地震现场房屋裂缝宽度快速检测

为快速对地震现场损坏房屋裂缝宽度进行测量,本文提出运用图像处理技术与单个人工正方形标志的方法对裂缝宽度进行测量。基于数字图像处理技术,并利用MATLAB软件的图像处理功能,对拍摄的真实房屋裂缝图像进行灰度化、二值化、图像去噪、目标区域分割标记和像素标定等处理,计算得到图像中裂缝宽度的最大值。通过与实测数据对比,利用本方法获得房屋裂缝检测数据的识别精度为98.11%。结果表明,本文提出的方法可以有效检测房屋裂缝宽度,且获取图像的分辨率越高,裂缝宽度识别的误差越小。本方法可为地震灾害现场调查中的房屋破坏等级评价工作提供依据。     

测井及地震裂缝识别研究进展

测井及地震裂缝识别方法是解决裂缝预测难题的主要手段.通过大量的学术调研,对常用的测井和地震裂缝预测方法的原理及技术特点进行详细的分析,并说明其优劣性.在测井方法中,成像测井仍是目前最为可靠的裂缝识别依据,常规测井、三孔隙度比值法、侵入校正差比法和概率密度法容易实现、效果较好,且能够通过与地震反演的结合来预测裂缝的区域分布特征,横波测井和放射性测井效果较好,但资料难于收集,与数值统计分析相关的测井裂缝识别法局限于井点处的裂缝研究.在地震方法中,纵波各向异性应用最为广泛,且能准确得到裂缝的空间分布特征,叠前远近偏移距属性差法、相干体及倾角检测法、叠后融合属性法、多尺度边缘检测法及地震反演方法能够得到裂缝的分布特征数据体,但无法预测裂缝方向,构造应力场分析法经常用于预测某个地层界面构造缝的分布特征,横波与转换波裂缝预测方法受成本限制,VSP裂缝预测受横向延伸限制,均未广泛应用.     

基于抗大倾角干扰的第三代相干体分析技术及应用

地震相干体技术已广泛应用于构造和沉积研究,能够对断层、裂缝以及地质体边缘等不连续性结构进行有效检测.基于乘幂法的第三代相干体分析技术没有考虑到地层倾角对相干计算的影响,尽管效率很高,但是在大倾角区域会受影响,不利于高分辨地识别小断层等.为此,本文提出一种抗大倾角干扰的相干体分析技术的高效实现方法.该方法利用平滑的层位信息对数据体进行拉平,并利用基于乘幂法的第三代相干体快速实现方法来快速计算相干值,然后对计算得到的相干值进行反拉平以减少大倾角对计算相干值的影响.最后将本文提出方法应用于渤海浅层以及南海深水的地震资料处理以说明本文方法的有效性,实际应用效果最好.因此,本文方法以抗噪性能强、分辨率高的第三代相干体算法为基础,结合了三代相干体算法的快速实现方法和体拉平技术,计算效率高,能够有效减少大倾角对计算相干体产生的干扰,具有很高的空间分辨率.     

高分辨率相干体分析技术及其应用

应用相干分析技术可研究复杂地质构造、断裂发育区、预测裂缝发育带,但传统的相干分析技术有许多局限性.本文给出了一种基于本征值结构的高分辨率相干体分析技术基本原理和关键参数选择方法,通过基于本征值结构的高分辨率相干体属性计算,可获得许多有关断层、微裂缝、岩性扣岩相变化等储层重要特征参数,能够更加清晰地描述地质体产状的细微变化,从而为地质学家研究构造的变形及岩性变化等提供强有力的技术手段.传统的相干分析技术与高分辨率相干体分析技术在准噶尔盆地西北缘车排子地区实际地震资料的处理结果对比表明,高分辨率相干体分析技术用于检测断层、裂缝等,效果显著.     

地震与测井数据综合预测裂缝发育带

章针对前新生代海相残留盆地碳酸盐岩裂缝识别这一难题提出一种利用地震与测井数据综合预测裂缝发育带的方法.用测井资料标识出裂缝发育层段,同时利用地震资料具有空间上数据点多、分布均匀的特点通过地震多属性的人工神经网络方法将测井与地震数据结合起来综合预测裂缝发育带,充分利用测井资料和地震资料的各自优势,达到在剖面上和区域上预测裂缝发育带的目的.本方法经过实际资料的处理与预测证实比常规方法预测精度高.     

多尺度裂缝储层地震预测方法研究

常用的叠前裂缝预测方法并不能明确区分不同尺度的裂缝,本文研究并提出基于裂缝密度的大、中尺度裂缝定量预测方法。该方法通过基于Curvelet变换的多方向相干分析技术进行大尺度裂缝(大于1/4波长)预测,通过地震方位各向异性方法和叠前衰减地震属性(如频率衰减梯度)进行中尺度裂缝(1/4～1/100波长)预测,然后将得到的两种不同尺度裂缝的发育强度以裂缝密度为基准进行融合,综合地评价不同尺度裂缝。将该方法运用到裂缝储层地震物理模型中,结果表明,该方法不但克服了叠前衰减属性的方位各向异性预测中尺度裂缝的同时,预测出断层和大尺度裂缝的密度分布不连续的问题,还能对裂缝的尺度进行区分,较准确的定量预测裂缝发育带。     

一种工业CT图像的分割算法

由于工业CT图像结构复杂,存在各种伪影,并且灰度分布呈现区域性质等特点,难以准确找出分割阈值,为此提出了一种适用于工业CT图像的分割算法。首先利用最大类间方差法和图像处理方法处理了外层伪影,然后利用聚类迭代的方法处理中心空气,得到感兴趣的区域。实验结果表明,此算法能够对具有先验知识的工业断层图像准确地提取感兴趣的区域。     

基于FCM聚类算法的颅内出血CT图像分割

为了提高计算机辅助诊断系统的颅内出血病灶分割准确率,提出一种新的颅脑CT图像分割方法,被怀疑为出血的区域可快速而有效地分割出来。首先利用颅内结构提取算法提取颅内区域;然后利用两次模糊c均值聚类算法完成出血区域分割。第一次模糊c均值聚类确定疑似颅内出血的区域,根据脑出血CT图像特点,将中心点灰度值最高的类作为第二次模糊c均值聚类对象,第二次模糊c均值聚类分割出疑似出血区域,最后对颅脑CT图像进行实验,验证方法的可行性。实验结果表明该方法对颅脑出血CT图像病灶的分割是有效的。     

一种适用于深潜山及内幕的有效储层地震预测方法——以廊固凹陷杨税务潜山为例

杨税务潜山位于廊固凹陷北部,为一呈北东向展布多断块构成的潜山带,油气资源丰富,由于其埋藏深、裂缝-孔隙-岩溶储层交织,各向异性、非均质性较强,使得有效储层难以分辨识别、油藏分布复杂,选点部井较难.本文在充分分析沉积储层特征及油藏主控因素等基础上,选择有利岩性储层发育段,利用叠前逆时偏移和井控拓频等技术,进行高分辨率及内幕信息丰富剖面处理;利用叠前方位道集属性、分频相干和体曲率属性等技术方法,进行裂缝+孔洞复合型储层识别预测;利用AVO属性及地震频率梯度等组合技术进行储层含油气检测,实现了研究区有效储层油气甜点分布预测,其预测成果有效指导了安探1X、安探3X等工业油流井的部署,实践证明,该套组合技术方法简单、有效实用,适用于深潜山及内幕的有效储层地震预测,对类似区带或构造的有效储层地震预测具有指导意义.     

锥束CT的CT值标定方法

CT值是医学CT重建图像的一个必备要素,在某些场合下已成为医生诊断疾病的辅助工具,比如骨密度测量、图像分割与识别等。本文介绍一种锥束CT的CT值转换方法。借助Sedentex CT模体,分别获得5种材料的标称CT值和锥束CT衰减系数重建值,并经线性拟合,建立起标称CT值和衰减系数重建值之间的转换方程。最后,分析对比度噪声比和图像灰度值均匀性偏差在CT值转换后的变化情况。      

Seismic prediction method of multiscale fractured reservoir

Common prestack fracture prediction methods cannot clearly distinguish multiplescale fractures. In this study, we propose a prediction method for macro- and mesoscale fractures based on fracture density distribution in reservoirs. First, we detect the macroscale fractures (larger than 1/4 wavelength) using the multidirectional coherence technique that is based on the curvelet transform and the mesoscale fractures (1/4–1/100 wavelength) using the seismic azimuthal anisotropy technique and prestack attenuation attributes, e.g., frequency attenuation gradient. Then, we combine the obtained fracture density distributions into a map and evaluate the variably scaled fractures. Application of the method to a seismic physical model of a fractured reservoir shows that the method overcomes the problem of discontinuous fracture density distribution generated by the prestack seismic azimuthal anisotropy method, distinguishes the fracture scales, and identifies the fractured zones accurately.     

Estimating the permeability of the Nojima Fault Zone by a hydrophone vertical seismic profiling experiment

Abstract A multi-offset hydrophone vertical seismic profiling (VSP) experiment was done in a 747 m deep borehole at Nojima Hirabayashi, Hyogo prefecture, Japan. The borehole was drilled to penetrate the Nojima Fault, which was active in the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. The purpose of the hydrophone VSP is to detect subsurface permeable fractures and permeable zones and, in the present case, to estimate the permeability of the Nojima Fault. The analysis was based on a model by which tube waves are generated when incident P-waves compress the permeable fractures (or permeable zones) intersecting the borehole and a fluid in the fracture is injected into the borehole. Permeable fractures (or permeable zones) are detected at the depths of tube wave generation, and fracture permeability is calculated from the amplitude ratio of tube wave to incident P-wave. Several generations of tube waves were detected from the VSP sections. Distinct tube waves were generated at depths of the fault zone that are characterized by altered and deformed granodiorite with a fault gouge, suggesting that permeable fractures and permeable zones exist in the fault zone. Tube wave analysis shows that the permeability of the fault gouge from 624 m to 625 m is estimated to be approximately 2 × 10⁻¹² m².     

Azimuthal anisotropy analysis of walkaround vertical seismic profiling vertical seismic profiling: a case study from Saudi Arabia

Understanding fracture orientations is important for optimal field development of fractured reservoirs because fractures can act as conduits for fluid flow. This is especially true for unconventional reservoirs (e.g., tight gas sands and shale gas). Using walkaround Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) technology presents a unique opportunity to identify seismic azimuthal anisotropy for use in mapping potential fracture zones and their orientation around a borehole. Saudi Aramco recently completed the acquisition, processing and analysis of a walkaround VSP survey through an unconventional tight gas sand reservoir to help characterize fractures. In this paper, we present the results of the seismic azimuthal anisotropy analysis using seismic traveltime, shear‐wave splitting and amplitude attenuation. The azimuthal anisotropy results are compared to the fracture orientations derived from dipole sonic and image logs. The image log interpretation suggests that an orthorhombic fracture system is present. VSP data show that the P‐wave traveltime anisotropy direction is NE to SW. This is consistent with the cemented fractures from the image log interpretation. The seismic amplitude attenuation anisotropy direction is NW to SE. This is consistent with one of the two orientations obtained using transverse to radial amplitude ratio analysis, with the dipole sonic and with open fracture directions interpreted from image log data.     

Stochastic ground water flow simulation with a fracture zone continuum model

A method is presented for incorporating the hydraulic effects of vertical fracture zones into two-dimensional cell-based continuum models of ground water flow and particle tracking. High hydraulic conductivity features are used in the model to represent fracture zones. For fracture zones that are not coincident with model rows or columns, an adjustment is required for the hydraulic conductivity value entered into the model cells to compensate for the longer flowpath through the model grid. A similar adjustment is also required for simulated travel times through model cells. A travel time error of less than 8% can occur for particles moving through fractures with certain orientations. The fracture zone continuum model uses stochastically generated fracture zone networks and Monte Carlo analysis to quantify uncertainties with simulated advective travel times. An approach is also presented for converting an equivalent continuum model into a fracture zone continuum model by establishing the contribution of matrix block transmissivity to the bulk transmissivity of the aquifer. The methods are used for a case study in west-central Florida to quantify advective travel times from a potential wetland rehydration site to a municipal supply wellfield. Uncertainties in advective travel times are assumed to result from the presence of vertical fracture zones, commonly observed on aerial photographs as photolineaments.     

ENGINEERING GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF THE LOVIISA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE,FINLAND*

Field studies have been performed in the power plant area of Loviisa in southern Finland to evaluate the suitability of the local bedrock for disposal of low-level and intermediate-level reactor wastes. The aim of the borehole geophysical studies was to evaluate the geometry and properties of fracture zones in relatively homogeneous granite. Of the single-hole methods, the dipmeter method was used to determine the orientation of individual fractures. The sonic log was used to evaluate the openness (width or thickness) of fractures. Cross-hole methods such as the seismic and the mise-à-la-masse method were used to determine the geometry and continuity of fractured zones between boreholes. It was, in general, impossible to evaluate the continuity of single fractures. However, fracture sets can be identified based on the dipmeter data. The continuity of fracture zones can be evaluated with the combined results of single- and cross-hole methods.     

裂缝智能检测技术研究及其在埕岛潜山的应用

断裂（裂缝）对油气藏既有破坏又有保存作用。胜利埕岛奥陶系潜山油藏受裂缝控制,非均质性强,勘探目标预测难度大。本文以地震边缘检测为先验信息和启发因子,在自适应地震相干数据体上进行蚂蚁体追踪,精细检测裂缝,弥补了单一相干体检测分辨低的缺陷,获得了与钻井和实际地下情况吻合度更高的裂缝检测结果。对该区的油气勘探起到了指导作用。      

遥感图象自动识别城市震害房屋-以2001年印度库奇地震和1976年唐山地震为例

近断层地震动对地表结构物造成严重的破坏，它具有明显的方向性和脉冲型特征. 在速度时程中含有大幅值、长周期的脉冲波，对结构响应影响很大. 为简化计算和分析的需要，在既有的等效速度脉冲模型的基础上，建议了较为合理等效速度脉冲模型. 在充分收集脉冲型近断层地震记录的基础上，对等效速度脉冲模型的脉冲周期、脉冲强度及卓越脉冲数等参数进行了研究，并与以往研究者的结果进行比较，以利于近断层区结构的抗震设计.      

Automatic recognition of damaged town buildings caused by earthquake using remote sensing information: Taking the 2001 Bhuj, India, earthquake and the 1976 Tangshan, China, earthquake as examples

Introduction As we well know, the hazard of earthquake is very wide especially in cities. The conventionalmethods to investigate the damage are difficult to meet the requirements in applications. In recentyears, with the rapid development of remote sensing, especially the successful launch and applica-tion of high-resolution commercial remote sensing satellite, it has become possible to recognize andextract damage information by using remote sensing. The researchers at home and abroad hav…     

原始数字图象的数学表达及条纹干扰的提取

本文试图给出原始数字图象的数学定义，为进一步进行图象重建与处理提供了方便，在此基础上分析了条纹干扰产生的原因并给出了提取的方法，作为应用，解决了利用CIBL数据提取岩石裂缝的问题。     

Fracture identification based on remote detection acoustic reflection logging

Fracture identification is important for the evaluation of carbonate reservoirs. However, conventional logging equipment has small depth of investigation and cannot detect rock fractures more than three meters away from the borehole. Remote acoustic logging uses phase-controlled array-transmitting and long sound probes that increase the depth of investigation. The interpretation of logging data with respect to fractures is typically guided by practical experience rather than theory and is often ambiguous. We use remote acoustic reflection logging data and high-order finite-difference approximations in the forward modeling and prestack reverse-time migration to image fractures. First, we perform forward modeling of the fracture responses as a function of the fracture–borehole wall distance, aperture, and dip angle. Second, we extract the energy intensity within the imaging area to determine whether the fracture can be identified as the formation velocity is varied. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the fracture–borehole distance, fracture aperture, and dip angle on fracture identification.