用于零偏移距VSP资料的自适应波形反演方法研究

提出一种利用零偏移距VSP资料初至下行波(即直达波)反演介质品质因子Q及层速度V等参数的方法, 称为自适应时域波形反演法(ATWI). 为了充分地利用有效信息, 该方法根据实际VSP资料的信噪比及直达波与上行波干涉的程度,自适应最大限度地选取未受干扰的初至波片段,并用该片段构造目标函数; 通过恰当地构造数据加权矩阵提高目标函数对Q值变化的敏感性;为克服非线性反演的病态问题,采用近来发展的乘性正则化方法,并通过约束条件限制待求参数的取值范围;文中推导出了雅可比矩阵各元素的解析表达式,从而减小了反问题的计算量.合成数据反演结果表明,与谱比值法和子波包络峰值瞬时频率法相比较,ATWI法受上行波影响相对较小、抗噪性能更强.实际资料算例进一步证明了ATWI方法的有效性.     

地震波频散效应与反Q滤波相位补偿

本文以Futterman提出的地震波振幅衰减和相速度频散表达式为基础,从井震匹配的角度出发,推导了不进行反Q滤波、仅反Q滤波振幅补偿、仅反Q滤波相位补偿,以及反Q滤波相位与振幅同时补偿四种情况下,地震波速度频散与相速度及地震记录振幅谱间的表达式,并从理论上说明了反Q滤波相位补偿的必要性.通过相同观测系统,炸药震源和可控震源分别激发采集的零偏移距VSP资料实例,验证了本文所推导的速度频散表达式的合理性;通过井震标定实例,进一步说明了反Q滤波相位补偿,可有效消除地震子波速度频散,提升地面地震资料与零偏移距VSP走廊叠加剖面的匹配度,最终提高地震资料成果的可信度.     

零偏VSP反演Q值CFS方法及影响因素研究

当地震波在地层中传播时,能量的衰减是传播介质非弹性性质的反映.这种介质所固有的衰减特性通常用品质因子(Quality Factor, Q)来描述.本文基于地震波在传播过程中主频降低的衰减特性,利用质心频率偏移法(Centroid Frequency Shift,简称 CFS)对零偏VSP正演模型进行Q值计算,分析薄层、上下行波场、频带宽度、反演波速、震源位置等因素的影响.模型结果显示:CFS法比频谱比法、振幅衰减法能更加准确识别薄层界面,可准确反演出厚度10m的地层;上行波场的加入降低反演结果准确度,尤其对高Q值层;当有效波频带增宽时,高频部分衰减明显,Q值反演结果接近理论值;反演波速误差对反演准确性影响很大.最后,利用CFS对实际井旁地面地震资料进行Q值反演,反Q滤波后其主频由25Hz提高到35Hz,分辨率得到改善,证明了CFS方法的实用性.     

能量比法提取品质因子Q（英文）

地层品质因子Q反映了地层对地震波吸收衰减的强弱,是油气检测的重要指示因子,准确提取Q值十分重要。本文根据地震子波能量衰减特征,提出基于子波衰减前后能量比的Q值提取方法。该方法是综合利用多点信息估算子波能量,规避了常规Q值方法(如质心频移法)对地震子波谱的假设,适用于任意波谱形状,但对资料的保真度要求较高。VSP正演模型测试发现,在非固有衰减(如几何扩散、反射透射损失等)得到准确补偿的前提下,能比法能较好地反演地层Q值。实际零偏VSP资料应用表明,能比法提取的Q值趋势与谱比法基本一致,具有一定的可信度。     

利用叠前CMP资料估计介质品质因子

本文提出了一种利用叠前CMP道集资料估计介质品质因子的方法,同时提出利用地震道间有效信号的相干性估计层位信息的方法.首先采用具有4个待定系数的函数去逼近震源子波,利用黏弹介质中单程波传播理论推导出地震子波包络峰值处的瞬时频率(EPIF)与不同偏移距处走时的关系;其次利用该关系,外推出该同相轴零偏移距处的EPIF,用小波域包络峰值处瞬时频率法(WEPIF)结合层位信息估计Q值.合成数据的结果表明,EPIFVO法(子波包络峰值瞬时频率随偏移距变化)无边界效应,计算精度相对较高;将该方法用于实际资料算例,结果表明,衰减强弱与储层的吸收有较好的对应关系.     

利用零偏移距VSP资料在小波域计算介质Q值

讨论了地震子波为一般零相位子波情况下,利用零偏移距垂直地震剖面(VSP)资料在时-频域计算Q值方法．以Morlet小波为基本小波,基于单程波传播理论, 在地震子波为一般的零相位子波情况下,推导出了在时-频域计算Q值的公式．通过对横坐标作恰当的非线性变换后,该公式在形式上与地震子波为脉冲时的计算公式类似．文中采用VSP正演记录,验证了本文提出的方法的正确性．文中还讨论了在时-频域恰当地选择有效频带,降低反射波对Q值计算结果影响的方法．     

利用零偏移VSP资料估计介质品质因子方法研究

利用峰值频率移动法估算零偏VSP资料的品质因子Q．该方法用Ricker子波和匹配地震子波分别逼近零相位和混合相位的震源子波，得到了峰值频率移动法估计Q值的公式．进而针对常规方法估计的地震子波峰值频率精度不高的问题，提出了估计地震子波峰值频率的特征结构法．通过合成零偏VSP资料的仿真试验，验证了峰值频率移动法估计Q值的正确性．仿真结果表明，与快速Fourier变换和Burg最大熵方法相比较，特征结构法得到的峰值频率和Q值精度高一些．仿真结果也表明，用峰值频率移动法估计Q值时需要选取恰当的子波参数,否则影响Q值估计的精度．     

基于零偏VSP初至波的地震高频补偿和相位校正

松辽盆地中浅层之上地层的压实程度低,对地震波吸收衰减作用明显,对高频成分的衰减尤为严重,如何恢复和补偿被大地吸收的地震波高频成分,从而提高地震资料的垂向分辨率,解决薄储层地震识别问题,是地震资料处理急需解决的技术难题.本文基于零偏VSP数据的初至波主频率随深度下降的关系,应用主频偏移法逐点求得随深度变化的地层品质因子Q;按照坳陷盆地层状介质的特点,依据地震速度和主要反射界面将目的层上部坳陷期地层划分为多层常数Q模型,实现Q值场的时变和空变.在叠前、叠后地震数据体上,采用增益控制Q值高频补偿和相位校正技术,提高地震资料的分辨率.大庆油田常家围子三维地震工区应用该技术的成果数据,频带展宽5 Hz以上,主要反射层同相轴连续性增强,层间反射细节突出,与测井及VSP数据的匹配程度提高,为该区油藏评价研究奠定了资料基础.     

垂直地震剖面的近期发展综述

垂直地震剖面(VSP)是一种小尺度地震勘探方法,具体作法是,将检波器放入井内,记录通过地层的下行波(从地表震源产生的直达波和下行的多次波)和向地面返回的上行波(一次反封波和上行的多次波).这样,由VSP得到的资料包括地下的反针波和透射波,友盖的区域依赖于VSP试验时的几何排列和井附近的构造.木文论述了最近三年中发表的关于地震勘探中的应用以及,补充上Hardage(1983)、Bal比和Lee( 1984)所做的更详细的观测. 当地下构造水平成层而井是垂直的,并且震源接近于井口处时.被VSP记录到的上行波和下行波基本上是垂直传播的,并且通过提供时间一深度曲线和由讨给定区域地下的反升和透封性质的详细分析,VSP能够被用来校准地面记录的地震剖面.这些应用在很大程度上依赖于对信号的处理,如分解上行波和下行波以及研究它们与地面记录的资料之间的关系等. 当地层存在横向变化或者震源与井口存在偏移距时,VSP能够通过提供有关井旁构造的高分辫率的图象来补充地面观刚.近来的研究工作主要集中于通过用共深度点(CDP)叠加和偏移的方法利用反射波来成象.用于反演透扮波走时和振幅的层析成象方法也正在发展,并且当井下排列和有效的井下震源成为可能的时候,它将成为重要的方法.不过,在今后几年中最有意义的进展将是一种可靠的井下三分向仪器的发展,这种仪器有用来确定仪器(放豆)方向和确定仪器与井壁藕合质量的内部装置.     

利用VSP资料直达波的包络峰值处瞬时频率提取介质品质因子

本文采用一个具有4个待定参数的函数去逼近震源子波,利用黏弹介质中单程波传播理论推导出了地震子波包络峰值处瞬时频率(EPIF)和品质因子之间的解析关系;同时,为提高瞬时频率的估计精度和抗噪性能,在小波域中发展了一种计算瞬时频率的方法,并在此基础上提出了估算VSP资料Q值的方法,简称小波域包络峰值处瞬时频率法(WEPIF)．合成的VSP数据衰减估计结果表明,与对数谱比法和中心频率偏移法相比较,WEPIF法受到界面反射波影响相对较小、计算结果稳定、精度相对较高．将WEPIF法用于某气田的单炮零偏6级VSP资料Q值估计,结果表明,吸收强弱与储层含气性高低有良好的对应关系．     

利用基于子波估计的频谱校正方法提高Q值估计精度(英文)

用Q值刻画的地震衰减在地震信号处理和解释中具有很广泛的应用。利用反射地震资料进行Q值估计需要解决地震子波和反射系数序列耦合的问题。从反射地震资料中去除反射系数序列的影响,这个过程称为频谱校正。本文提出了一种基于子波估计的求取Q值的方法,进而设计了一个反Q滤波器。该方法利用反射地震资料的高阶统计量进行子波估计,并利用所估计子波实现频谱校正。我们利用合成数据实验给出了质心频移法与频谱比法这两种常用的Q值估计方法在不同参数设置下的性能。人工合成数据和实际数据处理表明,利用本文提出的方法进行频谱校正后,可以得到可靠的Q值估计。经过反Q滤波,地震数据的高频部分得到了有效地恢复。     

THE DETERMINATION OF THE SEISMIC QUALITY FACTOR Q FROM VSP DATA: A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COMPUTATIONAL METHODS1

Ten methods for the computation of attenuation have been investigated, namely: amplitude decay, analytical signal, wavelet modelling, phase modelling, frequency modelling, rise-time, pulse amplitude, matching technique, spectral modelling and spectral ratio. In particular, we have studied the reliability of each of these methods in estimating correct values of Q using three synthetic VSP seismograms for plane P-waves with different noise contents. The investigations proved that no single method is generally superior. Rather, some methods are more suitable than others in specific situations depending on recording, noise or geology. The analytical signal method has been demonstrated to be superior if true amplitude recordings are available. Otherwise spectral modelling or, in the ‘ noise-free’ case the spectral ratio method, is optimal. Finally, two field VSPs in sediments are investigated. Only in the case of the highest quality VSP can significant information be deduced from the computed attenuation.     

Borehole study of compressional and shear attenuation of basalt flows penetrated by the Brugdan and William wells on the Faroes shelf

We investigated the seismic attenuation of compressional (P‐) and converted shear (S‐) waves through stacked basalt flows using short‐offset vertical seismic profile (VSP) recordings from the Brugdan (6104/21–1) and William (6005/13–1A) wells in the Faroe‐Shetland Trough. The seismic quality factors (Q) were evaluated with the classical spectral ratio method and a root‐mean‐square time‐domain amplitude technique. We found the latter method showed more robust results when analysing signals within the basalt sequence. For the Brugdan well we calculated effective Q estimates of 22–26 and 13–17 for P‐ and S‐waves, respectively, and 25–33 for P‐waves in the William well. An effective Q_S/Q_P ratio of 0.50–0.77 was found from a depth interval in the basalt flow sequence where we expect fully saturated rocks. P‐wave quality factor estimates are consistent with results from other VSP experiments in the North Atlantic Margin, while the S‐wave quality factor is one of the first estimates from a stacked basalt formation using VSP data. Synthetic modelling demonstrates that seismic attenuation for P‐ and S‐waves in the stacked basalt flow sequence is mainly caused by one‐dimensional scattering, while intrinsic absorption is small.     

Improving the resolution of seismic traces based on the secondary time–frequency spectrum

The resolution of seismic data is critical to seismic data processing and the subsequent interpretation of fine structures. In conventional resolution improvement methods, the seismic data is assumed stationary and the noise level not changes with space, whereas the actual situation does not satisfy this assumption, so that results after resolution improvement processing is not up to the expected effect. To solve these problems, we propose a seismic resolution improvement method based on the secondary time–frequency spectrum. First, we propose the secondary time-frequency spectrum based on S transform (ST) and discuss the reflection coefficient sequence and time-dependent wavelet in the secondary time–frequency spectrum. Second, using the secondary time–frequency spectrum, we design a twodimensional filter to extract the amplitude spectrum of the time-dependent wavelet. Then, we discuss the improvement of the resolution operator in noisy environments and propose a novel approach for determining the broad frequency range of the resolution operator in the time–frequency–space domain. Finally, we apply the proposed method to synthetic and real data and compare the results of the traditional spectrum-modeling deconvolution and Q compensation method. The results suggest that the proposed method does not need to estimate the Q value and the resolution is not limited by the bandwidth of the source. Thus, the resolution of the seismic data is improved sufficiently based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).     

An efficient and self‐adaptive approach for Q value optimization

The time‐invariant gain‐limit‐constrained inverse Q‐filter can control the numerical instability of the inverse Q‐filter, but it often suppresses the high frequencies at later times and reduces the seismic resolution. To improve the seismic resolution and obtain high‐quality seismic data, we propose a self‐adaptive approach to optimize the Q value for the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation. The optimized Q value is self‐adaptive to the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data, the gain limit of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation function, and the medium quality factor. In the processing of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the optimized Q value, corresponding gain limit, and amplitude compensation function are used simultaneously; then, the energy in the effective frequency band for the seismic data can be recovered, and the seismic resolution can be enhanced at all times. Furthermore, the small gain limit or time‐variant bandpass filter after the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation is considered to control the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and the time‐variant bandpass filter is based on the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that the self‐adaptive approach for Q value optimization is efficient, and the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation with the optimized Q value produces high‐resolution and low‐noise seismic data.