苏里格南部地区地震储层预测技术研究——以盒8段为例

苏里格南部地区是近年来勘探评价的重点地区.该地区上古生界沉积体系、下古生界奥陶系风化壳和古隆起台缘斜坡礁滩相沉积体系中均孕育着巨大的天然气产能,成为鄂尔多斯盆地天然气勘探开发的战略接替区.研究区目标层埋深大,储层厚度小;下古生界地层间波阻抗差异小,地层反射能量弱,分辨率低.针对这些难点,本文利用精细闭合差技术刻画目的层,采用波形特征分析、叠前反演等方法精细描述目的层的构造形态并预测砂体厚度,采用谐振法对目的层进行含油气检测.研究结果表明:研究区北部砂体厚薄变化相对较快,而南部总体砂体厚度变化较小.根据砂体厚度分布、有效砂厚与试气成果对盒8段进行有利区评价,有利勘探目标约为7505 km~2,其中Ⅰ类面积约为4729 km~2,Ⅱ类面积约为2776 km~2,预测结果为钻探井位提供了准确依据.     

塔北隆起玉东地区盐下薄砂岩高分辨地震预测

古近系薄砂岩是塔里木盆地玉东地区盐下主力产气储层段,薄砂岩储层的准确预测是玉东地区勘探成功的关键.本文通过岩心、测井、地震等资料综合研究及储层岩石物理分析建立了薄砂岩正演地质模型,正演模拟与地震响应特征分析发现玉东三维8种敏感地震属性与薄砂岩厚度呈4类(线性正相关、线性负相关、指数负相关、对数正相关)强相关,其中交流分量、道积分与薄层指示因子等敏感属性经RGB-HIS信息融合具有最佳的薄砂岩分辨能力.经地震属性信息融合、地质统计学高分辨反演和地震沉积学预测,古近系薄砂岩储层砂体主要分布于玉东北部的YT5井至YD1井、YD4井一带,薄砂岩发育三期透镜状水下分流河道和砂坝叠加砂体,砂体相互叠置连通.研究形成了一套薄砂岩储层预测新方法,为塔里木盆地古近系盐下薄砂岩储层预测和岩性圈闭勘探提供技术指导.     

全三维地震解释技术在南海西部深水区峡谷水道研究中的应用实践

南海西部深水区具有丰富的天然气资源,但由于领域广,水深大,地震和钻井资料少,整体勘探程度较低.2010年LSA井的钻探成功,正式拉开了南海西部深水勘探的序幕.LSA井钻探的有利目标为中央峡谷水道砂,为了快速客观的评价水道型目标的分布范围与油气关系,结合地震资料特点采用全三维地震解释技术.该方法是一种能有效地将地质知识应用于地震解释的综合解释方法,它可以使解释人员从不同属性的三维数据体中快速获取各种信息,对局部构造、断裂系统、砂体、沉积相带展布等进行系统研究和成图,取得一系列重要成果,从而大大缩短了解释周期,直观地展现了主要目的层段局部构造和断裂系统发育特征,有效地预测了中央峡谷水道砂体发育情况,迅速准确地指导油气勘探开发.     

长岭地区东北部拗陷层油气成藏特征及储层预测

本文从长岭凹陷隐蔽油气藏勘探实际出发,以分析该区的油气地质条件、控砂主导因素及油气成藏规律为主线,利用钻井、地震等资料通过地震属性分析、测井约束反演等方法对该区进行了储层预测,寻找有利的储层分布范围,研究砂体在空间展布特征,掌握砂体与断层的配置关系、砂体的尖灭情况,进而识别不同类型隐蔽型圈闭.指出该区隐蔽油气藏主要有三种成藏类型,即构造-岩性复合型、砂岩上倾尖灭型、砂岩透镜体型.远物源缓坡河流-三角洲沉积体系控制该区砂体分布,使得油气富集成藏规律主要表现为多层位含油,各个砂组交互发育;单个油藏面积小,在平面上具有多套砂体形成迭合连片的特征.主要目的层,如青一、二段砂体,以三角洲前缘分支河道发育为主,河道走向北东向.研究区内的断层走向近南东—北西向,与砂体走向垂直.这种断层与砂体配置关系,易形成构造-岩性复合圈闭.     

致密砂岩气藏地球物理勘探方法技术综述

为了提高地球物理方法在致密砂岩气藏勘探及评价中的应用效果,本文基于大量国内外文献调研,首先梳理了致密砂岩气的概念及其地质特征,其次分析了地震勘探方法技术在致密砂岩气藏裂缝预测及含气性识别方面的应用,再次总结了评价致密砂岩气储层的测井系列、归纳了致密砂岩气层的测井识别方法及致密砂岩气储层参数定量计算方法,最后进行了实例分析.研究表明,地震方法是致密砂岩气勘探最有效的地球物理方法,不仅能有效地预测裂缝发育部位,还可以识别致密砂岩气藏;地球物理测井评价致密砂岩气藏具有纵向分辨率高、微观特征研究精度高的优点;基于岩石物理分析,将地震资料与测井资料有机结合,实现不同尺度信息融合,借助于非线性数学方法及非平稳信号分析技术可以有效提高致密砂岩气藏勘探评价效果.     

济阳坳陷砂岩透镜体油藏成因机理与模式

渤海湾盆地是我国隐蔽油气藏分布的重要地区, 20世纪90年代后期岩性油气藏已成为胜利探区勘探的重点和储量增长、勘探挖潜的主要领域, 但近几年的勘探实践发现, 岩性油藏的含油气性变化大、成因机理还认识不清. 在对济阳坳陷123个典型砂岩透镜体含油性统计分析的基础上, 结合典型透镜体的详细剖析和核磁共振物理模拟实验的结果综合研究后发现: 砂岩透镜体形成时的构造环境和沉积环境、围岩生排烃条件、砂体储集条件是成藏的主控因素. 砂岩透镜体能否成藏, 取决于围岩(源岩)与砂岩体之间的毛细管压力差和烃浓度梯度产生的扩散作用力和膨胀力的动力与流体向外渗滤遇到的阻力的是否达到平衡. 围岩生排烃条件由差到好、砂体储集条件由差到好、砂体的沉积环境从不利到有利, 当三方面均满足一定的条件时, 圈闭内才具有成藏的条件, 三方面条件均较好时, 圈闭含油气性好. 文中对济阳坳陷新近系沙三下亚段砂岩透镜体油藏的分布进行了预测.     

柴达木盆地三湖地区北斜坡岩性地层气藏形成的地质条件与预测技术研究

三湖地区北斜坡褶皱发育,相变快,生储盖组合优越,具备形成岩性地层气藏的构造背景和地质务件.由于本区储层厚度薄(1～3m),缺乏三维地震资料,砂体分布难以准确追踪,导致岩性地层气藏勘探难以取得突破.已知气藏解剖和理论研究表明地层含气后会产生特殊的地震响应,通过地震异常信息研究,结合构造、沉积和成藏条件分析,发现驼西地区是岩性圈闭发育带,Tzh2井获得工业气流证明该区带具备形成岩性气区的潜力.     

致密砂岩油气藏地震地质研究关键技术

致密砂岩油气藏在当前油气勘探开中占有重要地位.地震地质综合研究是此类油气藏勘探开发工作的重要组成部分.多数致密砂岩油气藏地表条件复杂,导致地震资料品质较差.油气藏岩性致密、低孔、低渗的地质特征导致地球物理异常微弱.这两个不利条件给地震地质综合研究造成了较大的困难.结合致密砂岩油气藏地震地质研究工作实践,本文对地震资料特殊处理、储层和特殊地质体地震预测与描述的关键技术进展及应用效果进行了阐述.面对黄土塬、山地等复杂地表采集条件和致密砂岩储层等特殊地质体地震地质研究的需要,介绍了高精度静校正、叠前多域去噪、地表一致性振幅补偿、小波变换提高分辨率处理技术及在鄂尔多斯盆地一些探区的应用情况.围绕致密储层等特殊地质体的地震预测与描述需求,着重介绍了致密砂泥岩地层岩石物理分析、煤系等特殊地层的地震属性分析与优化、致密碎屑岩储层反演、叠前地震资料流体检测、致密储层裂缝发育带地震预测和储层综合建模等关键技术在部尔多斯及川西探区实际应用中面临的具体问题、改进对策和实施效果.     

辽河坳陷大民屯凹陷三台子地区下第三系碎屑岩储层预测研究

针对目标区下第三系储层横向变化快,沉积特征不明显等特点,为提高滚动探井、开发井的钻探成功率,本文研制形成一套具有针对性的油气藏勘探预测研究方法.即运用多井约束波阻抗地震反演方法来预测砂体展布,同时对生成的地震波阻抗反演数据体中的振幅、厚度等暗含的有效信息进行提取,对砂体的分布范围及厚度变化进行准确而精细的描述和预测,最终依据此法优选有利相带,部署井位,取得了很好的勘探开发效果.     

长春岭油田储层预测研究

常用的储层横向预测技术有地震属性分析技术和地震反演技术两大类,应用这两种技术对长春岭油田扶余油层进行了储层预测研究.研究结果表明,长春岭油田地震资料的振幅属性与已知井砂岩发育情况吻合较好,本文利用振幅属性描述了扶余油层Ⅰ～Ⅳ砂组储层砂岩的分布趋势.应用地震反演方法得到扶余油层储层砂岩纵横向展布规律,经钻探证明,预测的结果比较可靠.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.