中高山区高精度航磁视磁化强度填图方法

利用GPS高度和DTM高度数据,通过地形等效变换方法进行中高山区视磁化强度填图,避开了目前还不太有效的曲面地形改正方法问题,获得了精度较高的视磁化强度反演结果．这种适合于起伏地形、起伏测量面的视磁化强度填图方法为今后中高山地区航磁异常解释提供了一个可行的方法和解决问题的新思路．本文给出了中高山区起伏观测面下航磁资料的无负值视磁化强度填图方法,并通过模型和实际资料处理验证了这种方法的正确性．     

航磁三轴梯度转换全张量梯度及应用（英文）

磁张量梯度能提供地磁场矢量在三维空间的变化率信息,对地质构造研究、资源勘查、地磁导航等具有重要意义。但目前工程技术条件下磁张量梯度测量在却很难实现,为此本文提出一种使用航磁三轴梯度资料计算磁张量梯度的方法,满足无法直接测量全张量梯度情况下对资料的需求。区别于单轴航磁梯度转换全张量梯度的方式,该法使用航磁三轴梯度数据进行转换,能充分利用磁异常模量在三维空间上的变化信息,获得自洽的磁张量梯度。理论模型计算表明该转换方法获得的全张量梯度数据具有较高的数值精度,能够满足实际资料处理的要求。我们选取河北保定地区实测的航磁三轴梯度资料进行全张量梯度资料转换,实际资料处理结果表明,联合三轴梯度进行全张量梯度转换能够有效利用磁异常在全空间的变化信息,压制三轴梯度资料中部分相互独立的噪声,从而提升转换后全张量梯度资料的品质,转换得到的航磁全张量梯度可作为一种地球物理场资料供地质解释使用。     

特殊区域旋翼无人机航磁测量研究

为解决地面人员难以到达的特殊区域大比例尺磁测数据获取问题,本文提出一种基于三轴磁通门传感器,采用旋翼无人机进行航空磁测的方法.项目组研制适合旋翼无人机搭载的航磁数据记录仪,并完成旋翼无人机、三轴磁通门传感器、航磁数据记录仪的集成工作,开展了三轴磁通门传感器安装点位噪声水平试验、地面空中对比试验、磁性体识别试验、动态飞行一致性试验、区域飞行试验.旋翼无人机航磁系统具有操作简单、设备轻便、效率高的特点,能在地面人员难以达到的区域开展低空航磁测量.中国四川省黑竹沟地区是地磁异常区域,项目组在该区域内的沟壑、峡谷、湖泊等实地开展了野外应用测试,完成了这些特殊区域的航磁调查工作.     

航磁垂直梯度调整ΔT水平方法研究

使用中国自主研发、具有完全自主知识产权的航磁全轴梯度勘查系统首次试飞获得的资料,利用航磁垂直梯度数据进行ΔT水平调整研究,讨论了航磁及航磁梯度资料水平调整的原则,提出梯度资料长波水平的调平方法.对经长波水平调整后的垂直梯度数据进行位场转换,获得不受地磁场随时间变化影响的磁异常,并通过恢复磁异常的长波信息,实现了ΔT的水平调整和增强.实际资料处理表明调平过程具有物理意义、效果明显.     

基于欧拉反褶积方法的航磁三分量应用研究

在中国北部某地区首次开展了航磁三分量矢量飞行测量.本次测量是国内第一次直接测量航磁异常三分量Z_a、H_(ax)、H_(ay)数据,即文中提到的垂直分量V、北分量N、东分量E.由于三分量磁测数据具有矢量空间性,因而凭借其全空间矢量,在反演过程中可以更直接地发挥指向性作用.更为丰富的测量资料参与反演,所得到的最终结果为构造解释提供了更有力的约束,从而有助于减少地质解释过程中的多解性,提升解释结果的可靠性.本文以模型试验为切入点,首先进行三个分量各自的欧拉反褶积处理模型试验,以模型试验结果总结了不同的分量经反演后各自对理论模型边界刻画的特点.而后依据以上特点,将三个分量各自的反演结果进行叠加.与总场的反演结果相比,三个分量反演的叠加结果改善了模型体边界的识别效果,获得了更为准确的模型体位置信息.在总结了模型试验相关规律的基础之上,按照类似步骤分别对实测航磁三分量数据进行了欧拉反褶积处理,再将三个分量实测数据各自的反演结果进行叠加,以叠加后的结果进行构造解释.利用不同分量各自的反演特点,综合发挥多分量的资料优势,最终以三分量反演的叠加结果为依据,有效地识别了区内断裂,更加准确地刻画出断裂的形迹位置,揭示了不同性质断裂的世代关系,显示了良好的应用效果.     

黑龙江下嘎来奥伊河上游铅锌多金属矿航空电磁异常特征及找矿意义

在黑龙江下嘎来奥伊河上游铅锌多金属矿区应用VTEM系统开展航空瞬变电磁、航磁测量,对比分析航空瞬变电磁dB/dt、时间常数、视电阻率及航磁ΔT、反演视磁化率特征与已知矿体地质特征的关系,探索航空瞬变电磁、航磁测量在该类型矿床的探测效果.结果表明航空瞬变电磁、航磁异常与已知矿体吻合度高,在已知铅锌矿体位置,航空瞬变电磁dB/dt呈明显单峰异常,时间常数为高值区,视电阻率为低值区;在已知铁矿体位置,航磁异常明显,反演视磁化率为高值区.总结该矿床航空瞬变电磁、航磁异常特征,建立找矿标志,进行找矿预测,有效地指导了下一步外围找矿工作.本次研究为在大兴安岭高覆盖地区寻找同类多金属矿产提供了一种高效的勘查方法.     

新疆西天山东段航磁异常特征及找矿效果

介绍了高精度航磁调查在西天山东段的应用效果.在高精度航磁图上,展现出多个不同磁场背景及磁异常特征区,它们是不同构造、岩浆活动、地层及岩性分布的综合反映.该区不仅区域磁场特征明显,而且局部异常信息也极为丰富.在最新的高精度航磁图上,已知铁矿异常特征明显,为矿区外围勘探和同类地区寻找新的铁矿提供了依据.利用高精度航磁资料,新发现了五十余处铁矿异常,在2007年进行了地面查证的5处异常中,有4处见矿.这些新的铁矿异常的成功发现不仅带来了巨大的经济效益,也为今后利用高精度航磁测量在类似地区进行找矿积累了经验.     

低纬度磁异常的转换与处理

我国的南海大部分海域位于磁赤道带附近,属于低磁纬度区域,以水平磁化为主,磁性体产生的△T异常特征与中国大陆广大地区的△T异常特征差别较大,且南北跨度大,达两千余公里,通常的化极技术在该区域很难取得良好的效果,虽然化赤方法在低纬度地区算法稳定,并通常能取得较好的结果,但是目前针对化赤异常的解释技术却相对较少;本文结合南海地区的航磁数据,对几种常用的化极技术进行了对比与分析,并对化赤技术进行了简要的介绍.     

基于航磁矢量数据的磁源总磁化方向估算

在地质体具有较强剩磁或自退磁效应的情况下,获得地质体总磁化方向对磁法勘探的数据处理、反演及解释具有重要意义.与传统航磁总场测量相比,航磁矢量(三分量)测量能够获得地磁场的矢量信息.基于三分量磁异常一阶矩与磁源磁矩的积分关系,我们实现了基于航磁矢量数据的磁源总磁化方向估算.针对该方法易受相邻异常影响,从而使多异常的估算难以确定磁源中心位置的问题,分析了在不同磁化倾角下,估算的磁化偏角、倾角与实际磁源中心位置的关系,并根据该关系采取了限定估算区域的方法,获得了多异常的估算结果.将该方法应用于东天山启鑫地区实测航磁三分量数据,估算了具有强剩磁的启鑫岩体总磁化方向,并将估算的方向应用于化极计算.化极结果显示,减少了启鑫岩体磁异常受斜磁化的影响,且与磁异常模量计算结果类似.该方法假设磁源均匀磁化,估算结果可视为地质体总磁化方向的整体体现,对强剩磁地质体磁异常的数据处理、反演及解释具有实际意义.     

地面高精度磁测和电磁测深在矿产调查中的应用

武定地区的各地层与矿体具有明显的磁性和电性差异,为了查明矿区内的控矿构造及外围矿致异常,开展了11万高精度磁法测量和大地电磁测量工作.对获取ΔT磁测数据进行化极和延拓等处理;对化极成果和不同延拓高度的成果综合对比分析,圈定了5个磁异常体和3条断裂,确定3号磁异常为有利矿致异常.在3号磁异常处开展大地电磁测深工作,查明断裂构造的产状、延伸,并对地层进行详细的分层.结合地质资料、电磁测深的成果资料,建立地质一地球物理模型,用RGIS2010软件对磁测剖面数据进行2.5D的人机联合反演,拟合出矿体的形态特征,得出异常体的相对深度、宽度和厚度,为地质找矿提供了有利的地球物理依据.     

复杂条件下三维高密度电阻率CT在工程勘察中的应用

为了得到更丰富的地质目标的电性特征以及较直观的地质结构,在有条件的情况下,开展三维高密度电阻率[CT工作,与二维观测方法不同,三维方法对工区场地有更高的要求,环境条件等因素对三维系统影响较大。本文利用一些复杂条件下得到的三维结果,进行了分析,认为在实践中根据这些复杂条件有针对性的采取必要的措施和方法,可以得到更加理想的结果以解决工程地质等问题。     

Comparing 1D and combined 1D/2D hydraulic simulations using high-resolution topographic data: a case study of the Koiliaris basin,Greece

The development of high spatial resolution digital elevation models takes place via the use of GeoEye-1 stereo-pair imagery, providing highly accurate geometrical representations of complex riverine systems. The combination of geographic information systems with hydraulic models facilitates the exploitation of satellite topographic information throughout the cross-section extraction process. One-dimensional HEC-RAS and combined 1D/2D HEC-RAS models are adjusted by making use of the resulting high-resolution input. Several hydraulic simulations are effectuated in order to test how significantly DEM resolution affects hydraulic modelling results, with regard also to the model dimensionality. The ability of the combined 1D/2D model, based mainly on the high-accuracy input data, provides an accurate estimate of the flood hazard area. Flood-prone areas could take advantage of high-accuracy results and facilitate the effective management of extreme events and sufficient decision making.     

钢管混凝土巨型斜交网格筒体结构非线性分析

钢管混凝土巨型斜交网格体系作为筒中筒结构的外筒,使筒体结构具有很大的抗侧刚度,其抗震性能的研究是迫切的需要.本文根据基于性能的抗震设计方法,采用PERFORM-3D软件的纤维模型对超高层钢管混凝土巨型斜交网格筒中筒结构进行了强震作用下的非线性分析,比较了结构在7、8、9度地震作用下的反应.结果表明该结构体系适用于较高抗震设防地区,为该结构体系的应用提供了依据.     

Spatial estimation of water-table depth by artificial neural networks in light of ancillary data

Proper estimation of the spatial distribution of water-table depth is highly important in most groundwater studies. Groundwater depth is measured at specific and limited points and it is estimated for other parts using spatial estimation methods. In this study, two multivariate methods, artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression (MLR), are examined to estimate water-table depth in an unconfined aquifer located in Shibkooh, Iran. The different ancillary data, including spatial coordinates, digital elevation model (DEM), aquifer bed elevation, specific resistivity and aquifer thickness were used to improve estimates based on these methods. It was proved that performance of the ANN surpasses that of the MLR method. Using the spatial coordinates, the aquifer bed elevation and aquifer thickness resulted in the optimum spatial estimation of the water-table depth. These parameters, directly or indirectly, affect the water-table depth estimation through techniques such as ANN capable of modelling of nonlinear relationships.     

3D multi-fractal analysis of porous media using 3D digital images: considerations for heterogeneity evaluation

Pore structure heterogeneity is a critical parameter controlling mechanical, electrical and flow transport behaviour of rock. Multi-fractal analysis method was used for a heterogeneity comparison of three-dimensional rock samples with different lithology. Six real digital samples, containing three sandstones and three carbonates, were used. Based on the mercury injection capillary pressure test on these samples, we found that the carbonate samples are more heterogeneous than sandstones, but primary results of multi-fractal behaviours for all samples were similar. We show that if multi-fractal is used to evaluate and compare heterogeneity of different samples, one needs to follow some considerations such as (1) all samples must have the same size in pixel, (2) samples volume must be bigger than representative volume element, (3) multi-fractal dimensions should be firstly normalized to a determined porosity value and (4) multi-fractal results should be interpreted based on resolution of the imaging tool (effects of fine scale sub-resolution pores are missed). Results revealed that using normalized fractal dimensions, the real samples were divided to less and high heterogeneous groups. Moreover, the study of scale effect also showed that porous structures of these samples are scale invariant in a wide range of scales (from one to eight times bigger).     

利用大地电磁三维反演方法获得二维剖面附近三维电阻率结构的可行性

大地电磁野外实测数据月前大多为二维剖面数据.如何反演这些二维剖面数据获得较为接近实际地电情况的结果,是多数大地电磁工作者关心的问题.我们通过对理论模型的三维响应进行分析和对合成数据及实测资料的反演结果进行对比研究,讨论了利用三维反演的方法来获得大地电磁二维剖面附近三维电阻率结构的可行性.结果表明:可用三维反演的方法来解...     

预应力锚杆(索)框架梁加固边坡的仿真试验分析

采用数值仿真试验方法研究了预应力锚杆框架梁支护体系中框架梁和锚杆的受力特点,为地震引发滑坡灾害的防治提供依据.研究结果表明:框架梁的弯矩在锚头处取得最大值, 且随锚固预应力的增加而增大,但并不呈线性关系;即使在相同土质条件和同一锚固预应力作用下,坡脚处框架梁的弯矩要高于坡顶;此外,锚杆的预应力均存在一定的损失,施加的预应力值越高,预应力损失越大,且坡脚锚杆的预应力损失比坡顶小.     

混凝土框架倒塌全过程的颗粒流数值模拟

应用基于离散元原理的颗粒流数值模拟(Particle Flow Code in 2 Dimensions,简称PFC2D)软件,对框架倒塌的全过程进行了数值模拟。模拟结果与框架倒塌的宏观过程吻合,较好地反应出结构在倒塌过程中构件开裂、失效、退出工作、局部倒塌一直到整体倒塌的全过程,并讨论了数值分析中存在的一些难以解决的问题。     

Joint inversion of long‐offset and central‐loop transient electromagnetic data: Application to a mud volcano exploration in Perekishkul,Azerbaijan

Mud volcanism is commonly observed in Azerbaijan and the surrounding South Caspian Basin. This natural phenomenon is very similar to magmatic volcanoes but differs in one considerable aspect: Magmatic volcanoes are generally the result of ascending molten rock within the Earth's crust, whereas mud volcanoes are characterised by expelling mixtures of water, mud, and gas. The majority of mud volcanoes have been observed on ocean floors or in deep sedimentary basins, such as those found in Azerbaijan. Furthermore, their occurrences in Azerbaijan are generally closely associated with hydrocarbon reservoirs and are therefore of immense economic and geological interest. The broadside long‐offset transient electromagnetic method and the central‐loop transient electromagnetic method were applied to study the inner structure of such mud volcanoes and to determine the depth of a resistive geological formation that is predicted to contain the majority of the hydrocarbon reservoirs in the survey area. One‐dimensional joint inversion of central‐loop and long‐offset transient electromagnetic data was performed using the inversion schemes of Occam and Marquardt. By using the joint inversion models, a subsurface resistivity structure ranging from the surface to a depth of approximately 7 km was determined. Along a profile running perpendicular to the assumed strike direction, lateral resistivity variations could only be determined in the shallow depth range using the transient electromagnetic data. An attempt to resolve further two‐dimensional/three‐dimensional resistivity structures, representing possible mud migration paths at large depths using the long‐offset transient electromagnetic data, failed. Moreover, the joint inversion models led to ambiguous results regarding the depth and resistivity of the hydrocarbon target formation due to poor resolution at great depths (>5 km). Thus, 1D/2D modelling studies were subsequently performed to investigate the influence of the resistive terminating half‐space on the measured long‐offset transient electromagnetic data. The 1D joint inversion models were utilised as starting models for both the 1D and 2D modelling studies. The results tend to show that a resistive terminating half‐space, implying the presence of the target formation, is the favourable geological setting. Furthermore, the 2D modelling study aimed to fit all measured long‐offset transient electromagnetic Ex transients along the profile simultaneously. Consequently, 3125 2D forward calculations were necessary to determine the best‐fit resistivity model. The results are consistent with the 1D inversion, indicating that the data are best described by a resistive terminating half‐space, although the resistivity and depth cannot be determined clearly.     

地震与活动断裂空间关系的三维可视化建模

在回顾国内学者利用2D GIS空间分析功能研究地震与活动断裂关系的基础上,认为利用3D GIS更能准确地分析地震与活动断裂之间的三维空间关系.采用中国地震活动断层探测技术系统设计的数据结构,在ArcGIS下构建了三维断层模型,尝试性地提出了基于三维断层模型的三维空间缓冲区模型;并利用向量判别法实现了三维缓冲区的空间分析,进而实现了地震与活动断裂三维空间关系的分析方法,基于该模型对太原市区内主要断裂与地震的空间分布关系进行了初步定量分析研究.