水平井测井解释技术综述

水平井的大规模钻井和应用是二十世纪后期石油工业的一个亮点.水平井技术在新油田开发和老油田调整挖潜上成效显著,它可降低勘探开发成本、大幅度提高油气单井产能和采收率等.回顾了水平井及水平井测井解释发展历史,比较了垂直井和水平井测井及解释评价上的异同,分析了水平井测井环境以及测井解释所面临的问题,简述了一些水平井测井数据处理方法及综合解释中应注意的问题,最后根据我国目前的水平井测井解释现状分析了存在的问题,提出了今后发展的思路：以跟踪国外和创新发展国内水平井解释技术为目标,开展复杂条件下各种测井方法的正反演研究,研究各种环境影响因素的校正方法,注意多学科的交叉综合,结合垂直井测井解释经验和水平井测井的特点提高水平井测井解释水平.     

综合测井资料在研究油气藏沉积相中的应用--以川口油田长六油层组为例

利用测井资料来评价或解释沉积相的方法称为测井相分析．测井资料与沉积学结合形成的测井相分析在研究油气藏沉积相和圈定砂体方面发挥着重要作用．利用综合测井资料物性曲线的形状、幅度、数值大小,建立不同沉积相与测井曲线之间的函数对应关系,分析不同沉积相的测井曲线特征,并对不同沉积相的岩性所对应的测井曲线形态分别进行描述．从单井分析剖面对比区域研究三个层次研究油气藏沉积相,勾画出主砂体的形态和展布方向,在此基础上,讨论了川口油气藏长6油层组油气藏与沉积相之间的关系,研究认为河道沉积是该区油田勘探和开发的首选区带．     

页岩气地球物理测井评价综述

页岩气是指生成、储集和封盖均发生于页岩体系中,或游离于基质孔隙和天然裂缝中,或吸附于有机质和粘土矿物表面,或溶解于沥青和水中,在一定地质条件下聚集成藏并具有商业价值的生物成因和/或热解成因的天然气.在页岩气勘探开发中,地球物理测井是识别、评价页岩气储层并为后期完井提供指导参数的重要手段.页岩气属于极低孔极低渗的范畴,且具有很强的非均质性和各向异性,常规油气藏测井解释评价方法已不再适用,必须建立新的页岩气测井解释评价体系才能够对页岩气藏做出准确评价.评价页岩气藏的潜力涉及对多种因素正反面影响的权衡,包括页岩矿物组分和结构、粘土含量及类型、干酪根类型及成熟度、流体饱和度、吸附气和游离气存储机制、埋藏深度、温度和孔隙压力等.其中,孔隙度、总有机碳含量和含气量等对于确定页岩储层是否具有进一步开发价值非常重要.本文针对国外尤其是美国近期页岩气勘探开发的现状进行了广泛的文献调研,综述当前国外页岩气地球物理测井技术的发展现状,针对勘探开发的不同阶段介绍常用的含气页岩的测井系列,然后总结页岩气测井响应特征,并详细论述了页岩气储层评价方法及储层评价的重要参数,包括有机碳含量、岩石矿物组分及含量、孔隙度、含气量及岩石力学参数,最后提出我国页岩气地球物理测井研究存在的问题和发展趋势.     

应用随钻测井资料正确指导水平井钻进

根据水平井测井机理和对大量水平井、直井测井资料的解释经验,概括出了1套适合较复杂地质条件下的水平井随钻测井综合解释技术,主要包括：水平段进入点识别技术;水平段轨迹近围岩识别技术;水平段钻遇薄、厚泥岩识别技术以及水平段钻出油砂体边界识别技术。使用的随钻测井资料有4条不同探测深度电阻率曲线和1条自然伽马曲线。2000年以来的委内瑞拉M油田76口水平井随钻测井解释结果和完钻后综合解释结果以及新井测试及投产结果对比,解释符合率达到98％以上。     

基于小波高频属性的泥页岩裂缝测井识别方法研究

近几年受地震属性分析技术的启发,出现了利用测井属性分析泥页岩裂缝油气藏的新方法.为了避免常规测井信号受到噪声干扰影响裂缝识别效果,利用小波变换的高频属性对裂缝识别展开研究.以贵州岑巩地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组的泥页岩裂缝性油气藏为例,观察和分析野外黑色页岩露头、岩心薄片及镜下照片,总结了该地区裂缝发育特征和成因;然后着重利用研究区的测井资料,运用小波阈值去噪和小波高频属性方法对裂缝进行了识别.研究结果表明:研究区主要发育高角度剪性缝、张剪性缝、低角度滑脱缝及层间缝,采用的小波阈值去噪方法具有高信噪比和低均方差特点,在保留原始信号特点的基础上得到更加真实的信号;通过小波高频属性方法提取了声波时差信号中的高频信号,识别出了常规测井方法无法识别的泥页岩裂缝,该套方法成功在贵州岑巩页岩气裂缝识别中得到成功应用,并具有一定的借鉴意义.     

成像测井解释模式在基岩油气藏裂缝性储层的应用研究

基岩油气藏裂缝性储层具有复杂的储集空间和储层非均质性,为了实现对基岩油气藏储层的精细评价,以地层微电阻率扫描成像测井和井周声波成像测井资料为核心,通过岩心资料标定,结合录井、常规测井、试油、地质等实际资料,系统建立了基岩油气藏变质岩储层的成像测井解释模式.根据成像测井模式的识别实现了对基岩油气藏特征的认识、准确的裂缝分析和现今地应力场分析.分析结果表明,研究区基底变质岩地层中基本以基岩内幕油气藏为主;裂缝以中高角度缝、网状裂缝为主,其主要走向与井旁断层走向大致平行,属纵裂缝;裂缝主要发育在东西两侧靠近断层、近源的构造陡坡上;现今最大水平主应力方向主要呈NE-SW和NEE-SWW.成像测井解释结果与地质情况吻合较好.     

页岩岩相测井表征方法——以准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组为例

页岩油气藏作为重要的非常规油气藏，富含巨大的油气资源潜力，且常形成于深湖-半深湖沉积体系.页岩中复杂的矿物成分以及沉积组构类型对于页岩储层物性、含油性和可动性具有重要的影响，因此“矿物成分+沉积组构”的岩相划分与识别是页岩储层油气勘探开发的关键所在.但由于目前常规测井纵向分辨率有限导致无法实现页岩中毫米尺度的沉积组构精细描述，在页岩“矿物成分+沉积组构”岩相的识别方面尚未形成完整的方法理论体系.本文由此将利用岩心刻度测井的方法，通过岩性扫描测井与微电阻率成像测井相结合的方法，对玛湖凹陷风城组页岩层段的矿物成分和沉积组构类型进行连续识别，实现单井页岩段“矿物成分+沉积组构”岩相类型划分.通过岩相划分结果与现场试油试采资料相对照，发现薄层状与厚层状长石-石英质泥页岩相叠置发育的岩相组合产能最佳，因此可作为风城组页岩层段的优势岩相组合进行深入研究，为后续勘探开发提供参考．     

基于岩石力学特征的陆相泥页岩脆性地球物理测井评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部下寺湾地区延长组长7段为例

岩石力学参数表征泥页岩的脆性,反映泥页岩在应力作用下发生破坏产生裂缝的能力.开展泥页岩的脆性评价研究,可为压裂设计提供技术支撑,是提高页岩产能的关键.鄂尔多斯盆地东南部下寺湾地区延长组长7段陆相泥页岩层系内大量发育粉砂质泥页岩条带,岩性非均质性强,对页岩气产量影响显著.针对这一地质实际,本文分页岩、粉砂质泥页岩两种岩性开展三轴压缩等力学实验,对力学弹性参数特征、应力-应变特征、岩石破裂模式及脆性进行了分析,认为其力学破坏具有明显的脆性断裂特征.通过不同岩性横波时差与纵波时差、密度等测井数据的最小二乘法拟合,构建横波波速模型,计算动态力学参数,并利用动静态力学参数间的关系,校正测井计算的力学参数,进而定量评价泥页岩层段脆性.通过误差分析,并与YY22井ECS测井解释的矿物组分脆性加以对比,认为本文计算的脆性剖面是可信的.综合实验分析和测井脆性评价结果,为确定下寺湾地区长7段内的高脆性段,优选压裂目的层,提供了重要的地质依据.     

温度测井模型分析及在致密气水平井中的应用

温度和压力是水平井产出剖面测井必测的参数,然而利用温度资料进行水平井产出剖面测井解释,具有影响因素较多,多解性强的特点.本文根据热力学守恒定律,建立了温度测井计算模型,进行了压降幅度和热损失系数对温度的敏感性分析,研究了不同参数对热损失系数和温度测井的影响,为水平井温度测井资料解释奠定了理论基础.利用温度测井解释方法,对鄂北一口致密气水平井产出剖面测井资料进行了解释分析,分析了不同压裂段的产出情况,解释结果与持水率计测试结果吻合较好,说明了温度测井解释模型的可靠性.在流速等参数缺失的情况下,通过温度测井能够很好的了解水平井各压裂段的产出情况,为后续完井和生产优化提供依据.     

水平井感应测井响应影响因素数值模拟分析

地层电阻率是影响油气或煤层气评价的重要参数,水平井中常利用感应测井确定地层电阻率,由于水平井与直井测量环境有较大差异,响应方式势必与直井不同.水平井测井响应的环境影响复杂,不能使用基于几何因子的信号处理,必须通过三维正演数值模拟方法研究响应特征.本文利用基于有限元方法的COMSOL Multiphysics软件对三层对称地层模型中的水平井感应测井响应进行了数值模拟分析.通过分析比较源距为0.3m、0.6m、0.9m、1.2m的四个水平线圈系的响应特征发现,不同源距的线圈系测得的电导率值受仪器位置、上下围岩电导率、目的层厚度和仪器偏心的影响规律不同.数值模拟结果对水平井的解释工作及仪器研发具有指导性意义.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.