航行体近水面航行附加质量与阻尼的数值研究

航行体近水面航行时会引起周围流场中流体的惯性运动,动能会随波浪扩散而耗散,航行体近水面运动时固有周期和幅值衰减率受水的影响可以用附加质量和阻尼系数描述。运用计算流体力学软件 STAR-CCM+开展航行体近水面自由横摇与纵摇衰减运动的数值仿真,根据不同初始角度条件下仿真得到的自由衰减时历曲线,分别计算横摇与纵摇的附加质量与阻尼系数,并结合实际运动情况,对不同初始角度条件下附加质量与阻尼系数的变化成因分别进行分析。     

多圆柱体浮标的横摇性能分析

横摇性能是评价浮标在海上运动稳定性的重要参数之一,它直接影响浮标在海中漂浮的姿态和对天线束宽的要求,这对于卫星通讯浮标尤为重要,因此大多数的浮标主体外形为横摇性能较好的球体,但是球体浮标不适合被无人机携带。本文设计了一种用于空投横摇性能较好的圆柱体浮标,通过研究圆柱体浮标尺寸形状与横摇性能的关系,分析不同尺寸下圆柱体浮标横摇性能随直径与高度的比值(径高比)的变化趋势。同时,分析了同种海况下球体浮标横摇性能随直径的变化趋势作为对比,发现圆柱体浮标的横摇放大因子随径高比增大而先增大后减小,从而确定多圆柱体浮标的设计方案,数值模拟该形状浮标在5级海况下的横摇性能,计算得到稳定状态下的最大横摇角度小于20°。另外进行了海上试验,浮标在有效波高为1 m的海浪中的最大横摇倾角约为16°,符合设计要求。     

涌浪环境中铺管船横摇机理及模型试验研究

"海洋石油201"号等多艘铺管船在东海海域进行铺管施工时受低频涌浪环境影响横摇运动强烈,严重影响了正常铺管作业。为了分析铺管船横摇过大的原因,从理论上分析了铺管船可能发生较大横摇的波浪条件,并对"海洋石油201"号铺管船在遭遇波浪周期等于横摇固有周期1/2倍和1倍,不同波高的规则波中航向角分别为0°、30°、60°和90°时的运动特性进行了模型试验。试验结果表明铺管船遭遇周期为其横摇固有周期一半的涌浪时未发生参数横摇,而遭遇与其横摇固有周期接近的涌浪时发生谐摇是导致其横摇运动过大的原因。研究成果与相应的气象资料结合,可为铺管船施工气候窗口的选择提供依据。     

规则波中船舶复原力和参数横摇研究

为研究规则波中船舶复原力变化规律及其对参数横摇的影响,首先,基于切片理论求解出船舶无横倾时在波浪中时间序列垂荡和纵摇运动,确定出波面与船体的相对位置;其次,利用三个坐标系之间的转换关系进而确定规则波中船体各横剖面左右舷与波面瞬时交点,求得各浸水剖面面积;然后对波浪压力沿船长湿表面积分,得出规则波中船舶复原力的Froude-Krylov部分。同时,利用作用在横倾船舶上的辐射力和绕射力,求出规则波中船舶复原力辐射力和绕射力部分。在复原力计算的基础上,确定一个参数横摇模型,实现波浪中参数横摇计算。以一艘集装箱船为例,研究了规则波中复原力变化以及参数横摇规律,复原力变化幅度是影响参数横摇的一个重要因素。     

利用双水舱减摇系统预防船舶参数横摇研究

在研究船舶参数横摇的产生原因和发生条件的基础上,结合减摇水舱对于船舶的作用效果研究,根据参数横摇的特点,提出利用由两个不同结构的被动式U型减摇水舱组成的双水舱系统来避免船舶参数横摇的发生。在所建立的船舶—双水舱系统模型的基础上,介绍双水舱系统的设计方法,并以一艘集装箱船为例,仿真研究在参数横摇发生条件下双水舱系统对参数横摇的影响。同时还对双水舱系统在船舶正常航行时的减摇效果进行仿真研究。     

定位浮标在波浪中的动态响应

定位浮标是为满足水下蛙人部队定位要求而设计的。定位浮标的升沉和横摇运动对海水中换能器阵的水声定位精度影响较大，而使定位浮标产生这两种振荡的主要激励源是波浪。在不考虑流和风对浮标作用的前提下，以规则波作为激励源，研究了定位浮标在波浪激励下的两种运动模型，然后用计算机对横摇和升沉运动模型进行了仿真，最后从运动模型出发提出了减少浮标振幅的有效办法，这对定位浮标结构设计有重要意义。     

FPSO纵摇运动预报研究

FPSO船体姿态运动(纵摇和横摇)会对FPSO与穿梭油轮的靠泊、FPSO上直升机的起降、海上的补给等作业可能造成严重的影响。如能实现在一定时间内对FPSO船体姿态运动进行预报,则可大大提高这些作业的安全性和高效性。用AR(p)模型拟合FPSO纵摇运动,然后运用AR(p)模型的线性最小方差预报法进行预报,预报实例中用到的数据来自模型试验。结果表明,用时间序列法对FPSO纵摇运动进行极短期预报具有一定的精度和较小的计算量。     

姿态传感器在水深测量中的应用

姿态传感器作为高精度动态海洋测量仪器,已被广泛地与船载海洋测量设备配套使用。姿态传感器能够改正或消除船载仪器由于船体的垂荡、横摇和纵摇引起的测量误差,大大提高测量精度。举例介绍了姿态传感器在单波束和多波束水深测量中的应用,并对姿态传感器的动态补偿特性进行了探讨和分析。     

顾及声线弯曲的横摇偏差迭代算法

横摇偏差校准是多波束水深测量测前准备的一项重要内容。针对传统多波束横摇偏差校准操作复杂且存在主观因素问题,同时考虑到横摇偏差引起海底地形失真的非线性变化,提出了顾及声线弯曲的横摇偏差自动迭代算法。该算法以平坦海底为假设,基于常梯度声线跟踪模型和最小二乘原理,对多Ping数据进行迭代拟合,最后取其平均值作为横摇偏差。仿真分析结果表明,迭代算法能逐步调整横摇偏差引起的海底地形非线性失真,提高横摇偏差计算值的准确性。     

变结构滑行艇斜浪航行耐波性数值分析

为改善传统滑行艇在波浪环境中耐波性问题,提出了一种兼具快速性与耐波性的变结构滑行艇,通过收放两侧片体实现滑单体形态与三体形态之间自由转换。为分析片体在斜浪航行中的减摇效果,采用数值方法对滑行艇2种形态在斜浪航行中的耐波性进行对比分析,结果表明：片体能够起到减横横摇作用,且其减横摇效果在单体形态的共振区域内最明显,在βw=60°时,片体最多能减少70.45%的横摇幅值。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.