黄色和红色石英质玉石的颜色成因研究

石英质玉石是由隐晶质-微显晶质石英矿物集合体组成的一种玉石,黄色和红色是石英质玉石最主要的颜色种类,近年来在珠宝市场上备受关注。前人研究结果表明,黄色石英质玉石的致色矿物颗粒非常细小,赋存于石英颗粒之间,通过一般的测试方法很难准确鉴定其种属。本文对云南龙陵、安徽霍山、广西贺州3个产地的石英质玉石进行了显微镜观察、拉曼光谱和紫外可见光吸收光谱测试,通过紫外可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数图谱,对石英质玉石的黄色和红色部位进行了研究。结果表明,黄色石英质玉石紫外可见光吸收光谱一阶导数图谱的特征峰有545~535 nm和435 nm,主要由针铁矿致色;红色石英质玉石紫外可见光吸收光谱一阶导数图谱的特征峰介于555~595nm之间,主要由赤铁矿致色;黄色和红色之间的过渡色可同时出现595~555 nm、545~535 nm和435 nm特征峰,主要由针铁矿和赤铁矿共同致色。     

桂林鸡血玉的致色机理研究

借助偏光显微镜和X射线粉晶衍射仪、电子探针、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计等现代仪器设备,对桂林鸡血玉的显微结构、矿物组成及致色机理进行分析和探讨。桂林鸡血玉的颜色多样,包括红色、"红血黑地"、黄色、紫色和绿色5大系列。玉石主要为他形等粒变晶结构,部分区域可见变斑晶结构,主要矿物为微晶质—隐晶质石英,次要矿物主要为赤铁矿,部分玉石中还有少量的绿泥石、滑石甚至白云石等,w(SiO2_)介于94.92%到99.65%之间。不同形态的赤铁矿及其他矿物杂质是引起玉石颜色多样性的主要原因,[FeO_4]~(4-)空穴色心对可见光的选择性吸收使玉石呈现紫色。鸡血玉的红色与细尘状赤铁矿密切相关,细尘状赤铁矿越密集玉石的颜色越深,细尘状赤铁矿含水时鸡血玉的红色较为鲜艳;不同色调的黑色鸡血玉主要由鳞片状赤铁矿或集合体磁铁矿致色;黄色主要由氧化铁的含水矿物——针铁矿所引起,且随着鳞片状赤铁矿含量的增加,颜色逐渐偏向于橙黄色;不同色调的鳞片状绿泥石是玉石呈绿色的根本原因,滑石和白云石对玉石的颜色没有直接的影响,但它们的存在使玉石的光泽变暗、透明度降低。     

石英质玉石的颜色分布及其微量元素分析

石英质玉石已成为国内玉石市场上的新宠,其丰富多变的颜色是影响石英质玉石价值最主要的因素,但目前对石英质玉石的致色矿物及颜色形成机理未有深入研究。本文以安徽霍山、云南龙陵地区多种颜色的石英质玉石为研究对象,采用高分辨率显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪、高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱仪等仪器设备,对其颜色分布状况、主量元素和微量元素分别进行了定量测量,并对石英质玉石的颜色成因及影响因素等进行了分析。研究结果表明,以针铁矿为主要组成的铁质致色矿物质赋存于黄色石英质玉石的裂隙及石英颗粒之间,黄色石英质玉石的颜色为次生色。本次研究对石英质玉石的综合利用具有指导意义。     

石英质玉石——秦紫玉的矿物学特征及颜色成因

借助于常规宝石学仪器和偏光显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针、红外光谱仪、紫外—可见分光光度计等仪器设备,对洛南秦紫玉的玉石学特征、显微结构、矿物组成、化学成分以及谱学特征进行了详细研究。结果表明:秦紫玉主要有红色、紫色、绿色及浅黄绿色四种颜色,微透明—半透明,玻璃光泽,折射率1.53～1.55,相对密度2.64～2.66。隐晶质结构,主要组成矿物为粒径5～20μm的他形粒状石英,含量大于90%,次要矿物包括赤铁矿、针铁矿、绿泥石、云母、埃洛石等,还有少量的无定形水合氧化铁等铁质化合物。粒径1～10μm的赤铁矿、针铁矿及无定形水合氧化铁等红褐色铁质化合物呈点状、浸染状无规则分布在石英颗粒之间,其w(FeO)约84.39%～87.08%,含有10%左右的水,是引起玉石红色的主要原因;不同色调的绿色是由玉石中均匀分布的大小约10μm的片状绿泥石和细小鳞片状绢云母(约2～10μm)所引起,云母、埃洛石等黏土矿物会导致绿色玉石呈现浅黄色调;紫色则是由质量分数0.15%～0.23%的钛和铁取代石英晶体中的硅形成空穴色心而呈色。     

云南保山南红玛瑙矿物学特性及致色机理探究

通过光学显微镜、X射线粉晶衍射、X射线荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱、电子探针等测试分析手段对云南保山南红玛瑙的岩相学、矿物组成、化学成分等进行了系统研究,在此基础上进一步通过扫描电镜、X射线能谱元素面扫描、激光共聚焦显微拉曼分析了南红玛瑙致色矿物形貌、元素分布及矿物物相构成。研究结果表明,保山南红玛瑙主要矿物为石英(95%,质量分数),主要结构为粒状结构和纤维结构,次要矿物为斜硅石及方解石等,并含有吸附水和结构水两种状态水。致色矿物主要以小于1μm球状矿物颗粒、2~10μm絮状似球状集合体、针状矿物颗粒和不规则形态矿物集合体这4种类型存在,元素分析显示其为含铁矿物。显微拉曼进一步确认南红玛瑙的颜色是由含铁矿物所致,其中红色致色主要为赤铁矿,黄色致色主要为针铁矿,铁矿物的具体存在形式及其分布方式对南红玛瑙的价值具有决定性作用。本工作为南红玛瑙矿物学特性以及致色机理研究提供了有价值的参考信息,对完善其知识体系和推动南红玛瑙文化有重要意义,同时对借助共聚焦显微拉曼等微区表征技术推动宝玉石研究提供了新思路。     

碧石的宝石学分类及定义界定初探

碧石属于石英质玉中一类,少有文献对其深入探讨,缺乏系统性分类以及定义界定,不能准确区别于颜色相对应的玉髓(玛瑙).为解决上述问题,本次研究应用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、红外光谱、电子探针、紫外—可见光光谱等多种测试技术相结合方式,初步确定常见单色碧石的致色矿物,其中红碧石的致色矿物为赤铁矿,黄碧石的致色矿物为针铁矿,绿碧石的致色矿物为绿鳞石,紫碧石的致色矿物是锐钛矿和赤铁矿.结合市场实际需求,从宝石学角度以颜色特征作为碧石分类依据,将碧石从宝石学分类角度,分为红碧石、黄碧石、绿碧石、紫碧石、血滴石、风景碧石、多彩碧石等七个大类.同时,根据X射线衍射半定量分析和电子探针测试近似计算结果:红碧石测试样品中赤铁矿平均含量均不低于2.187％,凉山南红样品红色富集区域测试赤铁矿含量不高于1.767％,低于2％.因此可以考虑将2％的赤铁矿含量作为区别红碧石和南红的界限.建议以杂质矿物含量2％对碧石和相似颜色的玉髓(玛瑙)区分界定,进一步补充完善已有碧石定义.     

陕西商洛紫绿玛瑙的宝石学特征及致色机理研究

通过常规宝石学仪器、偏光显微镜、电子探针及扫描电子显微镜等检测手段,对陕西商洛紫绿玛瑙的宝石学特征及致色机理进行了深入研究。研究表明,紫绿玛瑙是典型的石英质玉石,颜色以绿色、紫红色为主,颜色分布多以紫心绿边、灰白心绿边、淡青白色加紫红色等纹带特征出现,半透明—微透明,部分透明度较好的区域可见明显包裹体。紫绿玛瑙为典型的隐晶质结构,主要组成矿物为石英,结晶程度较好,为呈半自形—他形结构,含量≥90%,粒径为1~25μm,分布均匀;次要矿物有绿泥石、绢云母、铁白云石、白云石等。紫绿玛瑙为矿物致色,紫红色的致色矿物为铁的氧化物或氢氧化物,粒度微细,粒径为1~10μm,呈星点状均匀分布,含量为1%~2%;绿色的致色矿物为绿泥石,含量较高(6%~7%),主要呈集合体状均匀的分布于石英粒间,绿泥石含量与绿色区域的颜色深浅程度成正比。     

大别山玉的相关特征及形成机制

利用光薄片观察,结合X衍射和化学分析,揭示大别山玉的颜色、光泽及“水草”形成机制.结果表明,大别山玉原生颜色为无色,系石英集合体的自生色;绿色、墨绿色系含一定量的绿泥石所致;白色系孔隙引起的假色.籽料大别山玉的红—黄色系氧化或充填致色,为玉石所含铁质矿物氧化和外来铁质浸润引起;光泽的不同主要由石英粒度引起;“水草”由铁锰质沿裂隙贯入形成.     

缅甸翡翠次生色的可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数谱研究

缅甸翡翠颗粒中的充填物的谱学变化特征对于次生色的形成具有重要意义。本文采用可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数谱,对缅甸次生翡翠矿的次生色部位进行了研究。研究结果显示:翡翠的红黄雾主要是由蓝雾转变而来的,绿泥石在向赤铁矿转化的过程中,使得蓝雾区的颜色由灰绿色变成黄、红色。黄雾的致色矿物主要为针铁矿,红雾的致色矿物除了针铁矿还有少量的赤铁矿。与色彩相似的烧红翡翠比较,天然红翡(红雾)的可见光吸收光谱的一阶导数谱显示出明显的针铁矿特征,而烧红的则为赤铁矿。     

白垩纪大洋红层的致色机制及成因研究

为了查明白垩纪大洋红层的致色矿物及其赋存状态,并探讨白垩纪大洋红层可能的制约因素及成因模式,本文以中国西藏床得剖面红色页岩、意大利Vispi Quarry剖面红色灰岩以及北大西洋ODP1049C孔12X岩芯段Aptian-Albian期高频旋回红色泥灰岩为研究对象,对各剖面(或岩芯)中的红色和非红色样品分别进行了X射线衍射和漫反射光谱测试,同时对配制的含赤铁矿的标样进行了同样的测试。测试结果表明,无论是红色页岩、红色灰岩,还是红色泥灰岩,赤铁矿都是主要的致色矿物,其中西藏床得剖面红色页岩由结晶较好的碎屑状赤铁矿和结晶较差的细分散状的赤铁矿共同致色。在意大利Vispi Quarry剖面红色泥岩中,结晶程度相近的赤铁矿是唯一的致色铁氧化物,而在ODP1049C孔红色泥灰岩中,结晶差的赤铁矿和针铁矿的出现是泥灰岩呈红色的矿物学根源。赤铁矿的形成主要受铁的来源、沉积时的氧化还原条件以及成岩作用的影响,这些因素也成为制约红层形成的关键因素。本课题组在多年研究的基础上,结合前人研究成果进一步从矿物学的角度深化了大洋红层的成因模式。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of