更好的计算精度,而且减少了计算参数的数量;提出方法的理论计算值与离心试验结果基本一致,与工程实测变形数据基本吻合,验证了方法的有效性;通过工程实际应用得出的一些有益结论可为合理制定城市基坑施工对邻近隧道影响的保护措施提供一定的理论依据。     

邻近开挖对既有软土隧道的影响

采用两阶段分析方法,提出了邻近开挖对既有软土隧道纵向受力变形影响的简化计算方法。针对软土隧道开挖情况,第1阶段采用Loganathan和Poulos提出的解析解计算开挖引起的土体自由位移场;针对基坑开挖情况,第1阶段根据Mindlin理论解计算邻近荷载作用引起隧道的附加应力;第2阶段基于Winkler地基模型将既有隧道视为弹性地基无限长梁,将土体自由位移或附加应力施加于隧道,并建立求解该问题的纵向变形方程,从而得到隧道纵向位移和内力的计算表达式。结合离心模型试验结果和工程实例进行分析,验证了方法的有效性。研究成果可为合理制定邻近施工对软土隧道的保护措施提供依据。     

基于影像源法的基坑开挖对邻近单桩影响简化分析

邻近建筑物进行基坑开挖会使桩基产生附加变形和内力,降低其承载能力,如果桩基变形过大会威胁到上部结构的安全。针对该领域目前存在的三维有限元数值模拟法建模复杂且计算耗时的现状,同时为了充分利用基坑围护位移较易通过现场监测技术获取的优势,提出了基于影像源法的基坑开挖引起邻近单桩变形影响的两阶段简化分析方法。同时,引入了Kerr地基模型,并针对Winkler地基模型进行改进,弥补了Winkler地基不能考虑土体连续性的缺陷。在第1阶段基于影像源法,由基坑围护变形计算基坑开挖引起的土体水平自由场位移;第2阶段分别基于Winkler和Kerr地基模型,将土体自由场位移施加于桩基,建立桩基在被动位移扰动下的微分控制方程,得到基坑开挖对邻近桩基影响的简化解析解,包括基坑开挖引起桩基的水平位移、弯矩和剪力等。将计算结果与既有理论结果、监测数据以及三维有限元数值模拟结果进行对比,取得了较好的一致性,其中基于Kerr地基模型的简化解比基于Winkler地基模型的简化解更为精确。该简化方法可为有效分析基坑开挖对邻近桩基的变形影响提供一定理论依据。     

基于Poulos弹性理论的被动桩改进算法

传统的Poulos弹性理论仅适合于均质土中土体侧向位移时桩的性状分析,无法考虑土的层状特性。通过引入层状地基中作用一水平集中力的广义Mindlin解和地面作用有竖向荷载时的应力和位移通解,对Poulos方法进行了改进,使之扩展到多层土中,还用于研究堆载条件下的被动桩变形和受力响应。算例分析表明,改进弹性理论要比Poulos方法更为严密、合理,提高了计算精度,应用范围也更广。     

地震动力作用下土-地铁隧道模型分析

针对地铁建设中典型的马蹄形断面隧道建立比例尺为1∶20的分析模型,并采用数值分析方法研究马蹄形隧道处于单一土层及工程所处区域典型的成层土体中时的动力响应。分析结果表明,在单一土层中由于土体的约束作用,结构产生的位移以整体沉降为主,在成层土体中除产生一定的整体变形外还伴随一定的扭转变形。在两种地层情况下马蹄形地铁隧道在地震动力作用下的动力加速度响应、竖向位移均在拱顶处产生最大值,其中在单一土层中的加速度响应最大值为结构中部加速度的2.29倍。结构在顶部和侧板处所产生的动应力响应值也较大。研究表明,地震动力荷载作用下顶板、侧板均为受力较大部位,在设计和施工中应予以充分重视。     

非均质地基中平面应变隧道开挖面稳定上限分析

非均质是软黏土地基中比较普遍的现象,而目前隧道开挖面稳定研究中比较成熟的理论主要是针对均质土体。因此,从塑性极限分析上限法的基本原理出发,采用平面应变隧道刚体平动破坏模式(多块体上限法),考虑软黏土地基的非均质性,推导了平面应变隧道极限支护压力关于隧道埋深、土体重度及土体强度的上限公式。通过与其他方法的比较分析,证明了极限分析方法在隧道开挖面稳定性方面的可行性;利用该方法的计算结果详细探讨了隧道开挖面稳定的影响因素;而且由计算结果可知,地基土的非均质性在影响隧道开挖面极限支护压力的同时,也影响着隧道开挖破坏面的位置和形状,为工程实践提供重要的理论依据。     

非均质土坡降雨入渗的耦合过程及稳定性分析

针对天然土质边坡通常呈现非均质特性这一问题,进行了降雨入渗作用下非均质土坡稳定性分析,考虑了渗流场和应力场之间的耦合作用。以一简化非均质土坡模型为例,对比了耦合和非耦合情况下渗流场的差异,验证耦合的客观性和其必要性;细-粗型和粗-细型土坡的降雨入渗过程可分别分为2个和3个阶段;运用有限元强度折减法,以特征部位位移突变并结合塑性区贯通作为失稳判据,进行了土坡稳定性分析,发现雨水到达土坡土层接触面的时刻即为边坡稳定性突变的时刻;并通过深入分析孔隙水压力分布,揭示了降雨诱发非均质土坡的变形破坏机制。同时,就降雨强度、历时和渗透系数对非均质土坡入渗过程和稳定性的影响进行了大量的计算和分析,发现只有当雨水进入到下层土体时,该层土体渗透系数才会对土坡稳定性产生较大影响。     

基于SBFEM的层状地基埋置管道动力响应求解与分析

针对层状地基,采用改进的比例边界有限元算法(SBFEM)与有限元算法相结合,求解层状地基内刚性埋置管道动力响应问题。改进的比例边界有限元算法引入一个新的坐标变换关系,以一条相似轴代替传统SBFEM的相似中心,并利用加权余量方法得到层状地基动力刚度矩阵方程,最后与有限元法在远场和近场交界面进行耦合,由此求得层状地基埋置管道的动力响应。数值算例验证了算法的准确性,并利用该算法分析了层状地基的非均质特性、泊松比以及埋置深度对管道动力响应的影响,以期为工程实际提供必要的数值依据。结果表明:地基的非均质特性和泊松比对埋置管道的动力响应均有显著的影响;随着埋置深度的加大,管道在相同荷载作用下的动力响应均减小。     

地铁盾构隧道近距离上穿既有线路纵向变形计算方法

针对新建地铁盾构隧道近距离上穿施工引发运营地铁线路不均匀变形问题,将既有线盾构管片视为一系列位于Pasternak基础上由拉伸弹簧、压缩弹簧和剪切弹簧连接的弹性地基短梁,考虑了管片间转动效应和剪切效应以及管片与土体相互作用,建立了基于Mindlin理论的新建盾构隧道施工引起的附加应力以及基于最小势能原理的既有隧道纵向变形的计算方法。结合实测数据与已有方法对比,验证了方法的适用性,并根据工程实例,采用该方法对影响纵向变形的管片连接、土体力学参数、新线与既有线相对位置参数及加固效果进行了分析。结果表明：新建隧道施工至上穿部位时摩擦力f和注浆压力p对既有隧道变形影响较大,穿越既有隧道后纵向变形主要受卸荷附加应力F影响;随着管片间剪切刚度ks、抗拉刚度k T增大,既有线路隆起变形减小,其中ks影响相对较大,工程中可从增强ks和kT的角度控制隧道变形;环形支撑加固措施能有效控制既有线纵向变形,且环间距1.5 m、交叉点左右各3～5环可取得良好效果。     

Deformation analysis of tunnel excavation below existing pipelines in multi‐layered soils based on displacement controlled coupling numerical method

The effect of tunneling on surrounding environments, especially on existing buried pipelines is a problem that engineers designing and practicing in urban geotechnical environments encounter more frequently than in the past. However, previous studies are usually based on the assumption that the soil is homogeneous. How to reflect soil stratification is the main focus for the problem of tunneling in multi‐layered soils. A displacement controlled coupling numerical method is presented for the displacement analysis of tunnel excavation below existing pipelines in multi‐layered soils. On the basis of the layered soil model, to consider the soil nonhomogeneous characteristic, the finite element method and boundary element method are coupled to simulate the deformation of existing pipelines induced by tunneling. The solutions indicate that good agreements are obtained between the proposed coupling numerical method and the commercial software. The accuracy of the proposed numerical method is better than the two stages method based on the existing closed‐form solutions. Moreover, the results discussed in this paper show that the error obtained by the previous method of weighted average on the basis of homogeneous half space converted from layered soils is not negligible for the obvious difference of elastic parameters among successive layers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

层状地基上弹性地基梁的有限元-边界元耦合分析

将地基视为多层各向同性弹性体,对Euler-Bernoulli梁进行有限单元离散分析,对地基-梁接触面采用边界积分法求解,根据地基-梁接触面的竖向位移协调和光滑接触条件,应用有限元与边界元耦合的方法推导出各向同性成层弹性地基上的Euler-Bernoulli梁的半数值半解析解。基于文中理论,编制了相应的程序,通过与现有文献对比,验证了文中理论的正确性,对比分析了分层地基与等效均匀地基两种模型上的弹性地基梁。研究结果表明,分层地基与等效均匀地基两种模型上弹性地基梁性状差异较大,实际弹性地基梁计算中应采用分层地基模型。     

An analysis method for the influence of tunneling on adjacent loaded pile groups with rigid elevated caps

Tunnel excavation could influence the working performance of adjacent pile foundations. How to accurately predict the tunneling‐induced pile responses is becoming an important issue in urban areas. Previous methods tend to neglect the influence of working loads on the tunneling‐induced pile responses. In this paper, a two‐stage analysis method is proposed to study the behavior of pile groups with rigid elevated caps subjected to tunneling‐induced ground movements, in which the pile–pile interaction, coupling of longitudinal and lateral deformation, and influence of working loads are considered. This method is validated by comparing the results with those from a general pile analysis program, GEPAN, centrifuge test data and field measured data. Thereafter, a series of parametric studies is carried out. The results show that the influence of working load on tunneling‐induced pile responses is significant. Three different features of the pile responses will take place for different depth ratios. With the increase in soil stiffness, the tunneling‐induced axial force increases linearly, whereas the bending moment increases nonlinearly. For soils with high stiffness, the maximum bending moment increases linearly with the ground loss ratio within the range of 0–5%; but for soils with low stiffness, this tendency becomes obviously nonlinear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维横观各向同性成层地基的传递矩阵解

通过解耦变换推导出三维直角坐标系下横观各向同性地基的非耦合状态方程;利用双重Fourier变换以及Cayley-Hamilton定理得到了单层地基的传递矩阵;结合边界条件和层间连续条件进而得其传递矩阵解。编制了相应程序并进行了数值计算与分析,结果表明：数值结果与已有文献结果十分吻合,地基的横观各向同性性质与成层性质对受荷地基中竖向位移和应力的影响较为显著。     

Static analysis of vertically loaded pile group in multilayered transversely isotropic soils

In this paper, a coupling approach is presented to study the static responses of vertically loaded pile group embedded in multilayered transversely isotropic soils. The individual pile in pile group is modeled by the finite element method, while the analytical layer-element method is applied to represent the soil's behavior. Then, the interaction equation of piles and soils is obtained by considering the force equilibrium and displacement compatibility conditions and solved by a FORTRAN program. The results computed by the proposed approach compare favorably with those from some existing solutions and field test. Some typical parametric analysis cases are investigated to study the effect of soil anisotropy, pile stiffness ratio, and pile spacing on the behavior of vertically loaded pile group.     

Analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation in two‐layer unsaturated soils

An analytical solution to 1D coupled water infiltration and deformation in layered soils is derived using a Laplace transformation. Coupling between seepage and deformation, and initial conditions defined by arbitrary continuous pore‐water pressure distributions are considered. The analytical solutions describe the transient pore‐water pressure distributions during 1D, vertical infiltration toward the water table through two‐layer unsaturated soils. The nonlinear coupled formulations are first linearized and transformed into a form that is solvable using a Laplace transformation. The solutions provide a reliable means of comparing the accuracy of various numerical methods. Parameters considered in the coupled analysis include the saturated permeability (k_s), desaturation coefficient (α), and saturated volumetric water content (θ_s) of each soil layer, and antecedent and subsequent rainfall infiltration rates. The analytical solution demonstrates that the coupling of seepage and deformation plays an important role in water infiltration in layered unsaturated soils. A smaller value of α or a smaller absolute value of the elastic modulus of the soil with respect to a change in soil suction (H) for layered unsaturated soils means more marked coupling effect. A smaller absolute value of H of the upper layer soil also tends to cause more marked coupling effect. A large difference between the saturated coefficients of permeability for the top and bottom soil layers leads to reduced rainfall infiltration into the deep soil layer. The initial conditions also play a significant role in the pore‐water pressure redistribution and coupling effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地埋点热源作用下层状半空间的热-力耦合响应

采用解析层元法对存在地下点热源的岩土工程问题进行解答。首先从热弹性力学三维问题的基本控制方程出发,利用拉普拉斯-傅里叶积分变换推导出其在变换域内单层介质及下卧半空间的解析层元;然后结合有限单元法原理组装得到总刚度矩阵,结合边界条件,得到其在变换域内的解答,最后应用拉普拉斯-傅里叶积分逆变换技术,得到物理域内的解。编制了相应的计算程序,算例分析表明：该结果与已有文献吻合较好,该方法求解层状半空间的热-力耦合响应问题具有较好的适用性和较高的精度;层状岩土介质体系中,热扩散系数对温度及地表隆起的变化过程影响显著,但对其初始值和最终稳定值影响不明显;分层特性对岩土介质温度分布及地表位移变化过程均有显著影响。     

Analytical layer‐element method for non‐axisymmetric consolidation of multilayered soils

A numerically efficient and stable method is developed to analyze Biot's consolidation of multilayered soils subjected to non‐axisymmetric loading in arbitrary depth. By the application of a Laplace–Hankel transform and a Fourier expansion, the governing equations are solved analytically. Then, the analytical layer‐element (i.e. a symmetric stiffness matrix) describing the relationship between generalized displacements and stresses of a layer is exactly derived in the transformed domain. Considering the continuity conditions between adjacent layers, the global stiffness matrix of multilayered soils is obtained by assembling the inter‐related layer‐elements. Once the solution in the Laplace–Hankel transformed domain that satisfies the boundary conditions has been obtained, the actual solution can be derived by the inversion of the Laplace–Hankel transform. Finally, numerical examples are presented to verify the theory and to study the influence of the layered soil properties and time history on the consolidation behavior. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertical response of pile raft foundations subjected to tunneling‐induced ground movements in layered soil

A simplified analysis method has been developed to estimate the vertical movement and load distribution of pile raft foundations subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling based on a two‐stage method. In this method, the Loganathan–Polous analytical solution is used to estimate the free soil movement induced by tunneling in the first stage. In the second stage, composing the soil movement to the pile, the governing equilibrium equations of piles are solved by the finite difference method. The interactions between structural members (such as pile–soil, pile–raft, raft–soil, and pile–pile) are modeled based on the elastic theory method of a layered half‐space. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with some published solutions for single piles, pile groups, and pile rafts subjected to ground movements induced by tunneling. Good agreements between these solutions are demonstrated. The method is also used for a parametric study to develop a better understanding of the behavior of pile rafts influenced by tunneling operation in layered soil foundations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.