基于DEM的等流时单元法在大流域分布式水文模型中的应用

等流时单元法是一种具有物理基础同时又非常简便的分布式流域汇流模型。若能应用于大流域,会显著提高大流域分布式水文模型的计算能力,可以扩展其在大流域分布式水文模型中的应用,降低其限制性。采用基于DEM的等流时单元法进行坡面汇流计算,即坡面汇流经河流两侧并入河道,河道汇流使用扩散波方程（USGS的河道汇流程序包SFR1）,将其推广到大流域分布式水文模型的应用之中。该方法与二维坡面汇流的扩散波数值方程相比较,能够节省计算时间。在伊通河中下游较大流域上试用结果表明,农安站计算与实测流量的最大相对拟合误差为13%,模型月流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数为0.9。等流时单元法用于大流域分布式水文模型的坡面汇流是可行的。     

基于DEM的等流时法改进研究

提出等流时单元的概念,对基于DEM的等流时流域汇流方法进行了改进。此方法不需要绘制等流时线,也不要求流域净雨是均匀的,且各单元的汇流时间可以变动,直接由各单元的汇流时间就可以计算出流域出口的流量过程。同时提出改进方法的模块化编程方法,给出调用接口,经在研究区伊通河中下游较大流域上的试用表明,该程序具有可推广性。     

城市雨洪模拟技术研究进展

从对水文过程描述的角度对城市雨洪模拟技术进行了回顾,认为管网汇流阶段算法较为成熟,而产流和坡面汇流阶段还有待深入研究.从模型构建思想的角度回顾其发展历程,阐明了经验性模型和分布式概念性模型的局限性以及分布式物理模型的良好发展前景.通过总结国内外几个具代表性城市雨洪模型的特点,从特定模型的角度进一步分析城市雨洪模型的现状,并指出中国与国外模型研究的差距.对与城市雨洪模拟精度密切相关的基础数据收集与管理技术进行了讨论,并提出了城市雨洪模拟技术的发展方向.     

考虑动态汇流路径的时变分布式单位线

针对现有分布式单位线汇流理论未考虑土壤含水量变化引起的时变汇流路径问题, 提出动态汇流路径新概念, 推求同时考虑降雨强度和土壤含水量时空分布的坡面流速计算公式, 引入地形指数刻画流域蓄水能力空间分布, 从而获得栅格尺度流域流速分布场, 进一步建立不同蓄满状态下流域动态汇流路径集合, 最终实现考虑动态汇流路径的时变分布式单位线推求。以龙虎圩和东石流域为实例, 通过SCS模型计算产流量, 采用本文所提方法进行汇流计算, 引入涵盖低流量误差、高流量误差及洪量误差的多目标优化方法率定参数, 2个典型流域28场洪水预报结果表明, 洪峰流量相对误差在±15%内, 峰现时间误差在±6 h之间, 纳什效率系数平均值超过0.8, 与现有方法相比, 所提方法能更加准确地反映汇流时间分布场, 提高了洪水预报精度。     

分布式降雨径流物理模型的建立和应用

根据流域降雨径流的主要过程,考虑流域气象及下垫面要素的空间异质性,建立了具有物理基础的分布式降雨径流模型。模型将流域离散为栅格计算单元,并按水流特性分栅格单元为坡面单元和河网单元。在坡面单元上主要计算降雨、下渗、坡面流、壤中流等水文过程,而河网单元则主要计算河道汇流过程。模型利用空间权重插值方法将雨量站点的降雨量插值到各个计算单元,采用运动波方程来计算坡面流,将壤中流概化为垂向流和侧向流,分别用Green-Ampt公式和运动波方程来模拟,河道汇流也采用运动波方程。模型结构简单、参数的物理意义明确,大多数参数可利用DEM、土壤类型图、植被类型图直接获取,少数敏感参数通过率定确定。模型在浙江省甬江上游黄土岭流域和皎口流域进行了应用和检验,其结果令人满意。     

坡地径流入渗机制对水文模拟的影响分析

建立了适用于栅格单元系统的基于运动波理论的降尺度新安江模型(KWXAJ)。在栅格单元中采用新安江模型计算产流,运动波模型进行坡面汇流演算。模型中,为考虑上游坡地单元入流的径流入渗(run-on)效应,在进行坡地产流计算时,降雨及上游坡面流及壤中出流被同时作为来水输入新安江模型。在运动波模型中,糙率系数依据土地利用方式及洪水量级确定。选取淮河史灌河流域黄泥庄以上集水区域,作为研究区域。用流域历史上的13次洪水过程来率定和验证此模型。研究表明,run-on机制对流域产汇流预测有重要影响,其显著影响流域内土壤蓄水量时空分布,进而改变产汇流机制。数据分析还显示,不考虑run-on机制将导致模拟洪峰滞后。     

汇流计算中若干问题的述评

本文概述了坡面汇流与河道汇流计算中的简化模型,重点讨论了流域汇流计算问题,笔者认为,坡面汇流与河道汇流计算方法相对成熟,以系统分析理论为基础的汇流计算数学模型的研究重点似可转向参数的合理定量与地区综合,以及区间汇流与局部汇流计算方面:汇流非线性现象很复杂,要充分注意非线性向线性转化的条件;地貌单位线正在得到迅速的发展,可能成为解决短缺水文资料地区水文计算与进行小河站网规划的又一途泾;今后汇流计算研究应更多地重视干旱与半干旱地区.     

雅砻江流域分布式水文模型开发研究

面向南水北调西线水源区之一雅砻江流域生态水文调控,开发了一个基于物理机制的日过程流域水循环系统的分布式模拟模型.模型的产流过程计算考虑了雨强大小,采用Green-Ampt模型或Richards方程.汇流过程计算考虑了河道属性(纵横断面及河道控制工程),采用运动波方程或动力波方程模型.计算单元内采用了"马赛克"法即把单元内土地归为5种地域分别计算再汇总.1985～2000年雅砻江流域径流模拟较准确,水量平衡方面误差小于5%,模型与实测径流过程线相关系数达到0.86～94,Nash-Sutcliffe模型效率达0.7以上,表明该模型具有较高精度,能够满足流域生态水文调控中水循环各个过程的模拟与预测,构建了一个良好平台.     

淮北平原汾泉河流域水文模型

本文以淮北平原的汾泉河流域力试点,分析研究了平原坡水区的水文特性,提出了一个平原流域水文模型。模型的特点是:产流部分能模拟表层超渗和蓄满两种产流方式;汇流部分用两个非线性系统分别模拟表层水和地下水的汇流,其中地下永的非线性汇流概念性模型是建立在乎原河网特征基础上的,并认为传统的地下水线性响应的假定,在地下水埋藏浅的平原地区不再适合.该模型在汾泉河流域应用成功,可作为水文分析计算的有用工具.     

一种时变分布式单位线计算方法

为了解决由降雨强度引起的径流汇流的非线性问题,提出一种基于SCS(United States Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service)流速公式的时变分布式单位线计算方法。引入参考雨强表征SCS公式中流速系数对应的水力条件。由降雨过程的时段雨强与参考雨强的比值构成一个量纲一因子,将该因子加入SCS公式后使其能够考虑降雨对流速的影响。改进后的流速公式用于计算一次降雨过程中不同降雨时段对应的时变分布式单位线,时变分布式单位线与新安江模型的产流模块构成降雨径流模型,将模型用于裴河流域率定参考雨强。率定后的模型用于谭家河流域进行应用检验,结果显示,确定性系数大于等于0.9的洪水场次,由时不变单位线的42%增大为83%。提出的方法能够显著提高流域水文模型的降雨径流模拟能力。     

Study on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin

Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that （1） within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; （2） soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; （3） the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; （4） the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; （5） three empirical infiltration models, including Horton＇ model, Kostiakov＇ model, and modified Kostiakov＇ model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov＇ model performed better than both the Horton＇ model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov＇s model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin.     

Study on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of tne Sichuan Basin

Studies on rain.runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin,which is re-garded as a key ecological shelter,will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yang-tze River Basin.In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment,rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use-forestland.farmland and grassland.Results showed that(1)within the same rainfall process,overland flow occurs first on farmland,then on grassland,and finally on forestland;(2)soil surface coverage has a great im-pact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow.The runoff amount Can increase 2-4 times after the coverage iS removed;(3)the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil.but it takes no effect on infiltration once,overland flow becomes stable;(4)the runoff coefficient of the lime-stone soil forestland iS greater than that of the yellow soil forest land,but less than that of the farmland;(5)threeempirical infiltration models,including Horton'model,Kostiakov'model,and modified Kostiakov'model,were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation.The results showed that the Kostiakov'model per-formed better than both the Horton'model and modified Kostiakov model.According to the results of this research,the Kostiakov's model Can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin.     

A coupled surface/subsurface flow model accounting for air entrapment and air pressure counterflow

This work introduces the soil air system into integrated hydrology by simulating the flow processes and interactions of surface runoff, soil moisture and air in the shallow subsurface. The numerical model is formulated as a coupled system of partial differential equations for hydrostatic (diffusive wave) shallow flow and two-phase flow in a porous medium. The simultaneous mass transfer between the soil, overland, and atmosphere compartments is achieved by upgrading a fully established leakance concept for overland-soil liquid exchange to an air exchange flux between soil and atmosphere. In a new algorithm, leakances operate as a valve for gas pressure in a liquid-covered porous medium facilitating the simulation of air out-break events through the land surface. General criteria are stated to guarantee stability in a sequential iterative coupling algorithm and, in addition, for leakances to control the mass exchange between compartments. A benchmark test, which is based on a classic experimental data set on infiltration excess (Horton) overland flow, identified a feedback mechanism between surface runoff and soil air pressures. Our study suggests that air compression in soils amplifies surface runoff during high precipitation at specific sites, particularly in near-stream areas.     

上方来水对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下,利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了上方来水对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移以及土壤水分再分布的影响。结果表明:对于初始含水量很低的土壤,与上方无来水相比,上方来水时降雨入渗过程中入渗率有一个上升的阶段,但平均入渗率反而降低;在降雨入渗初期,由于上方来水的沿程入渗,上方来水对坡面湿润锋运移的影响较大,但随后几乎没有影响,湿润锋的运移主要与基质势梯度有关;土壤水分沿坡面呈"波浪形"分布是坡面径流的波动性、上方来水(径流)的沿程入渗以及侧向沿坡向下流等综合作用的结果。     

对坡面径流挟沙力研究的几点认识

坡面径流挟沙力是土壤侵蚀过程模型的核心输入参数。在系统界定坡面径流挟沙力概念的基础上,深入分析了坡面径流水动力学特性和泥沙特性对坡面径流挟沙力的影响及其机制,受降雨、地形、土壤、植被、土地利用、结皮形成、细沟发育和砾石出露等多种因素时空变异的综合影响,坡面径流挟沙力具有强烈的时空变化特征,导致坡面径流挟沙力的测定较为困难。将确定挟沙力常用的方法划分为河流挟沙力方程修正法、推理法、模型模拟法和测量法,比较分析了不同方法的优缺点。未来的研究应该重点关注挟沙力测定方法与技术、坡面径流输沙过程的动力机制、典型土壤的挟沙力、挟沙力方程构建与验证及变化条件下坡面径流挟沙力等方面。     

Wildfire impacts on the processes that generate debris flows in burned watersheds

Every year, and in many countries worldwide, wildfires cause significant damage and economic losses due to both the direct effects of the fires and the subsequent accelerated runoff, erosion, and debris flow. Wildfires can have profound effects on the hydrologic response of watersheds by changing the infiltration characteristics and erodibility of the soil, which leads to decreased rainfall infiltration, significantly increased overland flow and runoff in channels, and movement of soil. Debris-flow activity is among the most destructive consequences of these changes, often causing extensive damage to human infrastructure. Data from the Mediterranean area and Western United States of America help identify the primary processes that result in debris flows in recently burned areas. Two primary processes for the initiation of fire-related debris flows have been so far identified: (1) runoff-dominated erosion by surface overland flow; and (2) infiltration-triggered failure and mobilization of a discrete landslide mass. The first process is frequently documented immediately post-fire and leads to the generation of debris flows through progressive bulking of storm runoff with sediment eroded from the hillslopes and channels. As sediment is incorporated into water, runoff can convert to debris flow. The conversion to debris flow may be observed at a position within a drainage network that appears to be controlled by threshold values of upslope contributing area and its gradient. At these locations, sufficient eroded material has been incorporated, relative to the volume of contributing surface runoff, to generate debris flows. Debris flows have also been generated from burned basins in response to increased runoff by water cascading over a steep, bedrock cliff, and incorporating material from readily erodible colluvium or channel bed. Post-fire debris flows have also been generated by infiltration-triggered landslide failures which then mobilize into debris flows. However, only 12% of documented cases exhibited this process. When they do occur, the landslide failures range in thickness from a few tens of centimeters to more than 6 m, and generally involve the soil and colluvium-mantled hillslopes. Surficial landslide failures in burned areas most frequently occur in response to prolonged periods of storm rainfall, or prolonged rainfall in combination with rapid snowmelt or rain-on-snow events.     

植被分布对小流域产流影响的数值实验

基于二维运动波模型,建立了一个适用于小流域场次降雨产汇流过程的动力学模型。通过对典型小流域内不同区域(坡顶、坡中及坡底区域及距离流域出口的远近)种植植被时产流过程的数值模拟,分析了小流域内植被分布对产流过程的影响。结果表明:植被分布及其特性对小流域场次降雨产流有较明显的影响;下游区域种植植被的减水效果和延滞洪峰作用优于上游区域,陡坡区域减水效果优于缓坡区域,且郁闭度越大,这种差别越明显;在该研究条件下,下游区的减水效果可达到上游区的3倍;30%郁闭度条件下减水效果可达10%和20%郁闭度条件下的3倍和1.4倍。     

The runoff characteristics under simulated rainfall on purple soil sloping cropland

Rainfall runoff is a critical hydrological process related to soil erosion and agricultural non-point pollu-tion. In this study, 25 simulation experiments on rainfall were carried out in five runoff plots. Rape (Brassica campestris) was planted on the downslope of the plots. Experiments were conducted when the vegetation coverage reached 80%. Each plot was subjected to five rainfall events differing in intensity. The results showed: (1) the runoff coefficients of overland flow and subsurface flow were less than 0.6 and 0.005, respectively; (2) the discharge of overland flow was the quadratic function of time; (3) runoff coefficient was the function of slope gradient and rain-fall intensity. When the slope gradient increased from 8.7% to 46.6%, the runoff coefficient of overland flow first increased and then decreased. The runoff coefficient reached the maximum when the slope gradient was within the range of 17.6%-36.4%; and (4) the process of subsurface flow generation included the increasing phase and reces-sion phase. Discharge was a logarithm function of time in the increasing phase, and an exponential function in the recession phase. Runoff coefficient of subsurface flow decreased first and then increased when the slope gradient varied from 8.7% to 46.6% and was not correlated with rainfall intensity.     

三峡库区不同厚度紫色土坡耕地产流机制分析

土层厚度是影响坡面水文过程的决定性因素之一.通过野外模拟降雨试验(设计雨强60 mm/h),在小区尺度上研究了一个完整坡面上典型土层厚度紫色土坡耕地坡面产流机制.结果表明:对于地表径流,土层厚度为23 cm小区表现为饱和产流,而土层厚度为45 em和76 cm小区均表现为超渗产流;对于壤中流,土层厚度为76 em小区以...