莱州湾三山岛产卵场调查与设定《资源保护区》的建议

本文以笔者调查资料为基础，扼要阐明了三山岛产卵场的鱼类种类、水域生物学与地理学条件及形成该产卵场的机理，并根据当前渔业资源状况，提出了建立《资源保护区》的建议，以为黄渤海渔业资源的可持续利用奠定基础。     

我国海洋渔业资源保护制度的生态贡献分析

为保护渔业资源以及遏制渔业资源衰退,我国实施了一系列保护行动,海洋渔业资源保护制度化、机制化的局面逐步形成。文章从国家级水产种质资源保护区建设、海洋牧场创建、增殖放流行动、伏季休渔以及遏制过度捕捞5个方面阐述我国海洋渔业资源保护制度建设现状,从海洋渔业资源发展现状、发展模式、生态环境3个方面解析我国海洋渔业资源保护制度的生态贡献,并从海洋渔业资源调查监测、评估评价、制度优化3个方面对我国海洋渔业资源保护制度建设提出建议,以期更好地助力我国海洋渔业可持续健康发展。     

三峡工程对长江口区渔业资源影响的数值模拟

河口生态环境与渔业资源受多种因素影响，其变化过程与作用机制错综复杂。动态模型的建立可以简单概括其结构，归纳出其基本特征，为定量描述和分析河口生态环境与渔业资源的变化提供有力工具。三峡工程对长江河口区生态环境及渔业资源影响的前期研究工作已初步查清河口及邻近海域的本底情况和一些基本规律(张法高等，1987；刘瑞玉等，1987) ，后期工作又进一步收集整理了大量有关历史资料，这为建立长江口渔业资源模型提供了有利条件。     

胶州湾水产经济动物资源及其利用

本文以近10年来的渔业资料,概述了胶州湾水产经济动物资源状况,为合理开发利用和保护渔业资源提供依据。     

山东海洋渔业资源问题分析及其可持续发展策略

着重分析了山东海洋渔业资源状况及其存在的问题,提出了未来海洋渔业资源的发展对策。渔业生态环境恶化,过度捕捞,养殖种质退化,使渔业资源严重衰退;海产品加工技术落后,缺乏高附加值产品,渔业资源利用率低。开展海洋渔业资源相关基础研究,运用海洋生物技术等高新技术,重点进行海洋环境与渔业资源保护,发展生态渔业,科学、合理地开发利用渔业资源,是实现渔业资源可持续利用和长久发展的可行策略。     

长山群岛海洋渔业资源的平均营养级变化特征

根据长山群岛 1965-2016 年渔业统计资料，分析长山群岛海域主要捕捞渔获物产量、平均营养级 （Mean trophic level， MTL）、渔业均衡指数 （Fishing in balance index，FiB） 年际变化，探讨其海洋渔业资源利用状况，并利用小波分析方法研究52年来渔获物 MTL 周期变化特征。研究表明： （1） 长山群岛捕捞产量、MTL 和 FiB 指数呈阶段性变化； （2） 长山群岛渔业资源开发经历初期开发、扩张捕捞、过度捕捞、资源破坏等四个阶段，渔业资源环境正在逐渐恶化；（3） 受人类捕捞活动影响，MTL 在 15~19 年和 24~34 年两种时间尺度下呈周期波动，30 年为第一主周期，17 年为第二主周期。长山群岛渔业资源破坏日益严重，未来几年平均营养级将呈下降趋势。为防止渔业资源进一步衰退，应加强捕捞活动管理力度，落实海洋渔业资源保护制度；完善预警机制，构建海洋渔业资源监测系统；同时应积极调整长山群岛渔业产业结构，提高资源产出效率.     

闽江口及附近海域渔业资源现存量评析

根据2006年夏季(8月)和冬季(1月)、2007年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)在闽江口及其附近海域利用底拖网作业的渔业资源调查资料,应用传统扫海面积法以及△-分布模型法分析了福建闽江口及其附近海域(25°42′-26°27′N,119°42′-120°15′E)的渔业资源现存量.研究结果表明,闽江口及其附近海域的鱼类、甲壳类的资源密度较高,而头足类资源密度较低.渔业资源密度秋季居首位,约为2569.11kg·km-2,夏季次之,约为1 120.23kg·km-2,而冬、春季资源密度较低,分别为867.16和553.60.29kg·km-2.年平均渔业资源现存量约为4599t,渔业潜在资源量达32451t.渔业资源分布与水温、水深关系较密切.该海域渔业资源已经明显衰退,急需加强渔业资源的管理和保护.     

基于初级生产力的海洋生物资源承载力评估

资源环境承载力研究亟待突破承载阈值界定与关键参数率定的技术瓶颈，并建立一套标准化的定量评价关键技术。本研究基于“资源量?消费量”模型，通过调查与实验分析获取特定海区的初级生产力、浮游植物有机碳含量、鱼类营养级等关键参数值，采用营养动态模型和Tait沿岸海域能流模型来估算海洋生物资源总量，然后根据年人均水产品摄入量或年人均蛋白质摄入量来计算该海区海洋生物资源承载力的阈值。根据2016年对日照辖区海域的生态环境状况调查，该海域年平均初级生产力(以C计)为428.22 mg/(m2·d)，浮游植物年生产量为918.51万t，鱼类、虾蟹类和头足类的平均营养级分别为3.85、3.92和3.90，利用营养动态模型计算海域渔业资源(鱼类、虾蟹类和头足类)的年生产量为3.89万t；根据Tait沿岸海域能流模型计算日照10 m等深线以内浅海的除去壳重的贝类资源量为5.50万t。按照年人均水产品摄入量为21 kg，计算出日照辖区海域的海洋生物资源承载力总和为192.86万人；按照年人均摄入蛋白质量为30 kg，计算出日照辖区海域的海洋生物资源承载力总和为16.87万人。本文建立了一项具有广泛适用性的海洋生物资源承载力定量评价技术，对科学地开发利用海洋生物资源和建立陆海统筹的资源环境承载力的监测预警机制起到积极的促进作用。     

我国海洋生物资源地理信息系统的开发

本文讨论了在比较成熟的地理信息系统开发平台上进行海洋生物资源地理信息系统的开发过程及根据用户的需求和应用的目的,利用地理信息技术及我国专属经济区和大陆架生物资源勘测资料,对我国主要海区的渔业资源进行空间分析、查询和统计的方法。     

黄海太平洋褶柔鱼资源现状与开发

太平洋褶柔鱼是我国近年在黄海开发的重要渔业资源。首先概括了本种柔鱼的基本属性，阐述了资源开发现状，块状分布，种群，渔获量和资源量，对块状分布的形成作了理论分析；最后探讨了黄海柔鱼资源的开发与保护问题。     

渔业资源评估在渔业管理中的作用

资源评估是应用各种统计和数学方法量化地于业种群形态对渔业管理选择的反应。资源评估不仅仅是预测静止的最佳捕捞努力量和持续产量，而是评估鱼类和渔民对管理决策和其它变化的动态反应。在动态的渔业系统中帮助管理者进行决策是一个困难的任务，资源评估生物学家要配合管理者和决策者提出适当的问题，和思考渔业对变化的动态反应。     

Commercial scale invertebrate fisheries enhancement in Australia: Experiences,challenges and opportunities

Stock enhancement or “assisted recruitment” for fisheries management in Australia is at an experimental R&D phase. Development of the science has focused largely on finfish targeted by the recreational sector; however it is considered that high value invertebrates will be the best candidates for commercial scale fisheries enhancement. Three main ingredients are required; technical capacity, governance capability, and the ‘correct’ species. The technical capacity needed is in the area of hatchery production and wild release methodologies, whilst the governance capability needed is informed policy that accounts for the complexities and interdisciplinary nature of stock enhancement. In particular, the appropriate articulation of policy to support economic development and integration into wild fisheries is currently lacking. If successful stock enhancement is implemented, the nature of fisheries management changes because the recruitment side of the fisheries equation is under substantial control, rather than just the production side. Management responses will require significant innovation, with a renewed emphasis on understanding the stock, rather than policing the fishers. By way of illustration, recent initiatives and key challenges encountered in Australian invertebrate fisheries are investigated through case studies. An example of a commercially-viable enhancement fishery that reflects solutions to the key challenges is also presented. The review ends with an argument to re-establish the context of stock enhancement in the discipline of ecological enhancement. This is a crucial and positive step forward for it recognises that, in principle, any renewable aquatic ecosystem has the potential to be enhanced instead of just depleted.     

Fish catch data: Less than what meets the eye

A recent opinion piece published in Nature summarises the differing views held by Pauly on the one hand, and by Hilborn and Branch on the other, regarding the challenge faced by fishery scientists in accurately determining the status of the world's fisheries. Both commentaries discuss whether the fisheries catch data published by FAO can by themselves be used to infer fishery status. The purpose of this short communication is to examine both views and to propose additional solutions to contribute to the understanding of fishery status globally. These may include expanding data-poor stock assessment methods as well as community-based data collection and monitoring programs, particularly in developing countries.     

National comprehensive approaches for rebuilding fisheries in South Korea

Korea's coastal and offshore fisheries have experienced reduction in their catch in the early 2000. The amount of catch from coastal and offshore fisheries dropped from 1.7 million tons in 1986 to 1 million tons in 2004. To address such catch reduction, fish stock enhancement programs have been constantly developed and implemented. However, as fish stocks have been estimated to decrease since 2000 in spite of various management measures, the Korean Government genuinely acknowledges the necessity to enhance fisheries productivity through the recovery of depleted fish stocks. Based on such acknowledgement, a fish stock rebuilding plan (FSRP) combined with conventional fish stock enhancement programs was established in 2005. For stocks which have shown drastic decrease, a FSRP was set up and promoted. So far, 10 FSRPs have been established and operated, and plan is being made to expand them to 20 species by 2012. The result of pilot projects shows that stocks have been increasing after the introduction of FSRPs. For instance, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of sandfish in the East Sea has increased from 0.44 in 2005 to 0.78 in 2011. Consequently, fishing income has increased by 15%. The key lessons learned during the implementation of FSRP are: the causes for the decrease of stock vary and are complicated and it is necessary to adjust and eliminate some conventional policies that could have unforeseen negative impacts on fish stocks. The FSRP-based fisheries management policy in Korea carries great significance, for it has changed the focus of policy from simply maintaining the status quo to stock recovery and it allows relevant stakeholders to get actively involved in the procedures of establishing and promoting the plan, leading to effective implementation of the plan. The current FSRP is operated with species, but if it can be gradually expanded to encompass the whole ecosystem, it will greatly contribute to more effective management and fish stock recovery for all species in offshore and coastal waters surrounding Korea.     

The use of a consequential perspective to upgrade the utility of Life Cycle Assessment for fishery managers and policy makers

Attributional LCA, which monitors specific production systems in steady state conditions, is increasingly used in fisheries to assess the environmental profile of fleets and seafood supply chains. However, this approach is not pertinent to assess the environmental consequences of (large scale) policies. In contrast, consequential LCA (CLCA) has been successfully implemented in other sectors to assess the expected changes in environmental impacts of a given production system and other (marginal) production systems that may be affected in response to changes driven by policy or strategic decisions. CLCA commonly combines LCA with economic models to simulate the interactions occurring between the analysed systems. However, the use of these models may not be the most appropriate approach to follow for fisheries. Hence, it seems feasible that CLCA should be combined with stock prediction tools rather than with economic models, to determine how changes in stock sizes and quota restrictions may cause variations in the environmental impact of fishing fleets.     

Fisheries regulation: A survey of the literature on uncertainty,compliance behavior and asymmetric information

Economists normally claim that a stock externality arises within fisheries because each individual fisherman does not take the effect on stock size into account when making harvest decisions. Due to the stock externality, it is commonly argued that fisheries regulation is necessary, but regulatory decisions are complicated by a tremendous amount of uncertainty and asymmetric information. This paper provides an overview of selected parts of the literature on the regulation of fisheries under uncertainty and asymmetric information, and possible areas for future research are identified. Specifically, three main topics are covered. First, the issue of choosing regulatory instruments under uncertainty is discussed. Second, compliance and enforcement problems caused by fisheries regulation are investigated. Third, alternatives to a traditional enforcement policy are presented.     

Current and future trends in fisheries stock assessment and management

There are currently three dominant approaches to fisheries stock assessment: analysis of catch-at-age data; simple models of biomass dynamics (often called surplus production models) that rely only on catch and some index of abundance; and analysis of length frequency data. A key characteristic of all these methods is that they rely primarily on one type of data and ignore most of what is known about the biology of the species in question and what has been learned from fisheries elsewhere. Other information is sometimes included subjectively after the stock assessment is complete. The first major trend in assessment methods is developing ways of incorporating all that is known about the biology of a species into a single unified assessment procedure. The second major development is in methods of incorporating uncertainty in stock assessment, using statistical decision theory. At present few agencies have formal methods for treating the uncertainty inherent in stock assessment, and therefore uncertainty is often ignored. A number of trends in fisheries management are reviewed, including adoption of formal harvest strategies, recognition that fisheries management is a matter of decision-making and risk-taking, and the use of Monte-Carlo evaluation of fisheries management options. Future trends in stock assessment and management will likely include more attention to the behaviour of fishermen in response to regulations, more involvement of user-groups in decision-making, much more allocation of property rights, including complete privatization of some fisheries, and demand for evaluation of cost effectiveness of research and management activities. Threats to commercial fisheries as now known are discussed, including growing allocation to recreational and aboriginal users, environmentalists and the impact of aquaculture.     

An indicator-based adaptive management framework and its development for data-limited fisheries in Belize

Decisions regarding the selection and implementation of management strategies that constrain fishing pressure can be among the most difficult choices that fisheries managers and stakeholders must make. These types of decisions often need to be confronted in a data-limited context, where few if any management measures are currently in place or fisheries are managed independent of adequate scientific advice. This situation can sometimes create a high risk of overfishing and potential loss of economic and social benefits. To address this situation, simple model-free indicator-based frameworks have the potential to be effective decision-making platforms for fisheries where quantitative estimates of biomass and fishing mortality based reference points are lacking. In this paper, a multi-indicator framework is developed that enables decision-makers to proceed with management decisions in data-limited situations. Model-free indicators are calculated using trends in observed data, rather than stock assessment derived estimates of biomass and fishing mortality. The framework developed is adaptive so that adjustments to catch or effort are recursive and can respond to changing environments, socioeconomic conditions, and fishing practices. Using stakeholder-defined objectives as a foundation, indicators and reference points of fishery performance are chosen that can be evaluated easily by undertaking analyses of available data. Indicators from multiple data streams are used so that uncertainty in one indicator can be hedged through careful interpretation and corroboration of information from alternative indicators. During the adaptive management cycle, managers and stakeholders evaluate each indicator against the associated reference points to determine performance measures, interpret the results using scientific and local knowledge, and adjust fishery management tactics accordingly using pre-defined harvest control rules. The framework facilitates the interpretation of situations in which performance measures suggest divergent stock abundance or productivity levels. A case study is presented on this framework's development for conch and lobster fisheries of Belize.     

Own-price elasticity of open access supply as a long-run measure of fish stock abundance

Extensive criticisms of the management of marine fisheries periodically arise for a variety of reasons. While the complexity of the US fisheries management process is partially to blame, these reasons manifest themselves in statements that include a perceived decline in living marine resource abundance levels, a proposed change in the regulatory infrastructure, or improvements in stock abundance that some feel should allow for new entrants. Following these criticisms are calls to end the federal management process or at the very least the replacement of the fishery management agency leadership. These demands driven by rent seeking behavior use short-term declines in abundance as justification when the long-run abundance measures would have indicated improvements in stock abundance and achievement of management objectives. Empirical, long-run, stock abundance indices are estimated using synthetic demand methodology, based on bioeconomic fishery theory, applied in a general and partial equilibrium theory framework to determine if maximum sustainable yield (MSY) management targets have been achieved and maintained for four fisheries considered to be successfully managed and one characterized as a socio-economic disaster. The abundance of a fish stock is more influence by extra-market and extra-fishery forces than by fisheries managers who base allocation decisions solely on single species stock assessments.     

关于拖网选择性影响因子的分析研究

随着渔业资源的下降，除了通过渔业法规严格管理渔业生产行为外，更应该使用高选择性的渔具。拖网是1种选择性比较差的渔具，对渔业资源的破坏十分严重。提高拖网选择性对保护渔业资源具有重要意义，本文就影响拖网选择性的因子进行了分析探讨。