绝对重力仪研制中几种干扰因素的实验研究

利用观测精度可达1～2×10-8ms-2_,的FG5 绝对重力仪,开展了空气阻力、有无隔震弹簧以及仪器自震对重力观测影响等观测实验.通过在环境干扰较小的九峰站观测实验,得到如下结论:在正常大气压状态下所观测到的空气阻力影响约500×10-5ms-2,比理论估算值大近30×105ms-2, 若在低真空状态测量空气阻力也将产生2.3×10-5 ms-2观测误差;落体室真空度维持系统(离子泵)工作不正常,空气阻力也将对重力观测造成0.1～4.1×10-5ms-2的观测误差;在地质条件比较稳定,环境震动干扰较小的基墩上测量,隔震弹簧的作用对观测结果影响不明显,但对测量精度影响较大.上述观测实验的进行,为自由下落法绝对重力仪的研制提供可靠依据.     

基于激光干涉法的地表重力垂直梯度测量系统设计及试验

基于激光干涉法对新型地表重力垂直梯度测量系统进行了研究并初步构建了原理样机． 该测量系统利用双光路干涉测量法, 获取垂直向间距为50 cm且同步自由下落的两个落体相对于参考点的时间和位移信息, 并通过差分运算得到该测点的重力垂直梯度值． 在系统设计过程中, 主要解决了双落体自由下落的同步自动控制和双干涉测量光路的垂直性调节问题． 试验结果表明, 本套测量系统可以获取双落体同步自由下落运动时的干涉条纹信号, 并完成重力垂直梯度测量, 且梯度测量精度优于100 E．      

绝对重力仪测量结果的振动划线处理方法初步研究

针对自主研发的高精度绝对重力仪样机测量结果中引入的振动误差, 提出了一种全新的振动抑制算法．本算法利用一簇斜率相同的平行直线与记录到的参考棱镜振动曲线相交, 通过提取这些交点的时间信息, 确定落体下落轨迹上进行重力加速度计算的时间和位移坐标． 然后, 利用最小二乘算法获取测点的绝对重力加速度值．对不同重力加速度值的适用性和不同类型振动干扰的抑制效果模拟计算发现, 对于优势频率大于0.2 Hz, 峰峰值小于500 counts的干扰, 算法可以有效提高测量结果的系统偏差和测量精度．最后, 实际实验样机的测量结果表明, 本算法使最终测量精度提高了一倍, 为绝对重力仪的小型化和流动测量提供了软件技术支持。      

绝对重力仪设计中的一种新型落体控制方式

为了将绝对重力仪在真空筒中自由下落落体的运动传动控制结构在大气压条件下实现,便于检修和维护,我们提出了一种全新的落体控制方法:焊接波纹管法.从理论计算上升段和下降段电机对拖架控制过程的速度、位移曲线以及试验结果可以看出,这种焊接波纹管驱动拖架的方法实现了对落体伺服跟踪的同时,也满足了对落体自由下落时间的设计要求.     

绝对重力仪研制中一种新的自由落体轨迹重建算法

真空系统中落体做自由下落运动的轨迹重建算法,是进行拟合求解绝对重力测量结果的关键步骤之一.在自主研制小型高精度激光干涉绝对重力仪的过程中,基于目前高速发展的数字测量技术,提出一种自由落体轨迹重建的算法.其基本原理是:首先通过高速采样,得到落体自由下落过程中产生的一系列数字化的激光干涉信号;其次通过数字处理算法提取干涉信...     

我国绝对重力观测技术应用研究与展望

简要介绍了近年来运用高精度绝对重力仪,开展和建立我国2-5×10-8ms-2精度的绝对重力基准和绝对重力网工作;回顾了近年来中国学者利用绝对重力观测技术在地壳运动、地震监测与预报及地球动力学等研究方面所取得的成就;并探讨了未来进一步的应用前景.     

湖泊磷的核磁共振(NMR)分析——1环境标准样品的31P-NMR表征

通过对环境标准样进行31P-NMR测试,研究了磷的化学结构与化学位移的关系.结果表明:无机正磷酸盐(PO43-)化学位移在6.412×10-6,焦磷酸盐的化学位移在-4.353×10-6;多聚磷的化学位移分布特点是:主链末端磷化学位移在-3.53×10-6至-4.40×10-6之间,中间磷在-18.159×10-6至-20.246×10-6之间,有机磷中单酯和二醑的化学位移分别在4.3540×10-6至6.3652×10-6和-0.107×10-6至2.195×10-6之间,部分二脂不稳定,会降解为单脂;膦酸盐的化学位移在18.670×10-6至21.460×10-6之间,磷酸肌酸位于-0.380×10-6,有机多聚磷中α-P的化学位移在-8.833×10-6至-9.449×10-6之间,由于偶合作用产生P峰的裂分,P峰的偶合符合核磁中n 1的规则.结构环境影响31P的化学位移值的偏移.     

激光干涉绝对重力仪干涉信号处理算法的动态适应性及其船载应用评估

激光干涉绝对重力仪干涉信号处理算法的动态适应性研究是进行动态绝对重力测量的基本前提。本文基于希尔伯特变换、直接正交法、过零点法三种瞬时相位处理算法,提出了基于背景振动物理量的合理动态约束条件,即反向的振动速度不能超过落体的下落速度。构建的单频振动信号仿真实验表明:在满足约束条件时,采样频率为60 MHz,希尔伯特变换算法的精度优于10^-13 m/s²,过零点算法的精度优于10^-9 m/s²,直接正交算法的精度为(-7.9±2.0)×10^-8 m/s²。基于海浪模拟平台的实测试验表明:满足约束条件时,这三类瞬时相位处理算法均适用于动态环境,并获得了标准差为4.6×10^-5 m/s²的绝对重力测量值。更进一步,基于本文动态适应性结论对系泊和海面船载动态环境进行评估,结果表明:测量船在3级以下海况可以进行10^-5 m/s²量级绝对重力的测量;在3—4级海况下,需根据振动信号对...     

云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震震区地壳密度结构特征

基于云南鲁甸MS6.5地震震区的3条"工"字形剖面的重力与GPS观测数据,获得了沿剖面的布格重力异常、剩余密度相关成像和地壳密度分层结构。研究表明,会理—鲁甸—昭通、攀枝花—蒙姑—大井、舍块—汤丹—会泽剖面布格重力变化范围分别为-278~-197×10-5ms-2、-273~-200×10-5ms-2、-280~-254×10-5ms-2,均呈"鞍"形分布,其局部低值均位于小江断裂带附近,且幅度差自北向南逐渐减小。小江断裂带内物质密度低于两侧,低密度体扩展至中下地壳,且其东侧物质密度低于西侧,密度异常体呈正负交迭,地壳稳定性低,鲁甸震区处于该区域内。地壳分层结构显示莫霍面以小江断裂带为中心向上抬升,莫霍面最大深度自北向南从50km抬升至41km,反映了小江断裂带在区域地质构造中的地位——川滇块体与华南块体的分界线。     

用重力测量技术观测城市地表下沉的实验研究

本文用重力测量技术对城市地表下沉进行了实验研究,从2016年3月到2017年5月在武汉市内地表下沉较大的部分城区进行了7期流动重力观测实验,并用D-InSAR观测的垂向位移进行了验证.数值结果表明重力观测每期整网平差后点值平均精度都小于10×10~(-8)m·s~(-2),说明采用重力观测能在城市内获得高精度的区域重力变化.第7期相对于第1期的结果与D-InSAR在大致相同时间段内地表垂直位移结果比较表明,重力增加的大部分区域与D-InSAR观测到的地表下沉区域相一致,说明这些区域的重力增加主要是由地表下沉引起的.从第2到7期相对于第1期的重力变化说明在近12个月的时间内测区最大重力变化约40×10~(-8)m·s~(-2),且局部区域的重力值是逐渐增加的,说明地表下沉是持续进行的.本实验结果说明重力观测技术能为城市地表下沉提供重力观测约束和机制解释.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.