澳大利亚植被覆盖对亚澳季风影响的数值模拟(I):对澳洲气候及冬季风的影响

通过澳大利亚植被绿化和沙漠化的数值试验,对植被覆盖变化引起的地方性气候变化及对半球尺度环流的影响进行了探讨。结果表明,澳洲大陆植被覆盖变化可显著影响地方性温湿和降水,大陆中西部绿化可使大陆东部显著降温,局地水汽增加对温度变化影响显著。绿化引起的中东部降水增加与地表粗糙度增加引发的水汽辐合增强,垂直上升运动增强引发的对流旺盛有关系。局地温湿和环流的变化通过大气定长波的经向传播影响了越赤道气流的强弱,进而对亚澳冬季季风系统降水产生了影响。研究表明,绿化使低层南北半球越赤道气流略微增强,增加了北半球冬季寒潮深入南半球内部的几率,并引起了澳洲大陆北部沿岸的气流明显增强,季风槽南移,降雨带区域性的南移,增加了气旋干扰深入内陆的几率,降水发生的频率增多;沙漠化则引起澳洲大陆增温显著,由于局地下沉运动抑制了对流,造成了陆上降水的减少,通过波的外传,引起了100°~110°E和120°~130°E的低层越赤道气流的变弱和澳大利亚季风槽降水的减少。     

澳大利亚植被覆盖对亚澳季风影响的数值模拟(Ⅰ): 对澳洲气候及冬季风的影响

通过澳大利亚植被绿化和沙漠化的数值试验,对植被覆盖变化引起的地方性气候变化及对半球尺度环流的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,澳洲大陆植被覆盖变化可显著影响地方性温湿和降水,大陆中西部绿化可使大陆东部显著降温,局地水汽增加对温度变化影响显著.绿化引起的中东部降水增加与地表粗糙度增加引发的水汽辐合增强,垂直上升运动增强引发的对流旺盛有关系.局地温湿和环流的变化通过大气定长波的经向传播影响了越赤道气流的强弱,进而对亚澳冬季季风系统降水产生了影响.研究表明, 绿化使低层南北半球越赤道气流略微增强,增加了北半球冬季寒潮深入南半球内部的几率,并引起了澳洲大陆北部沿岸的气流明显增强,季风槽南移,降雨带区域性的南移,增加了气旋干扰深入内陆的几率,降水发生的频率增多; 沙漠化则引起澳洲大陆增温显著,由于局地下沉运动抑制了对流,造成了陆上降水的减少,通过波的外传,引起了100°～110°E和120°～130°E的低层越赤道气流的变弱和澳大利亚季风槽降水的减少.     

太阳常数变化对冬季全球辐射强迫及气候影响的数值模拟研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所第四代大气环流模式IAP AGCM4.0,通过在模式中将太阳常数从1367W·m-2减少至1361W·m-2,探讨了太阳总辐射减弱对冬季(12—2月)全球辐射强迫及气候模拟的影响。结果表明:(1)大气顶入射太阳辐射在全球范围内平均减少1.54W·m-2,南半球中高纬地区显著减少2.15W·m-2。北美、西西伯利亚、中东以及澳洲东部大气顶与地表的净短波辐射则出现增加,这与上述地区总云量减少相对应;(2)地表温度在全球范围内平均降低约0.05oC,北美南部、南美南部、非洲东部与南部、澳洲西部以及亚欧大陆地表温度出现降低,其中亚欧大陆降温幅度达到2oC以上,北美北部、南美北部、非洲西部以及澳洲东部地表温度则为升高,其中澳洲东部平均升温幅度约为0.5oC;(3)降水在全球范围内平均减少约0.003mm·d-1,其中澳洲大陆降水平均减少约0.6mm·d-1,与该地区地表蒸散发减少、水汽源减少以及夏季风减弱有关。     

末次冰期冰盛期

末次冰期冰盛期(LGM)是十分关键的气候时期,这是距我们最近的极寒冷时期,那时北美北部为一巨大冰盖,包括3部分:一个在北美北部的东南,是北美冰盖的主体,称为劳仑泰冰盖;一个在北美北部的西南方太平洋沿岸,范围较小,称为考尔的勒冰盖;另一个在北美东北部靠近北冰洋,称为因纽特冰盖,范围最小。LGM时全球陆地约有24%被冰覆盖,     

东亚夏季风与澳洲冬季风强弱互补变化联系及其异常环流特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、Hadley中心海温资料及CMAP降水资料等,通过亚澳季风联合指数挑选异常年份,对东亚夏季风和澳洲冬季风强度反相变化特征进行研究。结果表明,当东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱时,南北半球中低纬地区都出现了复杂的异常环流系统。在热带地区对流层低层,西北太平洋为异常反气旋式环流系统所控制,与南太平洋赤道辐合带的异常反气旋环流在赤道地区发生耦合,形成赤道异常东风,而在南北印度洋上则存在两个异常气旋式环流系统。在这两对异常环流之间的海洋性大陆地区,出现赤道以南为反气旋环流而赤道以北为气旋式环流。在东亚季风区,东南沿海的东侧海洋上存在反气旋异常,中国东南地区受异常反气旋西南侧的东南风影响。此外,澳洲北部受异常西风影响。这就形成了东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱的情形,从而东亚夏季风和澳洲冬季风活动出现了强弱互补的变化特征。当东亚夏季风偏弱、澳洲冬季风偏强时,南北半球的环流特征则出现与上述相反的环流特征。总体而言,当东亚夏季风偏强、澳洲冬季风偏弱时,东亚—澳洲季风区在南北半球呈现出不同的气候异常分布特征,即北半球降水北少南多、气温北高南低,南半球降水西多东少、气温西高东低。     

青藏高原南侧经圈环流变化特征及其对降水影响分析

基于1979-2015年青藏高原(下称高原)地区气象观测站的逐日降水资料和ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料,分析高原南侧经圈环流的季节演变及年际变化特征,并讨论其对高原降水及水汽输送的影响。结果表明,高原南侧80°E-90°E范围存在前季风环流、季风环流、Hadley环流的季节演变,前季风环流有-0. 377 s~(-1)·(10a)~(-1)减弱的趋势,季风环流有0. 524 m·s~(-1)·(10a)~(-1)显著增强趋势。在90°E-105°E范围存在季风环流和Hadley环流季节转换,季风环流存在0. 413 m·s~(-1)·(10a)~(-1)的增强趋势。基于各经圈环流开始、结束时间的定义,发现在80°E-90°E,前季风环流建立的时间有推迟而结束时间有提前的现象,其维持时间出现每10年-1. 47候的缩短趋势。在90°E-105°E,季风环流维持时间增长,Hadley环流维持时间缩短。前季风环流增强使得高原水汽辐散区辐散增强,水汽辐合区辐合增强,高原西南侧有东北向水汽输送增强,而高原西北侧有西南向水汽输送增强。夏季季风环流增强,高原南部至孟加拉湾地区自南向北的经向水汽输送显著增强,印度洋向高原输送的西南向水汽通量明显增加。前季风环流增强,春季高原中部及西南部降水减少,而东南部和北部降水增加。夏季季风环流增强时,高原南侧上升支增强,高原南部降水增加,而高原北部降水出现减少。     

海陆分布与高原对低纬7月平均经圈环流的影响

本文利用1961—1974年7月的平均资料,对45°N—40°S范围计算了各种平均经圈环流及加热场等物理量。所取的网格点为5°× 5°经纬度,垂直速度利用实际风计算,加热场是用热流量方程计算的。 由研究发现海陆分布及高原对平均经圈环流的影响是明显的,在南北半球大范围比较均一对称的下垫面上空,如欧非大陆、大西洋及东太平洋上空都存在一个典型的南北半球对称的Hadley环流。在北面是大陆高原,南面是海洋的亚洲地区,只有一个典型的季风环流。这是因为北半球副热带区的冷源变为热源,Hadley环流消失之故。西太平洋也有一类似的季风环流,这与这个地区存在较强的热源有关。北美季风环流很弱主要因为北美副热带陆地面积远比亚洲小。北半球全球的Hadley环流都很弱,主要是受季风环流的影响。 另外,还发现亚洲季风环流区,向上输送的能量很强,尤其高原地区更强更高,它在高空向东西两侧及南半球输送。     

1948～2001年全球陆地12～2月降水旱涝长期变化

本文利用1948～2001全球陆地月降水资料(PREC／L)，研究了全球、北、南半球及欧亚、非洲、澳洲、北美、南美和南极大陆6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水趋势变化及早涝气候变化。结果表明：全球、南、北半球的12～2月的陆面降水有明显的年代际变化，全球12～2月降水量从1975年开始有明显的下降趋势，回归系数约为-0．017mm／a。北半球有明显的降水减少，约为-0．028mm／a，南半球12～2月降水表现为极微弱的下降趋势，且在统计上是不显著的。划分出了全球、南北半球、全球6个大尺度区域12～2月旱涝年，指出全球及北、南半球12～2月的旱涝有明显的年代际变化。70年代中期以前是全球洪涝多发期，80年代到90年代为全球干旱多发期。北半球旱涝特征与全球特征相近，南、北半球12～2月的旱涝没有明显的联系。12～2月大尺度区域中：欧亚大陆、北美洲、南极大陆旱涝年的分布有明显的年代际特征，并指出全球大部分地区的旱涝年降水量有显著的差异。6个大尺度区域12～2月的降水相关关系中，欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的相关系数最高，为-0．35，北美大陆与欧亚大陆，南美洲和澳洲的12～2月降水也有较高的相关关系。     

全球变暖背景下陕西省夏季极端降水及其大尺度环流特征

基于陕西省99个国家站1979-2021年夏季逐日降水资料和ERA5再分析数据,研究了陕西省夏季极端降水的时空变化以及相应的大尺度环流特征,并对全省典型地区进行水汽追踪分析。结果表明,陕西省夏季极端降水总体呈现出南多北少的空间分布,陕北中部、关中中东部极端降水为增加的趋势,通过REOF分析并计算得到陕北、关中极端降水变化趋势分别为0.36 mm·a^-1, 0.35 mm·a^-1,陕南极端降水变化趋势最小为0.11 mm·a^-1。夏季影响陕西省的水汽来源主要有三支路径,北支水汽来自欧亚中高纬地区,东支水汽主要来自内陆的江河流域,南支水汽主要来自南海和孟加拉湾。此外,陕西省夏季极端降水在2005年后增多是大气高、中、低层大气环流共同作用的结果,大气高层辐散增强有利于上升运动,大气中层西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称,西太副高)西伸北抬造成外围水汽更容易进入内陆,蒙古反气旋南侧的异常东风和低层的异常东南风更有利于水汽进一步向西北地区输送。     

我国华南3月份降水异常的可能影响因子分析

利用1951～2005年华南地区3月份的降水资料、NOAA海温资料、Ni?o3.4指数和NCEP再分析资料,分析了华南3月份降水异常与同期环流场、全球海温场的关系,从环流和海温的角度揭示了华南3月份降水异常的可能原因。结果表明,当华南3月份降水偏多(少)时,在对流层中低层,北太平洋海区存在气旋(反气旋)性环流异常,西太平洋及南海海面上存在反气旋(气旋)性环流异常,这样的环流异常有利(不利)于东南暖湿气流与北方东部异常冷空气在华南地区形成水汽辐合,导致降水显著增多(减少)。进一步的分析表明,ENSO和北印度洋及南海附近海温是影响华南3月份降水异常的重要外强迫因子,ENSO对华南3月降水异常的影响是通过影响春季西太平洋副热带高压和低层风场异常实现的,而北印度洋及南海附近海温对华南3月降水异常的影响则是通过垂直环流场异常和低层风场以及西太平洋副热带高压异常来实现的。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.