衡水地区地裂缝空间发育特征与地下水位降深关系

通过浅层地震法及高密度电阻率法物探对河北衡水地区最近发现的3条地裂缝调查，探明了地裂缝地下发育深度、宽度、倾向等，发现地裂缝在地表与地下发育特征有明显不同：地表以一条地裂缝存在，在地下深处则以裂缝带发育，裂缝带两侧裂缝埋深不同，地下裂缝形态表现为上窄下宽。对该地区深层钻探、水文地质和多年地下水开采等资料分析表明，该地区的地裂缝是地质历史时期地质构造活动产物，开采深层地下水等资源则是促使地裂缝发展的主要原因。通过对不同地点地裂缝发育深度与近36年以来地下水水位降深的关系分析，结果显示：不同地区地裂缝发育深度与相应深层地下水水位降深呈线性关系。研究成果对地裂缝机理研究及预防开采深层地下水对地质环境的影响具有指导作用。     

江阴南部地面沉降及地裂缝研究

江阴南部地区在构造上呈现"两隆一凹"的格局,南、北边缘为基岩隆起带,中心为第四系松散沉积平原,受基底起伏及古河道的控制,土层厚度、岩性、结构及水文地质特征差异较大。由于长期超量开采第Ⅱ承压水,不仅形成了区域水位降落漏斗,也形成了地面沉降漏斗,最大水位漏斗中心水位埋深约75m,沉降漏斗中心最大沉降量达1 300mm以上。并在长泾、河塘、祝塘等地由于差异沉降形成三处地裂缝,这些裂缝具有相似的发育特征,即在主裂缝处形成陡坎,陡坎高约10~30cm,主裂缝的NW侧则相对下错并形成宽约20~60m的凹陷带,带中发育有规模较小的次级裂缝。基底隆起及其所控制的第四系松散层厚度及结构差异是地裂缝发育的空间乃至时间特征的基础,是控制因素;深层地下水的长期超量开采所导致的地层压缩或固结是地裂缝形成的主导因素,地裂缝正是基岩隆起带地层差异压缩所形成的差异地面沉降的结果。据估算,其发育深度可达基岩隆起的最浅处,并实际上已发展成为小断层。     

基于光纤传感技术的地裂缝物理模型试验

苏南地区地裂缝成因机制较为复杂,且灾害活跃。以光纤光栅传感器为监测手段,建立基岩潜山条件下物理地质模型,模拟抽水差异性沉降过程,揭示地裂缝发育演化规律。试验结果表明:（1）地下水过量抽采导致的不均匀沉降是地裂缝发育的最直接因素,地下水水位降深越大、抽采速率越快,地面沉降越明显。（2）基岩潜山形态位置对地表沉降起控制作用;同时地面沉降最严重区域与地裂缝分布区域基本一致;基岩潜山的发育位置形态、地表的沉降曲线以及地裂缝分布情况基本一致。（3）模型试验结果与研究区地裂缝灾害发育规律基本一致。此次基于光纤技术的物理模型试验研究为地裂缝研究提供新的方法与手段。     

泰安市覆盖型岩溶分布地区岩溶塌陷地下水位预警研究

开展地下水位预警研究有助于中国北方覆盖型岩溶分布地区地下水资源开采的调蓄和岩溶塌陷地质灾害的预防。文章提出了此类地区岩溶地下水水位预警线的划定方法,基于统计分析绘制长序列监测水位的最小值、第5、第25、第75百分位值曲线作为地下水位预警判据模板,以基岩面附近的水位波动阈值和水位低于基岩面的深度建立岩溶塌陷地下水位预警判据模板,最终建立综合预警判据模板并确定分区预警结果。将该方法用于山东省泰安市城区-旧县岩溶水系统,通过2015年和2016年的单点预警结果和分区预警结果进行对比分析,认为该方法预警结果与实际情况基本相符,具有可推广性。      

河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因分析

以大量实地调查和资料收集为基础,论述了河北平原地裂缝发育现状及分布特征,总结了地裂缝时空分布规律和形成的主要影响因素。河北平原地裂缝分布普遍,其活动具有区域上的成带性与局部地段的相对丛集性,发育由南向北扩展,走向也大多为特定的几个方向,有些地裂缝具有反复活动性。对河北平原地裂缝的成因进行统计分析,其主要包括断层蠕滑地裂缝、地震引发的次生地裂缝、浅层地下水水位下降引起的地裂缝、地层不均匀导致不均匀沉降产生的地裂缝以及岩溶塌陷和采空区塌陷引起的地裂缝等。地裂缝往往是几种因素的综合作用,其中以某一种因素作为主导。对不同的地裂缝进行成因分析,可采取不同的防治应对措施,从而最大限度地减少损失。     

广西来宾小平阳岩溶地裂缝研究

自８０年代以来,广西来宾小平阳地区出现了大量地裂缝,破坏了许多房屋与田地,成为一种主要地质灾害。这些地裂缝产生于岩溶发育区,与岩溶发育密切相关,其发生受土体性质、水、地形地貌、气候等多因素控制,其中浅层地下水的开采是地裂缝发生的重要诱发因素。地裂缝的形成与岩土界面上各种物理、化学作用有关。在阐述土洞形成基础上,建立起地裂缝形成机制的理论概化模型,根据地裂缝形成的土体应力状况,论述了从溶洞、土洞产生到自下而上开裂的地裂缝形成机制      

泰安市城区旧县水源地岩溶塌陷演化过程分析

通过综合分析项目前期开展的塌陷群现场调查、物探、钻探、地下水动态长期监测等多项工作所获取的珍贵资料,将泰安市区划分为三个岩溶塌陷集中区,分别讨论了岩溶塌陷的发育条件、分布特征及成因演化过程,最后有针对性地提出了岩溶塌陷防治对策。研究结果表明,区内岩溶塌陷多发生于以下区域:(1)埋藏型岩溶区,地层岩性主要为奥陶纪-寒武纪灰岩、白云岩;(2)断裂及其影响带;(3)上覆土层厚度小于20 m,多层结构,即上部黏性土、中部砂类、下部黏性土区域;(4)岩溶地下水降落漏斗及其影响范围内。研究区岩溶塌陷是各种不良因素共同作用的产物,其中最重要的诱发动力条件为水动力条件,结合各类水文、地质、灾害资料,绘制岩溶塌陷与地层、降水、开采及岩溶水位关系图,可清晰地反映出在岩溶发育地区随着岩溶水开采量增大,岩溶水位随之降低,当岩溶水位低于基岩面后,岩溶塌陷开始发生,并且随着水位的降低及波动幅度的增大,塌陷次数明显增多的演化过程。      

覆盖型岩溶区地下水地源热泵工程岩溶塌陷成因及对策研究

地下水地源热泵工程是抽取地下水,以地下水为换热介质,提取能量之后全部回灌于含水层中。因此地下水地源热泵是改变地下水局部水位高程,整体上不影响地下水流场的变化。覆盖型岩溶区地质环境承载力较差,地下水的开发利用过程,可能加强诱发岩溶塌陷的因素,发生岩溶塌陷。在地下水地源热泵的建设和运行中,控制水位降深、尽量避免水位波动和瞬间水位变化过大等措施,达到预防岩溶塌陷的目的。而岩溶塌陷预防措施的研究给覆盖型岩溶区地下水地源热泵的建设和运行提供技术支撑。     

塔里木盆地奥陶系古潜山碳酸盐岩岩溶储层评价与预测——以轮古7井区以东为例

塔里木盆地奥陶系古潜山碳酸盐岩岩溶储层具有埋藏深、非均质性强的特点。岩溶储集空间主要为后期溶蚀孔、溶洞和溶缝为主。通过古地貌恢复及岩溶垂向分带研究,结合油藏开采动态,对轮古7井区以东地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层评价与预测。研究认为:高产高效井主要位于岩溶缓坡地的峰丘洼地、丘峰洼地及岩溶峰丛谷地的溶丘、溶峰及其边坡部位。垂向上表层岩溶带和垂向渗滤带的上部,开发效果较好,多发育裂缝-孔洞型、洞穴型储层;径流溶蚀带、潜流溶蚀带岩溶发育相对较弱,局部发育小规模溶洞或岩溶管道,岩溶储层以裂缝型或孔洞型为主。在此基础上预测出五个高产高效油气储层岩溶区,为油气勘探与开发提供依据。      

塔北隆起轮古7井区奥陶系岩溶地貌及岩溶储层特征研究

轮古7井区地处轮南古潜山一级地貌单元岩溶高地上,该次研究利用残厚法对研究区岩溶古地貌特征及古水动力条件进行刻画,划分为岩溶高地、岩溶坡地两种二级地貌单元类型,并应用现代岩溶分类方法,根据微地貌组合形态对二级地貌做精细刻画,划分了六种三级地貌单元。通过对岩溶储层展布规律深入研究,认为其储集空间主要为后期构造及岩溶作用所形成的次生溶蚀孔洞、溶蚀裂缝和洞穴系统。根据孔、洞、缝组合特征,及裂缝孔隙度和孔洞孔隙度的物性关系,将奥陶系鹰山组岩溶储层类型划分为裂缝型、孔洞型、裂缝—孔洞型、洞穴型四类。岩溶高地由于剥蚀作用强烈,相对于岩溶坡地来讲后者更易于岩溶储集空间的保存;岩溶坡地地带水动力条件较强,水平径流带岩溶管道系统发育,连通性较好,为洞穴型岩溶储层发育带,易于形成大型缝洞体。      

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.