河西走廊中部干旱区陆面水分和辐射特征研究

利用河西张掖试验站2005年11月—2006年10月的陆面过程观测资料,研究了河西中部干旱区土壤温度、土壤湿度、降水量、地表反照率、地表辐射分量和土壤热通量等物理量的年变化和日变化特征及其影响机制,分析了土壤湿度与降水量的相关关系、地表反照率与降水量及土壤湿度的相关关系。结果表明:干旱荒漠地区土壤温度对太阳加热的响应比较迅速,而且年较差和日较差也比较大。地表层土壤主要受蒸发和降水的影响,土壤湿度变化响应得较快,而深层土壤湿度基本不受地表影响,在冬季土壤湿度变化对降水的响应要滞后1~2个月。降水量与5 cm土壤湿度的相关最好,与深层50cm的土壤湿度相关最差。地表反照率的起伏变化与降水过程对应的比较好,反照率的谷值正好对应降水过程比较集中的时段。地表反照率随土壤湿度的增大是减小的,两者的相关系数达到了0.7346。干旱荒漠区辐射分量年变化幅度普遍比较大,年平均日变化特征表现为非常典型而平滑的日循环形态。土壤冬季向大气输出热量而夏季转变为大气向土壤输入热量,且输入的热量要大于输出。随着季节变化,土壤热通量的日最大值冬季出现最晚、夏季最早,与20 cm土壤温度的变化趋势基本一致。     

青藏高原春季土壤湿度异常对我国夏季降水影响的模拟研究

利用耦合的全球海气模式（NCAR CCSM3）, 对青藏高原春季土壤湿度异常影响我国夏季7月降水的机制进行了数值模拟。结果表明, 高原6~62 cm深度的中层土壤湿度异常与表层土壤湿度异常有很好的一致性, 相对而言, 中层土壤湿度异常的持续性较好。若5月高原中层土壤偏湿, 则春末至夏初高原地面蒸发、 潜热通量增加, 而感热通量、 地面温度降低, 高原表面的加热作用减弱, 使得印度高压西撤偏晚, 环流系统的季节性转换偏晚, 东亚地区形成有利于我国夏季出现第I类雨型的环流分布形势, 使我国东部雨带偏北, 华北地区多雨, 江淮地区降水偏少, 华南地区降水偏多; 反之亦然。     

通用陆面模式CLM在东亚不同典型下垫面的验证试验

利用野外观测资料,考察了通用陆面过程模式(CLM)对东亚地区3种典型下垫面(高原稀疏植被下垫面、森林、水田)的模拟能力.验证结果表明,在高原稀疏植被下垫面,CLM模拟的地表气温跟实测较为接近,同时CLM还可以较好地模拟出土壤温度随时间和深度的变化特征,但模式模拟的地面温度的幅值跟观测相比显著偏小;对于能量通量而言,除感热通量外,CLM所模拟出的其它能量通量的变化均与观测实况比较一致.对于淮河流域的森林下垫面,CLM所模拟出陆气间的各能量通量均与实测较为接近,尤以夏季(8月份)的模拟性能最好.对于水田下垫面,CLM模式较好地模拟出了各能量通量的主要变化特征及其季节差异,如水田的净辐射以及潜热通量夏季最大,而感热通量则是秋季最大等.     

陆面过程模式对土壤含水量初值的敏感性研究

利用IAP94陆面过程模式,采用淮河流域能量与水份循环试验(HUBEX)期间两种下垫面(森林和旱田)、不同季节(5月、8月和11月)的观测资料,研究了模式对土壤含水量初值的敏感性.结果表明:对于森林和旱田下垫面,当土壤含水量减少时,地表净辐射均略有减少,同时潜热通量减少而感热通量增加.另外,模式对土壤含水量初值的敏感性有较明显的季节差异,相对而言在晚春和夏季较强,而在秋季明显减弱.这说明春夏季节的土壤含水量初值在淮河流域区域气候的模拟和预测中尤其值得关注.     

青藏高原表层土壤热通量的时空分布特征

利用青藏高原(简称高原)9个站点的实测数据分析了表层土壤热通量G0的季节变化、日变化特征,然后利用MODIS数据(MOD13Q1和MOD09CMG)、中国西部逐日1 km空间分辨率全天候地表温度数据集和同化数据(ITPCAS-SRad和ITPCAS-LRad),借助G0遥感估算模型Ma模拟了高原四期(2014年7月12日和10月16日,2015年1月1日和4月7日)的G0空间分布特征。结果表明:G0振幅随季节变化,夏季较大,冬季最小,站点之间振幅不同可能与下垫面有关,下垫面植被覆盖度越高,振幅越小;G0在春、夏季以及全年整体为正,而秋、冬季G0则为负。高原G0呈现倒立的"U"型的日变化曲线,夜晚的变化相对白天而言比较平缓;G0日变化曲线为正值的时长存在明显季节差异,四个季节的顺序是夏季春季秋季冬季;高原G0的空间分布特征与高原地表温度的空间分布有较好的正相关,站点数据显示地表温度每增加1℃,G0随之增大2～5 W·m-2。     

干旱区荒漠草原过渡带快速变化的陆面过程特征观测分析

干旱区荒漠草原过渡带下垫面受降水影响而变化,在短期内由沙漠转化为草地,因而其陆面过程特征快速变化十分显著,可能对区域天气或气候造成一定影响。本文利用2012年7~9月在腾格里沙漠南缘的荒漠草原过渡带开展的"微气象蒸发观测实验"的观测资料,通过分析强降水前后土壤温度、含水量、辐射及湍流通量,研究快速变化的陆面过程特征。结果表明:40 cm以上的浅层土壤温度在降水后降低,随着降水辐射效应的消失,土壤温度升高;而深层的土壤温度变化较小。土壤含水量对降水有明显的响应,20 cm以上的浅层土壤含水量迅速增大,而后缓慢减小;30、40 cm的土壤含水量先增大后迅速下降。7、8月的净辐射变化不大,在-50~450 W·m-2间变化。降水发生后,反射辐射和地表长波辐射较干旱荒漠有所降低,2~3 d后又恢复到干旱荒漠的量级。地表反照率在降水后先降后升,荒漠草地的地表反照率日均值较大,与地表含水量、太阳高度角及植被生长参数密切相关。感热和潜热在降水前后变化显著,潜热增大而后减小,感热减小而后增大,干旱荒漠地表能量传输以感热通量为主,强降水发生后,潜热通量占主导地位,而后由于蒸散发使土壤含水量减小,潜热的主导地位逐渐被感热代替。     

青藏高原冬春季积雪异常对中国春夏季降水的影响

利用1956年12月～1998年12月共42a，青藏高原及其附近地区78个积雪观测站的雪深和我国160站月降水的距平资料，分析了其气候特征，并用SVD方法分析了冬春季积雪异常与春夏季我国降水异常的关系。用区域气候模式RegCM2模拟了青藏高原积雪异常的气候效应并检验了诊断分析的结果。分析表明，雪深异常，尤其是冬季雪深异常是影响中国降水的一个因子。研究证明，高原冬季雪深异常对后期中国区域降水的影响比春季雪深异常的影响更为重要。数值模拟的结果表明，高原雪深和雪盖的正异常推迟了东亚夏季风的爆发日期，减弱了季风强度，造成华南和华北降水减少，而长江和淮河流域降水增加。冬季雪深异常比冬季雪盖异常和春季雪深异常对降水的影响更为显著。机理分析指出，高原及其邻近地区的积雪异常首先通过融雪改变土壤湿度和地表温度，从而改变了地面到大气的热量、水汽和辐射通量。由此所引起的大气环流变化又反过来影响下垫面的特征和通量输送。在湿土壤和大气之间，这样一种长时间的相互作用是造成后期气候变化的关键过程。与干土壤和大气的相互作用过程有本质差别。     

青藏高原土壤湿度分布特征及其对长江中下游6、7月降水的影响

采用美国气候预测中心1961—2014年逐月土壤湿度资料以及国家气象信息中心降水格点数据,分析了青藏高原土壤湿度的时空分布特征,以及高原春季土壤湿度对长江中下游6、7月降水的影响。结果表明:青藏高原年和不同季节的土壤湿度空间分布特征基本一致,均呈现从东南向西北减少的趋势。区域平均的土壤湿度显示出高原土壤春季最为干燥,秋季和夏季较为湿润的分布特征;近50年来青藏高原大部的年、季节土壤湿度均呈缓慢增加趋势,年、季土壤湿度从20世纪60年代至90年代基本上呈减少趋势,21世纪00年代开始则呈缓慢增加趋势。青藏高原春季土壤湿度与长江中下游降水量基本呈负相关关系。通过信度检验的负相关区在6月位于高原东北部和西南部,7月位于高原南部,且高原西北部分区域春季土壤湿度与7月降水量存在显著正相关。高原春季土壤湿度通过对高原地表温度的作用,进而影响到高原热力特征、大气环流以及长江中下游降水的分布特征。     

季节降雨特征对青藏高原中部冻土活动层的水热影响

降水作用会导致冻土活动层的水热状态发生明显变化,并且青藏高原地区的降水也表现出明显的季节性差异。为了分析季节降雨特征对冻土活动层内部水热状态的影响效果,对青藏高原中部北麓河地区的气象资料以及活动层内部的热通量、含水量、温度变化开展了原位监测。研究结果表明：北麓河地区是以小雨事件为主,中雨事件为辅的降雨特征,小雨事件占3-11月降雨事件的90%左右。并且,夏季还会发生大雨事件,秋季出现持续降雨事件。其中,各个季节降雨事件导致地表净辐射整体呈现减小的趋势,且夏季大雨事件对净辐射的影响效果更加明显,秋季持续降雨事件导致净辐射表现出先增加后减小的趋势,土壤热通量的变化规律与净辐射的变化基本一致。降雨作用通过影响地表净辐射改变了土壤热通量的变化,进而引起土壤内部水分场及温度场发生改变。其中,夏季大雨及中雨事件会显著增加浅层土壤含水量,而春季和秋季降雨对土壤含水量影响较小;各个季节小雨事件对土壤温度的影响可以忽略,但中雨、大雨及持续降雨事件会显著缓解浅层土壤升温趋势,且随着深度增加,降雨事件对于缓解土壤升温趋势逐渐减弱。研究结果对于多年冻土区的区域生态环境问题以及工程建筑物病害防治问题的解决具有一...     

青藏高原多年冻土区典型下垫面冻融过程作用分析

利用青藏高原腹地安多站土壤观测资料,根据10cm土壤日最高和最低温度将冻土分为融化过程、完全融化、冻结过程和完全冻结四个阶段,并结合感热通量、积雪深度、相对湿度和降水资料定性的探讨了冻融过程对地气热量、水分交换的影响。结果表明:各层土壤在东亚季风爆发前期由上至下完成融化过程,10月中旬～12月上旬完成冻结过程,融化期普遍长于冻结期。土壤湿度大值区在时间上集中在高原雨季,空间上10cm深度以上为湿度大值区,而且上层土壤的温度梯度要明显大于下层。在融化阶段整层土壤的温度长期保持0℃的等温相变现象,此时,表层土壤温度日变化幅度为全年最大,最高日变幅达22.5℃。安多站地面除12月个别天数和1月上旬是冷源外,全年为地面热源,近地面感热通量从1月开始增大,到6月上旬达到峰值,之后逐渐减小。同时,感热通量的变化对相对湿度、降水和积雪的变化较为敏感。      

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphereboundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures ofatmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged inprimary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation fordiurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetationevaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulentmomentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used tostudy the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in cityregions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscalemodel.     

土壤湿度影响中国夏季气候的数值试验

利用"全球土壤湿度计划第2阶段"提供的土壤湿度资料强迫区域气候模式RegCM3,通过数值试验讨论了土壤湿度对东亚夏季气候模拟效果的影响。结果表明,合理考虑土壤湿度的作用,能够提高区域气候模式对中国夏季降水和2 m气温的空间分布型及逐日变化的模拟效果;模拟结果与观测的相关分析显示,降水和2 m气温的年际变化都得到了有效改进,这种改进在气温上尤为明显。不过上述改进具有区域依赖性。数值试验结果表明,气温对土壤湿度的敏感性强于降水,这也从一个侧面说明提高降水模拟效果的难度。总体而言,合理的土壤湿度能够提高区域气候模式对中国夏季气候的模拟能力。因此,合理描述土壤湿度的变化,是提高中国夏季气候预报技巧的潜在途径之一。     

Seasonal variations of the clear-sky greenhouse effect: the role of changes in atmospheric temperatures and humidities

We present an analysis of the factors which control the seasonal variations of the clear-sky greenhouse effect, based on satellite observations and radiative transfer simulations. The satellite observations include the radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment and the total column moisture content derived from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager. The simulations were performed with the SAMSON system described in an earlier paper, using atmospheric temperatures and humidities from operational analyses produced by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. At low latitudes, the magnitude of the clear-sky greenhouse effect is dominated by the strong thermodynamic link between the total column moisture content of the atmosphere and sea surface temperatures, with minimal seasonal variations. In contrast, at middle to high latitudes there are strong seasonal variations, the clear-sky greenhouse effect being largest in winter and smallest in summer. These variations cannot be explained by the seasonal cycle in the total column moisture content, as this is largest in summer and smallest in winter. The variations are controlled instead by the seasonal changes in atmospheric temperatures. The colder atmosphere in winter enhances the temperature differential between the atmosphere and the sea surface, leading to a larger greenhouse effect despite the lower moisture contents. The magnitude of the clear-sky greenhouse effect is thus controlled by atmospheric humidity at low latitudes, but by atmospheric temperature at middle and high latitudes. These controls are illustrated by results from sensitivity experiments with SAMSON and are interpreted in terms of a simple model.     

Relevance of soil moisture for seasonal climate predictions: a preliminary study

In the framework of the Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP), the ISBA land-surface scheme of the ARPEGE atmospheric general circulation model has been forced with meteorological observations and analyses in order to produce a two-year (1987–1988) soil moisture climatology at a 1^°×1^° horizontal resolution. This climatology is model dependent, but it is the climatology that the ARPEGE model would produce if its precipitation and radiative fluxes were perfectly simulated. In the present study, ensembles of seasonal simulations (March to September) have been performed for 1987 and 1988, in which the total soil water content simulated by ARPEGE is relaxed towards the GSWP climatology. The results indicate that the relaxation has a positive impact on both the model's climatology and the simulated interannual variability, thereby confirming the utility of the GSWP soil moisture data for prescribing initial or boundary conditions in comprehensive climate and numerical weather prediction models. They also demonstrate the relevance of soil moisture for achieving realistic simulations of the Northern Hemisphere summer climate. In order to get closer to the framework of seasonal predictions, additional experiments have been performed in which GSWP is only used for initialising soil moisture at the beginning of the summer season (the relaxation towards GSWP is removed on 1st June). The results show a limited improvement of the interannual variability, compared to the simulations initialised from the ARPEGE climatology. However, some regional patterns of the precipitation differences between 1987 and 1988 are better captured, suggesting that seasonal predictions can benefit from a better initialisation of soil moisture.     

Coupling the Common Land Model to ECHAM5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model

The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.     

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER*

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics,surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.     

Surface energy, water and carbon cycle in China simulated by the Australian community land surface model (CABLE)

Through an Australia-China climate change bilateral project, we analyzed results of 51-year global offline simulations over China using the Australian community atmosphere biosphere land exchange (CABLE) model, focusing on integrated studies of its surface energy, water and carbon cycle at seasonal, interannual and longer time-scales. In addition to the similar features in surface climatology between the CABLE simulation and those derived from the global land-surface data assimilation system, comparison of surface fluxes at a CEOP reference site in northeast China also suggested that the seasonal cycles of surface evaporation and CO₂ flux are reasonably simulated by the model. We further assessed temporal variations of model soil moisture with the observed variations at a number of locations in China. Observations show a soil moisture recharge–discharge mechanism on a seasonal time scale in central-east China, with soil moisture being recharged during its summer wet season, retained in its winter due to low evaporation demand, and depleted during early spring when the land warms up. Such a seasonal cycle is shown at both 50- and 100-cm soil depths in observations while the model only shows a similar feature in its lower soil layers with its upper layer soil moisture varying tightly with rainfall seasonal cycle. In the analysis of the model carbon cycle, the net primary productivity (NPP) has similar spatial patterns as the ones derived from an ecosystem model with remote sensing. The simulated interannual variations of NPP by CABLE are consistent with the results derived from remote sensing-based and process-based studies over the period of 1981–2000. Nevertheless an upward trend from observations is not presented in the model results. The model shows a downward trend primarily due to the constant CO₂ concentration used in the experiment and a large increase of autotrophic respiration caused by an upward trend in surface temperature forcing data. Furthermore, we have compared river discharge data from the model experiments with observations in the Yangtze and Yellow River basins in China. In the Yangtze River basin, while the observed interannual variability is reasonably captured, the model significantly underestimates its river discharge, which is consist with its overestimation of evaporation in the region. In the Yellow River basin, the magnitudes of the river discharge is similar between modeled and observed but its variations are less skillfully captured as seen in the Yangtze River region.     

Variation of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau

Almost three years of continuous measurements taken between January 2001 and May 2003 at the Gaize (or Gerze) automatic weather station (32.30 °N, 84.06 °E, 4420 m), a cold semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau, have been used to study seasonal and annual variations of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters, such as thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationship to soil moisture content. Most of these parameters undergo dramatic seasonal and annual variations. Surface albedo decreases with increasing soil moisture content, showing the typical exponential relation between surface albedo and soil moisture. Soil thermal conductivity increases as a power function of soil moisture content. The diffusivity first increases with increasing soil moisture, reaching its maximum at about 0.25 (volume per volume), then slowly decreases. Soil thermal capacity is rather stable for a wide range of soil moisture content.     

黄河源高寒草原下垫面土壤冻融过程中陆-气间的水热交换特征分析

高寒草原水热交换的季节性特征显著,土壤冻融过程对地-气水热交换有着重要的影响.本文利用黄河源区汤岔玛小流域2014年5月至2015年5月陆面过程观测数据,将土壤冻融过程划分为完全融化(TT)和完全冻结(FF)两种状态与融冻(T-F)和冻融(F-T)两个过程,并分析了期间高寒草原下垫面净辐射、感热通量、潜热通量和地表热通...     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川近地层微气象特征分析

利用2009年9月1日-2010年8月31日祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔4 550m气象观测资料,分析并讨论了气温、降水、比湿、气压、风速、风向、总辐射、感热和潜热通量的变化特征。结果表明,在冰川下垫面影响下,气温的逐时变化呈现出升温比降温要快,但季节变化则相反,气温变化的位相比风速要超前;降水主要集中在5～9月,占全年降水的68.1%;冬季平均风速最大,夏季最小,春季高于秋季,春、秋季冰川风的强度要大于谷风,夏季则相反,冬季冰川风占绝对主导地位,且冰川风对地气间的能量交换有重要影响;全年感热通量日平均值大部分都为正值,而潜热通量基本都为负值,在气温较高、风速较大的情况下二者均有明显的增加;夏季感热和潜热通量的绝对值都比冬季要大。