福建沿岸海域互花米草的分布

于2007～2008年利用遥感影像结合实地核对,全面调查福建沿岸海域互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的分布.调查结果表明全省沿岸海域互花米草分布面积为99.24 km2,宁德市沿岸海域互花米草的面积最大,达66.29 km2.互花米草已经入侵大多数港湾,其中三沙湾分布面积最大,达62.45 km2,占全省沿岸海域互花米草总面积的62.93%.在13个主要港湾中,互花米草对三沙湾内潮间带滩涂的占有率最高,达20.86%.福建省主要河口海域大多受到互花米草的入侵,分布面积较大的有赛江口、闽江口、晋江口、九龙江口、漳江口海域,入侵面积分别为6.44、5.77、6.64、3.55和2.75 km2.因此,必须采取一些必要的措施减轻或避免互花米草对本地河口滩涂湿地生态系统的破坏.     

基于回归分析的滨海湿地草本植物生物量估算方法研究

为了研究利用滨海湿地草本植物的形态指标来估算植物生物量,根据黄河三角洲互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的调查数据,运用Pearson相关系数和回归分析法,分析了互花米草的形态指标高度、密度、茎直径与地上生物量、地下生物量、总生物量的相关性,构建了回归模型。结果表明:地上生物量和总生物量均与植株高度、密度、茎直径在0.01水平上显著相关,地下生物量与植株密度在0.01水平上显著相关。将相关性显著的生物量和相应的形态指标进行回归分析发现,其拟合优度较好,其中,拟合优度最优的回归模型分别是地上生物量与高度的“J”型增长曲线模型(拟合优度为R²=0.904)、总生物量与密度的一元线性回归模型(拟合优度为R²=0.659)。经过应用精度验证,上述两个模型评价结果均较好,估算值与实测值绝对误差范围为0.01~0.17 kg/m²,相对误差范围为0.71%~12.02%,符合实际估算应用需求。研究结果说明互花米草的生物量可以通过与其相关性较高的形态指标进行回归估算获得。     

乐清湾互花米草高分遥感监测研究

生物入侵是当今世界亟待解决的环境问题之一,互花米草是我国典型的海岸带入侵物种。文章利用2013—2014年的SPOT6高分影像数据,结合无人机低空航拍和野外调查,对乐清湾互花米草的空间分布特征进行系统调查和分析。结果表明:高分遥感影像和面向对象分类技术可有效用于互花米草监测和信息提取;乐清湾滩涂上已形成较大规模的互花米草盐沼群落,分布面积近24km2,且正处于迅速扩张阶段;湾内种质资源保护区和海洋特别保护区的环境现状不容乐观,互花米草对种质资源和红树林保护造成极大威胁。因此,互花米草的蔓延已严重影响乐清湾生态环境和区域经济发展,迫切需要实施科学的监测体系和治理措施。     

九龙江口红树林湿地与米草湿地的底栖生物

2004年冬季,在厦门海沧青礁和海沧大道东侧潮间带进行红树林湿地、互花米草湿地和普通滩涂湿地的底栖生物生态调查.调查结果:定量样品普通滩涂出现的种类、生物量比互花米草区和红树林区多,互花米草区底栖动物的栖息密度、种类多样性、丰度比红树林区高.     

红树林与互花米草盐沼交界区空间格局变化规律的遥感分析

红树林和盐沼是世界上重要的滨海湿地类型。在我国东南部沿海,互花米草盐沼和红树林之间的竞争成为一个重要的问题。为了研究红树林和互花米草盐沼之间的空间竞争规律,选取福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区为研究区域,收集了1988年至2014年27年间共15期覆盖该区域的Landsat影像和Google Earth影像,采用最大似然分类法提取出红树林与互花米草盐沼的近30 a历史变化信息。历史遥感影像分析表明:1)红树林面积20世纪90年代增长速度最快,2004年以后增长速度变慢;2)互花米草最早出现在2002年,此后以缓慢的速度朝着地势高的区域扩散,2010年后互花米草的扩散速度加快;3)红树林与互花米草的交界区基本保持稳定,部分区域表现为红树林略微向外扩张;4)影响红树林与互花米草盐沼交界区空间格局的因素可能有潮沟的分布和红树林的林冠完整性等。     

广东和广西滨海盐沼遥感调查与分析

滨海盐沼作为重要的湿地生态系统,有极大的社会、经济和生态价值。文章采用多源国产高空间分辨率卫星数据,结合野外现场调查,对广东和广西滨海盐沼开展遥感调查与分析。2019年年底,广东和广西滨海盐沼分布面积分别为1 258.00 hm2和1 450.36 hm2。广东14个沿海市除茂名市外均有滨海盐沼分布,珠海市、江门市、湛江市的分布面积分别为438.89 hm2、331.83 hm2和162.36 hm2,占广东滨海盐沼总面积的34.89%、26.38%和12.91%。广西3个沿海市均有滨海盐沼分布,北海市、防城港市和钦州市的分布面积分别为1 354.87 hm2、49.73 hm2和45.76 hm2,占广西滨海盐沼总面积的93.41%、3.43%和3.16%。广东和广西互花米草分布面积分别为327.96 hm2和1 312.02 hm2。广东海岸带互花米草主要分布在江门市、阳江市、湛江市和潮州市,分布面积分别为179.07 hm2、73.64 hm2、69.72 hm2和5.52 hm2。广东近5年海岸带互花米草面积较为稳定,没有大范围暴发式扩散。广西海岸带互花米草主要分布在北海市和钦州市,分布面积分别为1 309.04 hm2和2.98 hm2。广西海岸带互花米草面积比最早引种时增加了1 311.08 hm2。互花米草在广西北海东海岸、铁山港、廉州湾和大风江口不断扩张,廉州湾的互花米草仍处于种群扩散的暴发期,需加强对互花米草的监测和防控工作。     

基于GF-1WFV的黄河口湿地植被碳储量估算研究

为掌握黄河口湿地植被地上生长部分碳储量的空间分布情况,基于GF-1WFV卫星数据,对黄河口湿地植被地上生长部分碳储量开展了遥感估算模型研究,并根据研究区植被类型空间分布特点,对不同植被类型地上生长部分碳储量的特征开展了分析,结果表明:6种植被碳储量估算模型中,基于NDVI建立的指数模型为单位面积碳储量估算最佳模型,其决定系数(R2)最大,值为0.76,均方根误差(RMSE)最小,值为19.1g/m2;在不同植被类型分布区,地上植被单位面积碳储量平均值大小顺序为互花米草芦苇草甸柽柳林潮滩芦苇盐地碱蓬,其中各区域平均值最大为78.1g/m2,最小为46.7g/m2。研究结果为提高黄河口湿地植被的碳储量提供了有效措施,即合理优化植被类型的空间分布、恢复裸滩上盐地碱蓬的生长和提高植被类型盖度。     

九段沙湿地植被时空遥感监测与分析

收集了研究区近20年以来的陆地卫星影像,结合以往实地调查资料,探讨了九段沙湿地优势植被群落多光谱遥感的分类方法,并对分类结果进行了现场校核,得出(1)多光谱遥感数据能够区分海三棱藨草与芦苇、互花米草植被群落;(2)季相变化的多光谱遥感数据可进一步区分芦苇与互花米草。分析了自20世纪80年代以来九段沙草滩及优势植被覆盖的时空变化,基本分为两个阶段80年代至1999年的自然演替阶段,2000年至今的人工干预阶段。结果表明(1)自然演替阶段。0m以上潮滩面积自然淤涨平均每年3.6km2;草滩平均每年增长1.2km2;芦苇仅出现于上沙的中部(除中沙1997年人工种植芦苇和互花米草外),其余均为海三棱藨草并占整体植被的80%以上,湿地自然演替速度相对较慢。(2)人工干预阶段。0m以上潮滩面积自然淤涨平均每年8.2km2,比自然淤涨速度快一倍以上;草滩平均每年增长7.86km2,增长速度远超过自然演替阶段;中沙人工引种的芦苇和互花米草群落扩散迅速,其覆盖占中下沙草滩的53.70%,其中互花米草扩散速度远快于芦苇,在中、下沙上占据了优势地位,而先锋植被海三棱藨草所占比例显著下降。     

不同植被类型对福建三沙湾潮滩有机碳埋藏的影响

潮滩作为重要的湿地类型和高效的有机碳汇备受关注,近期围垦、养殖等人类活动和互花米草入侵对潮滩生化环境和有机碳埋藏产生了重要影响。本研究选取了福建三沙湾三处不同植被类型的潮滩各取得沉积物短柱样,测定沉积物的总有机碳含量(TOC)、稳定碳同位素(δ13C),结合210Pbex测试计算的沉积速率,估算了不同区域的有机碳埋藏通量(BC)。结果表明,互花米草阶段和红树林阶段TOC含量分别为0.67%和0.95%,比对应的光滩阶段分别提高了13.6%和26.7%,表明红树林对潮滩固碳效率的提升比互花米草更加显著。在两者的共同生长区域,随时间推移TOC含量显著下降,表明互花米草入侵挤占红树林生长空间之后,降低了潮滩的固碳效率。短柱样沉积物δ13C值分布范围在-24.70~-21.87‰,主要体现海源有机质同位素特征,但也会受潮滩植被生长类型影响。对各短柱样有机碳埋藏通量进行估算,得到研究区红树林生长阶段BC平均值为149.53 g/m2/yr,远高于互花米草生长阶段的平均值57.37 g/m2/yr。     

基于点云与影像融合的黄河三角洲互花米草提取方法

针对卫星遥感技术在对滨海湿地互花米草监测时受分辨率、气候条件等多种因素限制存在一定局限性且通过单一的影像数据提取互花米草时精度不稳定的问题,提出了基于无人机点云与影像融合的面向对象互花米草提取方法。以黄河三角洲自然保护区为研究对象,获取了该区域的点云和多光谱影像。先将地面滤波后提取的植被点云与多光谱影像进行特征组合优化,然后对融合影像采用FNEA算法进行多尺度分割后采用基于改进的最近邻算法进行面向对象分类,最终得到的互花米草生产者精度和用户精度分别达到了82.53%和86.43%,较未融合点云的提取精度分别提高了22.34%和7.66%,分类结果的总体精度从89.54%提升至92.61%,且融合点云后影像能够有效区分两种生长状态的互花米草,表明本文提出的方法能够有效提高互花米草的提取精度。     

象山港滨海湿地互花米草入侵过程遥感监测与评估

互花米草在20世纪70年代后期作为海岸带生态防护工程物种引入我国,由于其超强的繁殖能力,目前已经对我国的滨海湿地生态环境健康与安全造成了严重的威胁,成为生长在中国沿海的一种典型生态入侵植物,引起了相关部门的高度重视。文章选择浙江象山港为重点研究区,通过遥感技术手段,基于2003年,2009年和2014年中分辨率Landsat系列遥感卫星数据,采用空间与光谱特征相结合的综合判读,提出了生境空间环境支持下的植物群落遥感自动识别方法,动态监测了互花米草在象山港的繁衍和入侵过程已经空间格局变化。研究结果表明:过去10年余年,互花米草在象山港呈现指数模型的爆炸性增长。2003年,整个象山港互花米草的分布面积约为590 hm²;2009年其分布面积达到1745 hm²;2014年互花米草在象山港的分布面积超过5715 hm²。2003-1014年10年间互花米草在该区域分布面积翻了近10倍,几乎占据了海岸带所有的泥质海滩,成为象山港滨海湿地区的主导型盐生植被和区域优势种,对附近农田,尤其是淡水水域构成巨大的威胁。而在快速扩张的驱动要素方面,研究认为强劲的自我繁殖性能是互米花草在区域能够快速扩张的主要原因;人类围垦活动促进了这一快速扩张进程。以上研究结论可为区域互花米草的综合治理提供数据支持和遥感监测提供技术参考。     

福建省罗源湾互花米草扩展过程及其特征分析

为探讨外来引种的互花米草（Spartina alterniflora Loisel）在我国海湾的扩展过程,根据1989-2010年遥感影像和野外观测数据,对罗源湾互花米草的分布特征进行分析,结果显示,对该区互花米草近20 a的扩展过程划分为3个阶段:前5 a其沿着高潮带平行于海岸线呈带状扩展;之后5 a在中潮带向湾内快速拓殖;后10 a则扩展缓慢,种群内部的空隙地逐渐被米草覆盖。截至2010年,罗源湾互花米草的总面积约为741.13 hm2。受潮滩环境分带性影响,罗源湾互花米草在高潮带平行于海岸线的扩展速度明显大于垂直于海岸线的扩展速度;在中潮带的快速扩展过程中互花米草倾向于先在潮沟两侧分布,这可能与归槽水和滩面摩阻作用有关,相比较,互花米草在浅洼地的扩展较滞后,该区域随着滩面的淤高过程逐渐被米草覆盖。在其整个扩展过程中,由于互花米草对潮流及悬浮颗粒的阻滞作用,使得其扩展前缘米草斑块和连续种群之间的光滩区成为悬浮颗粒及米草种子容易沉降的区域,互花米草易朝向该区域扩展。     

Ecophysiological characteristics of invasive Spartina alterniflora and native species in salt marshes of Yangtze River estuary,China

Biological invasions represent one of the significant components of global change. A comparative study of invaders and co-occurring natives is a useful approach to gaining insights into the invasiveness of exotic plants. Spartina alterniflora, a C₄ grass, is a widespread invader in the coastal wetlands in China and other regions of the world. We conducted a comparative study of S. alterniflora and native C₃ species, Phragmites australis and Scirpus mariqueter, in terms of their gas exchange and efficiencies in resource utilization. We tested the hypothesis that S. alterniflora has growth-related ecophysiological advantages over the natives in its non-native range, which result in its rapid growth and enhance its invasiveness. Photosynthesis, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), and the efficiency of resource use (light, water, and nitrogen) were examined monthly for eight months in 2004. Overall, S. alterniflora had greater LAI, higher maximal net photosynthetic rate (A_max), and longer growing season than those of the native species. On average, the efficiencies of S. alterniflora in light, water, and nitrogen utilization were respectively 10.1%, 26.1%, and 33.1% higher than those of P. australis, and respectively 70.3%, 53.5%, 28.3% higher than those of S. mariqueter. However, SLA of S. alterniflora was significantly lower than those of P. australis and S. mariqueter. Although there was no general pattern in the relationship between invasiveness and plant photosynthetic types, in this study, most of the ecophysiological characteristics that gave S. alterniflora a competitive advantage in the Yangtze River estuary were associated with photosynthetic pathways. Our results offer a greater understanding of the relationship between invasiveness and plant photosynthetic type. Our results also indicate that LAI and the length of the photosynthetic season, which vary with habitats, are also important in invasion success.     

近30年来莱州湾滨海湿地景观格局变化特征研究

基于莱州湾滨海湿地特征以及野外实地观测数据,利用landsat遥感影像手段,揭示1990-2018年莱州湾滨海湿地景观格局变化特征,并结合景观指数分析莱州湾滨海湿地异质性。结果表明,1990-2018年间,莱州湾滨海湿地呈现人工滨海湿地面积增加而天然滨海湿地面积减少的趋势。截至2018年莱州湾滨海湿地面积总计1954 km²,其中天然滨海湿地面积约811 km²,人工滨海湿地面积约1143 km²,分别占42%和58%,滨海湿地向建设用地转化的趋势明显。斑块数量(NP)、景观形状指数(LSI)等景观指数值逐年增加,表明莱州湾景观格局变化明显且破碎化程度加重。莱州湾滨海湿地不同岸段之间景观格局变化的驱动机制不完全一样,造成其破碎化程度加重的自然驱动力有河口冲淤、降水量变化等;人工驱动力主要为城市建设、港口码头、集约用海区建设、养殖业和制盐业的开发利用等。以期对莱州湾滨海湿地生态系统退化原因、合理利用和优化土地空间布局、采取有效措施保护及恢复滨海湿地提供一定的技术支持。     

The range expansion patterns of Spartina alterniflora on salt marshes in the Yangtze Estuary,China

The range expansion patterns of Spartina alterniflora and the roles which sexual reproduction and asexual propagation play in range expansion were investigated at the Chongming Dongtan nature reserve in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Two range expansion patterns of S. alterniflora at its advancing fronts could be found (1) S. alterniflora–mudflat front (S–M) and (2) S. alterniflora–Scirpus mariqueter–mudflat front (S–S–M). One feature revealed by this study was that a flush of seedling recruitment and establishment in spring was a crucial way for S. alterniflora to colonize new habitats and achieve a fast rate of range expansion. The mean number of seedlings recruited at the S–M front was much higher than that at the S–S–M front. Once established, the survivorship of seedlings was high, both at the S–M and S–S–M fronts. The established seedlings formed new tussocks quickly by vegetative tillering and growth of rhizomes and these finally merged into dense meadows. The mean distance of range expansion of S. alterniflora, after one growing season at the S–M front, was 25.4 ± 3.1 m yr⁻¹ and 2.7 ± 0.5 m yr⁻¹ at the S–S–M front. Sexual reproduction by seedlings and asexual propagation by tillering and growth of rhizomes were the two main means by which S. alterniflora could maintain a fast rate of range expansion on the salt marshes of the Yangtze Estuary. The colonization behaviors of S. alterniflora on advancing fronts differed as a reaction to various external and internal factors. The impact of abiotic and biotic factors governing the range expansion of S. alterniflora and its implications for the spatial structure of tidal wetlands are discussed.     

The application of cutting plus waterlogging to control Spartina alterniflora on saltmarshes in the Yangtze Estuary,China

Control and eradication of the exotic and invasive plant Spartina alterniflora within the Chongming Dongtan nature reserve, Shanghai, China, is vital for the management and conservation of the saltmarshes. A demonstration project was established using waterlogging and cutting to control this invasive species. Results from 2007 to 2008 showed that, although the managed waterlogging significantly reduced biomass and seed production of S. alterniflora at an early stage, the species subsequently showed rapid adaptation to the long-term waterlogging stress. Thus, managed waterlogging alone was insufficient for the effective eradication of S. alterniflora. However, managed waterlogging for around 3 months, combined with cutting the above-ground part of S. alterniflora at a key stage (flowering period in July), controlled and eradicated the plant successfully. Both the above-ground and below-ground parts of S. alterniflora were killed and the plants began to decompose after 3 months. Furthermore, there was no re-growth of the emergent part of S. alterniflora in the following years. However, once the impounded water was released restoring the natural hydrodynamic regime of the saltmarshes, the seeds and seedlings of S. alterniflora reinvaded the controlled site from the neighboring areas and the S. alterniflora community was re-established. Thus, after eradication of S. alterniflora, control measures should be maintained to prevent the re-establishment of S. alterniflora. The results of this demonstration project indicate a potentially useful and effective approach for the control and management of large-scale invasion by S. alterniflora on saltmarshes in the Yangtze Estuary, China.     

Hydrodynamics and associated sediment transport over coastal wetlands in Quanzhou Bay,China

Coastal salt marshes represent an important coastal wetland system.In order to understand the differences between boundary layer parameters of vegetated and unvegetated areas,as well as the mechanisms of sediment transport,several electromagnetic current meters (AEM HR,products of Alec Electronics Co.Ltd.) were deployed in coastal wetlands in Quanzhou Bay,China,to measure current velocity.During the low tide phase,the surficial sediment was collected at 10 m intervals.In situ measurements show that the current velocities on the bare flat were much higher than those in the Spartina alterniflora marsh.Current velocity also varied with distance from marsh edge and plant canopy height and diameter.Around 63% of the velocity profiles in the tidal creek can be described by a logarithmic equation.Over the bare flat and Spartina alterniflora marsh,a logarithmic profile almost occurs during the flood tide phase.Sediment analysis shows that mean grain size was 6.7 Φ along the marsh edge,and surface sediments were transported from bare flat to marsh;the tidal creeks may change this sediment transport pattern.The hydrodynamics at early flood tide and late ebb tide phases determined the net transport direction within the study area.     

A cellular automata model for population expansion of Spartina alterniflora at Jiuduansha Shoals,Shanghai, China

Biological invasion has received considerable attention recently because of increasing impacts on local ecosystems. Expansion of Spartina alterniflora, a non-native species, on the intertidal mudflats of Jiuduansha Shoals at the Yangtze River Estuary is a prime example of a spatially-structured invasion in a relatively simple habitat, for which strategic control efforts can be modeled and applied. Here, we developed a Cellular Automata (CA) model, in conjunction with Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, to simulate the expanding process of S. alterniflora for a period of 8 years after being introduced to the new shoals, and to study the interactions between spatial pattern and ecosystem processes for the saltmarsh vegetation. The results showed that the CA model could simulate the population dynamics of S. alterniflora and Phragmites australis on the Jiuduansha Shoals successfully. The results strongly support the hypothesis of space pre-emption as well as range expansion with simple advancing wave fronts for these two species. In the Yangtze River Estuary, the native species P. australis shares the same niche with the exotic species S. alterniflora. However, the range expansion rate of P. australis was much slower than that of S. alterniflora. With the accretion of the Jiuduansha Shoals due to the large quantity of sediments deposited by the Yangtze River, a rapid range expansion of S. alterniflora is predicted to last for a long period into future. This study indicated the potential for this approach to provide valuable insights into population and community ecology of invasive species, which could be very important for wetland biodiversity conservation and resource management in the Yangtze River Estuary and other such impacted areas.     

基于潮位校正的盐城滨海潮间带遥感监测及变化分析

潮间带是重要的滨海湿地类型之一,在生物多样性保护、全球环境变化等方面具有不可估量的价值。遥感技术已经成为滨海湿地监测的重要手段。针对潮间带遥感监测中存在时相限制的瓶颈问题,本文结合卫星过境时潮位信息,通过建立GIS模型,将利用遥感方法提取出的瞬时水边线校正至平均高、低潮线,改进了通过遥感数据恢复潮间带高程和范围的方法。在此基础上,利用1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的多期Landsat TM以及OLI遥感数据,对盐城滨海潮间带进行了遥感监测和分析。结果表明:（1）2015年江苏盐城潮间带面积为809.27 km2,相比1995年减小了47%;（2）1995年以来盐城滨海潮间带面积总体呈减小了趋势,其中1995-2000年潮间带面积减小幅度最大,约为205.67 km2;（3）潮间带主要分布在盐城滨海南部晚庄港-新开港,占全部潮间带面积的66%;同时潮间带面积的减小也主要发生在这个区域,减小的潮间带面积占减小总面积的84%;（4）潮间带范围的变化受人为和自然双重因素影响;海平面上升和滨海湿地的大量围垦,造成了潮间带的挤压效应,使得潮间带面积迅速减小,湿地围垦等人为因素起到主导作用。     

2000～2010 年环渤海省市海岸带土地利用变化分析

作为陆海生态系统的交错带,海岸带是地表生态系统最为脆弱的地带,研究海岸带土地利用变化具有重要意义。以环渤海省市海岸带为研究区,基于2000、2005和2010年的Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像进行多时相海岸带土地利用制图,进而分析10 a间的土地利用变化特征,包括土地利用结构、土地利用动态度、土地利用程度区域差异和海陆梯度、海陆格局变化等特征。结果表明:(1)环渤海省市海岸带土地利用以耕地、建设用地和人工湿地为主,2010年比例分别为36.09%、17.16%和15.72%,不同行政单元及不同缓冲带之间土地利用结构空间差异明显。(2)2000~2005年、2005~2010年,土地利用发生转移的面积分别为2 126.419 km2和3 092.39 km2,建设用地扩展占用耕地、人工湿地和滨海自然湿地,以及滨海自然湿地变为人工湿地是主导的变化过程,但不同行政单元及不同缓冲带之间土地利用变化的空间差异明显。(3)2000~2005年、2005~2010年,综合土地利用动态度分别为0.73%和1.06%,17个地市级行政单元综合土地利用动态度以东营和天津较高,各缓冲带内综合土地利用动态度均为随时间不断增加,空间上则由海向陆波动下降。(4)2000~2010年,土地利用程度总体上不断升高,表明海岸带土地利用处于发展期,除沧州和潍坊,其他区域土地利用程度随时间不断上升;各缓冲带土地利用程度均随时间不同程度增长,空间上则由海向陆波动上升。