含天然气水合物沉积物的岩石物性模型与似海底反射层的AVA特征

研究含天然气水合物沉积物的岩石物性模型与似海底反射层的振幅随入射角变化(AVA)特征. 基于时间平均-Wood加权方程、三相介质波传播理论模型和弹性模量模型,计算并阐述含天然气水合物岩石弹性参数与水合物饱和度、含游离气岩石弹性参数与游离气饱和度的关系;给出不同模型AVA特征. 结果表明,不同天然气水合物饱和度、不同游离气饱和度的各种组合呈现形态相似但反射系数值不同的AVA特征.     

天然气水合物和游离气饱和度估算的影响因素

讨论了不同水合物胶结类型的流体饱和多孔隙固体中地震波的衰减情况,分析了估算天然气水合物和游离气饱和度影响因素.结果表明, 地层孔隙度、纵波速度模型和弹性模量的计算方法是影响反演水合物和游离气饱和度的关键因素.含水合物地层的吸收与水合物胶结类型密切相关,当水合物远离固体颗粒,像流体一样充填在孔隙时,品质因子出现负异常,而当水合物胶结固体颗粒影响骨架的弹性性质,其品质因子出现正异常.根据布莱克海台地区164航次995井的测井资料,分别应用低频和高频速度模型估算了水合物和游离气饱和度.由低频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)10%～20%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)05%～1%;而由高频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)5%～10%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)1%～2%.     

海底天然气水合物OBS多分量地震正演模拟（英文）

根据Ecker的水合物沉积物的三种微观模式,计算含水合物沉积层和含游离气沉积物的弹性模量,分析对比了水合物的不同微观模式、不同水合物饱和度以及不同游离气饱和度对沉积物弹性模量的影响;从纵横波分离的弹性波动方程出发,采用交错网格空间有限差分方法模拟地震波在海底天然气水合物沉积地层的传播,得到纵、横波的海底地震（OBS）共接收点道集。数值算例表明,当水合物作为流体的一部分或胶结颗粒骨架时,仅纵波记录上存在BSR;当水合物胶结颗粒接触,纵、横波记录上均存在BSR。并且,OBS会接收到上行纵波和上行横波在海底界面形成的转换波,干扰横波记录上BSR的识别。     

三维地震与OBS联合勘探揭示的神狐海域含水合物地层声波速度特征

以三维高分辨地震与海底高频地震仪（OBS）联合勘探数据为基础,获得海底之下沉积层的地震反射成像剖面及多波信息,并以此确定研究区含天然气水合物沉积层的纵、横波速度的变化特征.根据走时反演获得的横波速度与纵波速度对比分析发现,研究区海底之下500 m深度范围内的某些沉积层具有较高的纵横波速度,这一纵波速度升高区域与水合物稳定带对应,而纵波速度下降并且横波速度变化较小的区域,可能与游离气的存在相关.游离气的可能存在与基于这一区域2007年钻探测井结果的普遍认识不完全相符.     

含天然气水合物的海底沉积物的电学特性实验

电阻率法是估算含水合物储层饱和度的常用方法之一.为了解海底沉积物中天然气水合物的电学特性,利用搭建的天然气水合物电阻率测量系统,以天然气水合物-南海沉积物-3.5％的盐水为研究体系,测量了天然气水合物在沉积物中形成过程中温度、压力、电阻率的变化.天然气水合物在水饱和的沉积物中由溶解气与水形成.实验中通过液压系统对沉积物压实以及采用较薄的样品来保证水合物在筒状的沉积物的均匀分布.当实验结束时,样品中水合物的饱和度达到39.8％时,样品的电阻率从水饱和时的2.024 Ωm增大到水合物饱和度为39.8％时的2.878 Ωm,增加到了1.4倍.电阻率法可以有效的识别含水合物的沉积物.实验测试结果表明,该实验装置工作稳定可靠,可为研究含天然气水合物的电学特性与饱和度的定量关系提供实验模拟技术支持.     

南海神狐海域天然气水合物沉积层的BSR特征与预测方法研究（英文）

天然气水合物沉积层在常规叠后地震剖面上,一般表现为似海底反射(BSR)特征,常作为水合物识别的重要标志,但由于地震数据分辨率的限制与多解性的存在,类似的反射特征不一定是水合物的表现。本文先从南中国海神狐海域地质条件分析入手,综述研究区域天然气水合物发育的构造、沉积与运移环境;其次以加权方程与Zoeppritz公式的正演模拟为基础,讨论天然气水合物与BSR特征的关系;然后选取经过三口已钻获天然气水合物站位的地震测线,提取角度域共成像道集用于BSR的AVA特征研究;最后依据叠前地震弹性参数同步反演思路,对水合物重点赋存区域开展精细预测研究,获取了研究区域含水合物沉积层稳定带的分布特征与饱和度数。该方法可作为采用多道地震数据估算天然气水合物含量的一种有效技术。     

南中国海神狐海域天然气水合物 地震识别及分布特征

南中国海北部陆坡神狐海域是天然气水合物发育的有利地区,钻井取芯表明此区域的天然气水合物以细颗粒状分布于水合物稳定带内.以三维地震数据为基础,讨论海洋天然气水合物调查的高分辨率地震成像关键技术,综合利用不同的地球物理方法(阻抗反演、属性聚类分析及神经网络方法等),以钻井结果为约束分析不同方法对天然气水合物识别的适用性,确定利用属性聚类方法来获得神狐海域天然气水合物与游离气的三维空间展布特征.将钻井取芯结果与地质条件相结合,综合多方面地球物理信息,分析产生这一分布特征的地质原因,指出断层与裂缝是南海北部陆坡神狐海域水合物、游离气的分布模式及天然气水合物形成的主要地质控制因素.     

南海北部无明显BSR地区天然气水合物识别研究

似海底反射(BSR)作为海域天然气水合物的重要地震识别标志之一,已得到广泛认同.然而,科学钻探证实,天然气水合物和BSR之间并不具有严格对应关系,即存在水合物的地区却并不一定存在BSR.本文在分析BSR与天然气水合物非充分必要对应关系及其原因的基础上,着重对无明显BSR地区天然气水合物的地震识别方法和应用进行研究.对经钻探证实的存在天然气水合物的神狐海域地震资料进行处理分析后发现,含水合物沉积层具有层速度相对较高、高波阻抗、瞬时高频等特征,且层速度反演、波阻抗反演和瞬时属性分析等方法能有效识别无明显BSR区域的天然气水合物.最后,综合利用这些识别方法,应用于琼东南盆地无明显BSR地区的天然气水合物地震识别,取得了较好的效果.     

0.9 m薄煤层SH型槽波频散特征及波形模式

在0.9 m薄煤层中使用放炮方法做微震震源的条件,通过对所采集到的薄煤层槽波信号进行分析,发现薄煤层槽波在频域中存在高频和低频两个独立并且不连续的波段.其中高频区大约以2000 Hz为中心,低频域的中心频率约为490 Hz,并且高频域和低频域的能量差异不显著.通过时频分析,可以清晰地看到高、低两个频域几乎在同一时刻触发,并且其小波相关系数在这两个域中的分布规律表现出一定的相似性.通过对0.9 m薄煤层槽波频散曲线的理论分析可知,现场观测到的Airy震相的频率及速度和其理论值较为接近.震源置于煤层中心,且炸药能量对顶底板的扰动,对第二阶对称波形模式下槽波高频部分的形成起着关键作用.在这一对称高阶波形模式下槽波的波速基本上和煤层顶底板中S波的波速一致.由于这两个触发的波形模式在时间域中具有相似的特征,建议在高频域和低频域同时发育较好的薄煤层槽波勘探中,可以采用在同一时间域中高低频相结合的方法提高利用槽波勘探分析的效果.     

青藏高原冻土带天然气水合物的形成条件与分布预测

冻土带是天然气水合物发育的两个重要地质环境之一.青藏高原平均海拔在4000m以上,多年冻土面积约1.4×106km2.本文根据青藏高原冻土层厚度和地温梯度特征,运用天然气水合物的热力学稳定域预测方法,确定中低纬度高海拔区冻土带天然气水合物的产出特征.青藏高原多年冻土带热成因天然气水合物形成的热力学相平衡反映,水合物顶界埋深约27~560m,底界埋深约77~2070m.初步计算表明,青藏高原冻土带水合物天然气资源约1.2×1011~2.4×1014m3.在冻土层越厚、冻土层及冻土层之下沉积层的地温梯度越小的地区,最有利于天然气水合物的发育.气温的季节性变化对天然气水合物影响不大.在全球气温快速上升的背景下,青藏高原天然气水合物将处于失稳状态,天然气水合物顶界下降、底界上升,与冻土带的退化相似,分布区逐渐缩小,最终将完全消失.     

Risk and uncertainty analysis of gas pipeline failure and gas combustion consequence

Taking into account a general concept of risk parameters and knowing that natural gas provides very significant portion of energy, firstly, it is important to insure that the infrastructure remains as robust and reliable as possible. For this purpose, authors present available statistical information and probabilistic analysis related to failures of natural gas pipelines. Presented historical failure data is used to model age-dependent reliability of pipelines in terms of Bayesian methods, which have advantages of being capable to manage scarcity and rareness of data and of being easily interpretable for engineers. The performed probabilistic analysis enables to investigate uncertainty and failure rates of pipelines when age-dependence is significant and when it is not relevant. The results of age-dependent modeling and analysis of gas pipeline reliability and uncertainty are applied to estimate frequency of combustions due to natural gas release when pipeline failure occurs. Estimated age-dependent combustion frequency is compared and proposed to be used instead of conservative and age-independent estimate. The rupture of a high-pressure natural gas pipeline can lead to consequences that can pose a significant threat to people and property in the close vicinity to the pipeline fault location. The dominant hazard is combustion and thermal radiation from a sustained fire. The second purpose of the paper is to present the combustion consequence assessment and application of probabilistic uncertainty analysis for modeling of gas pipeline combustion effects. The related work includes performance of the following tasks: to study gas pipeline combustion model, to identify uncertainty of model inputs noting their variation range, and to apply uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for results of this model. The performed uncertainty analysis is the part of safety assessment that focuses on the combustion consequence analysis. Important components of such uncertainty analysis are qualitative and quantitative analysis that identifies the most uncertain parameters of combustion model, assessment of uncertainty, analysis of the impact of uncertain parameters on the modeling results, and communication of the results’ uncertainty. As outcome of uncertainty analysis the tolerance limits and distribution function of thermal radiation intensity are given. The measures of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis were estimated and outcomes presented applying software system for uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Conclusions on the importance of the parameters and sensitivity of the results are obtained using a linear approximation of the model under analysis. The outcome of sensitivity analysis confirms that distance from the fire center has the greatest influence on the heat flux caused by gas pipeline combustion.     

非均质天然气藏的岩石物理模型及含气饱和度反演

非均质气藏中,天然气一般呈"斑块状"分布于含水岩石内部,这种非均匀分布特征会导致地震波显著的频散与衰减现象.为发展适用于碳酸盐岩储层中流体检测的岩石物理模型,本文基于Biot-Rayleigh波动方程,实现了对非饱和岩石的多尺度理论建模,预测了不同尺度下波响应与岩性、流体间的定量联系.将此项建模技术应用于阿姆河右岸的灰岩气藏,给出了多尺度的岩石物理学图板.通过与实验数据、测井精细解释结果及地震数据的对比分析,本文论证了图板的正确性与可适用性.结合叠后波阻抗反演与叠前弹性参数反演,基于地震资料进行了储层含气饱和度与孔隙度的反演,反演结果与各井实际的产气情况吻合.     

油气田开发中油气藏地球物理研究

油气藏地球物理方法应用至油气田开发中,直接关系着构造、储层和流体表征精度和准确度.为了详细梳理油气田开发中油气藏地球物理研究核心内容和新进展,为该项研究推广应用提供参考.从构造解释、储层预测、流体描述等3方面梳理该研究核心内容.结果认为,构造描述中地球物理研究主要包括井震结合构造精细解释、基于密井网资料构造精细解释,储层预测中地球物理研究主要包括基于地震资料属性提取和反演预测的储层精细刻画和基于测井二次精细解释的有效储层划分.油藏流体地球物理研究主要包括四维地震剩余油表征和水淹层测井精细解释等.指出油气田开发中油气藏地球物理研究未来发展方向主要包括测井解释方法的创新和流程优化、开发地震在构造解释和储层描述等开发实践中的推广应用、地球物理资料与地质和生产动态资料结合验证、大数据和人工智能等与地球物理方法结合提高解释精度降低应用成本、非常规油气开发对地球物理研究新需求等5方面.     

部分饱和砂岩储层地震物理模拟及含气饱和度预测分析

含气饱和度预测是天然气储层地震解释工作的重要目标.本文将岩石物理分析与地震物理模拟技术相结合,构建了部分;饱和砂岩储层物理模型并进行含气饱和度预测分析.物理模型中设置了高孔渗常规砂岩和低孑孔渗致密砂岩两种模拟储层,每种储层都是由具有不同含水饱和度的气-水双相饱和砂体组成.岩石物理分析结果显示在低孔渗致密砂岩中气-水混合流体更加倾向于非均匀的斑块分布,而结合了Brie等效流体公式的Gassmann流体替换理论可以更准确地描述纵波速度随含水饱和度的变化趋势.对物理模型进行地震资料采集处理后,对比了AVO特征和叠前同步反演结果对两种砂岩储层含气饱和度预测能力的差异.AVO特征结果显示,对于混合流体均匀分布的高孔渗砂岩储层,AVO响应曲线和属性变化很难对含气饱和度进行估算;对于混合流体斑块分布的致密砂岩储层,AVO特征可以定性地分辨出储层是否为高、中、低含气情况.反演结果显示,密度及纵横波速度比分别对高孔渗及致密砂岩储层的含气饱和度有着较好的指示能力.     

全球与区域天然气水合物中天然气资源量估算

天然气水合物作为未来的一种替代能源引起了国内外很多研究者的关注,他们从不同的方面对天然气水合物进行了研究.随着研究的深入,许多研究者发现,全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量并没有最初认为的那么多,而且相差了几个数量级,这就大大降低了天然气水合物在未来能源中的地位.本文的研究目的是通过分析全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算方法,归纳总结有关全球及区域估算天然气水合物中天然气资源量的文献,使人们对天然气水合物有个重新的认识,同时为未来的能源勘探开发提供一定的参考.通过分析我们发现全球天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算值随着人们对天然气水合物认识程度的增加而降低;而且目前能够较准确反映全球海洋天然气水合物中天然气资源量的估算值是（1~5）×1015m3（大约500~2 500 Gt甲烷碳）.我们通过总结国外及国内几个典型区域的天然气资源量估算值还发现,国外研究者主要是根据钻孔及BSR资料确定用于计算天然气资源量的参数,使得计算结果较符合实际;而国内的学者基本是使用模拟计算及假设的方法确定各种参数,估算值仍存在很大差异,因此,我们认为只有获得实测数据才能使国内的估算结果更加接近实际.     

Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China

Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features,attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields,this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces:spatial indicator,reservoir-forming indicator and resource indicator.It classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in China and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields:the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies,palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones,deep faults,etc,and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities,series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds,etc.It also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China.Large gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins;there are three types of gas sources,of which,coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins;reservoir rocks of the large gas fields(provinces)are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs;structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields;most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation,and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces(fields)have good sealing and preservation conditions,and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas fields.This paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields(provinces)through analyzing their geological characteristics.     

Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China

Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features, attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields, this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces: spatial indicator, reservoir-forming indicator and resource indicator. It classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in China and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields: the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies, palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones, deep faults, etc, and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities, series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds, etc. It also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China. Large gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins; there are three types of gas sources, of which, coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins; reservoir rocks of the large gas fields (provinces) are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs; structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields; most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation, and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces (fields) have good sealing and preservation conditions, and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas fields. This paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields (provinces) through analyzing their geological characteristics.