ON THE EXISTENCE OF THE SHUANGTSüAN SERIES AND ITS TRIASSIC FLORA IN HSISHAN OR THE WESTERN HILLS OF PEIPING

During the summer of 1932,Y.S.Chi made a detailed study of thegeology of the Mentoukou (门头溝) and Sanchiatien (三家店) area of Hsishan,or the Sanchiatien Sheet~2 of the Ordnance Map in the scale 1 to 25,000.The     

CHARACTERIZATION AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF THE CENTRAL UPLIFT OF THE QIANGTANG BASIN

The Qiangtang basin is located between Kekexili-Jingshajiang suture belt and Bangong-Lujiang suture belt, and is divided into the north part and south part by the central uplift that has no crop out of Mesozoic strata. When the Jinshajiang Ocean was closed, the subducting plate was subducted southward. In the central part of the Qiangtang basin, the cushioning effect of the asthenosphere resulted in the thermal doming of the mantle and subsequent large-scale anatexis. Mantle source materials and antectic materials were upwelled and extruded into the middle crust, leading to the thickening of the middle crust and the heating and weakening of the middle to upper crust, and resulting in the rapid deformation (detachment) and tectonic erosion, and in the isostatic uplifting and the formation of metamorphic core complex. The upwelling of anatectic materials would further enhance the buoyant repercussion, which would combine with the side stress due from extrusion in resulting in the formation of an extension     

EXTRACTION OF THE STANDARD ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF MINERALS FROM REVERSED EXPERIMENTAL DATA WITH INS

An improvement on the new method of Intervalhalving-Scanning (INS) proposed by the senior author for derivation of thermodynamic properties of minerals from reversed experiment (REP) data has been made in the present work. The treatment of the REP data of 6 reactions in the system MgO-SiO_2-H_2O and the derivation of △_(?)H(?) (298. 15K) for minerals Talc,Forsterite and Anthophyllite are chosen as an example for demonstration of the application of the method.INS is quite different from all the methods for the derivation in the literature and throughout based on thermodynamic principles and equations so that its thermodynamical validity is thoroughgoing.     

CENOZOIC GEOLOGY OF THE WENHO-SSUSHUI DISTRICT OF CENTRAL SHANTUNG

1. Syclinal warping at the end of the Cretaceous time?(Phase Ⅲof Yenshan Movement?).Intermont sedimentation.Deposition of the lowerand middle portions of the Kuanchuang Series during the Eocene(and earlyOligocene?)time. 2. Block-faulting and progressive tilting during the late Oligocenetime(Nanling Movement).Accumulation of the "bajada breccias" in con-nection with the faulting and the inauguration of the Tanghsien consequentdrainage system. 3. Tanghsien erosion to full maturity during the Miocene time. 4. Prolonged period of chemical weathering.Fossil soils withmanganese-iron pisolites and karst surfaces formed(Pliocene). 5. Deposition of gravels(Late Pliocene?). 6. "Z erosion" of moderate dissection followed by the accumula-tion of the Concretionary Reddish Loams (Lower Pleis cene). 7. Chingshui dissection along old lines,followed by the deposition ofbrownish-gray loams and loess of the Malan epoch(Upper Pleistocene). 8. Present cycle of erosion and deposition.     

DETACHMENT FAULT IN DINGGYE AREA IN THE MIDDLE PART OF THE HIMALAYAN OROGEN

Dinggye lies in the middle part of the Himalayan Orogen. A lot of low angle extension detachment faults have been developed in Dinggye area and some of them make up the main body of the South Tibet Detachment System. On the whole, the extension direction of all the detachment faults is perpendicular to the strike of the Himalayan Orogen. Each detachment fault has its distinct characteristics. Mylonite was extensively developed in the detachment faults and can be divided into a variety of types such as siliceous mylonite, felsic mylonite, granite mylonite, protomylonite, crystallization mylonite and so on. On the basis of our field survey works, these detachment faults can be classified according to their locations into three units listed as follows: (1) In the northern part of the study area, the detachment faults occur on large scale and in orbicular shape, and form the middle layer of the metamorphic core complexes. (2) In the southern part of the study area, the detachment faults occur in linear shape that is parallel to the Himalayan Orogen and has a stable attitude, and have undergone two phases of development. In the first phase, the Rouqiechun Group rocks were formed and make up the hanging wall, while in the second phase the Jiachun Group rocks were formed and make up the hanging wall. (3) In the southeastern part of the study area, the detachment faults strike nearly along southeast direction in a stable way and some of these detachment faults were distorted by the late-formed faults and folds. Furthermore, in the southwestern part of the study area, the ductile shear zones are parallel to the detachment faults.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE STRUCTURAL STRESS FIELD OF BEIYA GOLD DEPOSIT

Based on the study about the geological background of Beiya Gold Deposit, numerical simulation was conducted about the three-dimensional structural stress field for Beiya Gold Deposit by applying finite element theory and by employing a linear elasticity model. Results of the simulation indicate that the Beiya syncline is a faulted basin, and a hidden fracture occurs in the west wing of the syncline. Under the action of the EW-trending compressive force, four nearly NS-trending fractures (groups) were generated in the stress stretching areas of the two wings of the syncline, and these fractures constitute favorable tectonic positions for the upward intrusion of porphyry magma and the occurrence of Au-Pb-Zn polymetallic deposits.     

APPLICATION OF THE DC RESISTIVITY METHODS TO THE STUDY OF GROUNWATER IN THE WESTERN PART OF AMMAN BASIN, JORDAN

1. Introduction In many parts of the world, the technique of electrical sounding has been used effectively for solving subsurface water problems in order to minimize drilling costs (e.g. Breusse 1963; Zohdy and Jackson, 1969; Zohdy, 1969; Zohdy et. al. 1984). During June 1999, resistivity surveys was made at the western Amman basin to provide some information about the thickness, lithology and tectonics of the subsurface layers and then to locate suitable drilling sites for water wells. T…     

THE OCCURRENCE OF CERCIS ASSOCIATED WITH THE REMAINS OF SINANTHROPUS

In a short paper entitled "Evidences of the Use of Fire by Sinanthropus",Dr.Davidson Black has discussed the occurrence of burned bone fragments andcharcoal debris in association with the remains of Sinanthropus at Chou KouTien,and has concluded that Sina     

PRESSURE GRADIENT FROM THE CONTRIBUTION OF BOTH GEOTHERMAL AND GRAVITY IN THE LITHOSPHERE

1 Introduction The pressure, a scalar quantity, is defined as P = F/S (F is force, S is the area for F) which can be widely used for both solid and fluid. The formula P = g ρh (g-gravitation acceleration,ρ-density, h-depth) is only used for even density static solid and fluid. The delivery of pressure in the fluid follows the law of Pascal, and the average pressure of uneven density fluid can be calculated with the formula of P = g ρh. The temperature influence on pressure is notHU Ba…     

DISCOVERY OF RADIOLARIAN FOSSILS IN THE CHERT GRAVELS OF TRIASSIC CONGLOMERATE IN THE WEST OF SOUTH TIANSHAN, NW CHINA

1. Introduction Kurgan, a frontier station in the south foot of the Southwest Tianshan Mountains, is located on the NW margin of the Tarim Basin (Fig. 1). The Mesozoic coal-bearing molasses there is the most west Mesozoic outcrop of the Kuqa Depression, a tectonic unit of Tarim and its adjacent area. It is very difficult for geologist to access there. This results in the lack of geological works in this area. Meanwhile, only a few petroleum exploration works have been accomplished in t…     

MORPHOTECTONICS OF THE BASEMENT SURFACE OF THEWEST SIBERIAN BASIN WITHIN NADYM-TAZ INTERFLUVE

The map of reflecting horizon A, plotted on the basis of regional geophysical materials, yields information about the bottom topography of sedimentary cover of the West-Siberian Basin within Nadym-Taz interfluve. Through morphotectonic analysis about this surface, the authors are able to understand the distribution characteristics of the main topographic irregularities, with the block structure of the lower cover floors and underlying complexes as the focus. The largest irregularities are caused by the presence of three regional altitude steps, which show a regional tendency of basement being submerged in the north-north-east direction. Within these irregularities, the authors have distinguished some regions, which can be divided, based on the characteristics of morphostructural distribution, into two groups, i.e., areal (Nadym, Tol‘ka, Urengoy) and belt (Tarko-Sale, Russko-Chasel‘ka and Messoyakha). The first ones represent quasihomogeneous blocks, whose surfaces are complicated by irregular low-amplitude elevations and troughs and low-gradient zones with gradient values being up to 0.03, or they submerge stepwise, with the leveled areas being separated by zones with high gradients (0.07-0.15). The morphostructure ofthe other group of regions is characterized by the en-echelon distribution of contrastingly positive and negative elements with high values of slope gradients (higher than 0.1-0.2).     

ON A MESOLITHIC(■)INDUSTRY OF THE CAVES OF KWANGSI

INTRODUCTION In the beginning of 1935,a party of geologists was sent by Di.W.H.Wong,Director of the Geological Survey,in order to survey the Cenozoicformations of Kwangsi.The party,including P.Teilhard de Chardin,Dr.C.C.Young and the author,was met in Canton and greatly assisted in thefield by Dr.H.C.Chang,Professor at the Sunyatsen University (Canton).     

BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CHINA——PROCEEDINGS OF THE EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CHINA HELD IN NANKING,MAY 2,3,4,1931

The Annual Meetings of the past years were all held in Peiping. This was the first meeting held at Nanking at the invitation of National Central University. Fifty-four members were present, including Director W. H. Wong of the National Geological Survey, Prof. Y. C. Sun of National University, Peiping, Mr. T. O. Chu, acting Director of Geological Survey of Kwangtung and     

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUST-MANTLE TRANSITION ZONE AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE IN THE CONTINENT OF CHINA

The crust-mantle transition zone (CMTZ) is an important site for mass and energy exchange between the lower crust and upper mantle. Several kinds of CMTZ exist beneath the continent of China, which show different seismic reflection characteristics and are composed of different rock associations. In this paper, we identify three types of CMTZ in the continent of China. (a) The CMTZ beneath the Tibet Plateau exhibits a grid-shaped seismic reflection characterized by random and reticular high and low seismic velocity lamellae. It is about 30 km thick, comprising both mafic granulites of lower crust and ultramafic rocks of upper mantle. Such lithological association and seismic velocity structure were inherited from the crustal overthrust and overlapping during the Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Euro-Asian continents; The corresponding crust movement is still very intense in this region. (b) The CMTZ underneath North China Block is usually composed of a thinner strong positive velocity gradient l     

A DYNAMIC MODEL OF MULTIDIRECTIONAL COLLISION-WEDGING UPLIFT OF THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU

1. IntroductionThe formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau have long attracted geoscientists from the world, especially since the 1980s. They proposed numerous models of its formation and evolution (England et al. 1986, Tapponnier et al. 1982, Mattauer 1986, Zhao et al. 1987, Wu et al. 1991, Li, 1995, Zeng et al. 1992, Zhao et al., 1996, Xiao et al. 1998). In this paper we will discuss the uplift mechanism of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau from the tectonic framework of deformatio…     

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NIUSHOU MOUNTAIN AND ITS GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN CENTRAL NINGXIA

There are many thrust-related structures occurring in the Paleozoic strata of the Niushou Mountain in the central part of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The fault-related folds are the typical structures in this area. Based on the analysis about these structures and their relationships, the processes by which these structures of the Miboshan Formation were formed are reconstructed, and the strata underwent about three stages of deformation: (1) horizontal shortening, (2) folding, and (3) thrusting. And the fact that the Niushou Mountain is the leading edge of an old thrust sheet was proved, the Niushou Mountain, the Daluo Mountain and the Xiaoluo Mountain together constitute the front part of this old thrust zone, so the Niushou Mountain and the Ordovician strata in the central and southern parts of Ningxia now are likely allochthons. In the period from middle Ordovician to Devonian, the areas of the central and southern Ningxia belonged to the back-arc foreland basin of North Qilianshan orogen, which was adjacent to the continent in the north. In the later part of the early Paleozoic period, the Niushou Mountain was formed after the closure of the back-arc foreland basin.     

RESPONSE OF TRIASSIC SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF LOWER YANGTZE TO THE COLLISION BETWEEN THE YANGTZE PLATE AND THE NORTH CHINA PLATE

The characteristics of the Triassic sequences developed in the Lower Yangtze area display some great changes in both environment and climate. The change of environment was a transition from marine to continent via alternating environments. The change of climate was a transition from tropic （torrid） to warm and wet climate via subtropic dry climate. The type variations of the sequences were from the marine sequences to the continental sequences, corresponding to the changes of environments and climates. Sequence 1 is a type II of sequence of mixed elastic and carbonate sediments; sequence 2 is a type I of sequence of carbonate platform; sequence 3 is a type I of sequence of carbonate tidal flat-salt lagoon, sequence 4 is a type iI of sequence of lacustrine within marine layers, and sequence 5 is a sequence of lacustrine-swamp. The development, distribution and preservation of those sequences reveal the tectonic controls and their changes in the background. The collision between the Yangtze plate and the North China plate was a great geological event in the geological history, but the timing of the collision is still disputed. However, the characteristics of Triassic sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes in the Lower Yangtze area responded to this collision. The collision started at the beginning of middle Triassic and the great regression in the Lower Yangtze area started 22Ma earlier than those in the world. The tectonic conditions occurred before and during the collision controlled the development of sequences and type changes.     

A BRIEFINTRODUCTION TO OVERSEA MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD

(1)Dr .El-Sayed Mohamed Abdelrahman Professor of Geophysics ,Cairo University ,Egypt . His pri mary researchinterests are poten-tial field methods . His research has focused on gravity , magnetic ,self-potential methods including depth and shape determination . He hasbeen awarded 5 prizes between 1992 and 2003 ,including the state prize in Earth sciences ,the state prize in advanced technological sciencesand the others . (2)Dr . Norman Bleistein Emeritus Professor of Geophysics ,Colorad…     

A GEOELETRIC RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT-BASED GROUNDWATER LEVEL AT THE BIR MADKOUR AREA, SOUTHERN PART OF THE DEAD SEA TRANSFORM FAULT, JORDAN

1. IntroductionThe effectiveness of the DC resistivity method in solving subsurface water problems and in minimizing drilling costs has been established in many parts of the world (e. g. Breusse, 1963; Zohdy and Jackson, 1969; Zohdy, 1969). Within the framework of a hydrogeological and geologic economic project between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Federal Republic of Germany, Heimbach and Meiser (1969) and Worzyk (1982) used the method in the south section of the Dead Sea tran…     

THEORETICAL REFLECTICTIONS ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF CHINA FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF GLACIO-EUSTATISM.

It is quite generally accepted that the growth of the Pleistocene ice-capsdemanded world-wide depression of mean sea-level; indeed,as Henri Bauligsays,"it expresses a physical necessity." There is striking evidence,moreover,for such a recent depression in the extension of river systems across the continental