地震成藏学及其应用

地震成藏学是继地震地层学、地震沉积学和油气成藏学之后的一门新兴边缘交叉学科分支,是地球物理勘探技术及其成果与现代油气成藏理论相结合的产物.通过对其研究方法、内容及关键技术分析,认为直接利用地震解释成果(构造解释剖面、岩性反演剖面、烃检测剖面等)进行油气成藏分析是其研究的独特方法,它以精细地震构造解释技术、高精度地震岩性反演技术和稳定的地震弹性参数反演及烃类检测技术为手段,以现代油气成藏理论为指导,结合地震资料及解释成果,在油气潜力预测和勘探开发方面展示出良好的应用前景.以塔南凹陷t46井区为例,发现日产近万方的油气井,论证了高精度地震岩性反演技术在隐蔽油气藏(主要是岩性油气藏)预测中的重要价值.     

基于宽线+折线采集与拟三维处理配套的碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探技术

我国南方碳酸盐岩广泛分布,具有巨大的油气资源潜力和勘探前景.全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价项目选择我国典型南方海相碳酸盐岩裸露区开展地震勘探技术攻关.针对该区地表灰岩普遍出露、激发弹性波能量转换少、散射噪音干扰严重等勘探难点,研究和应用了“宽线+折线”地震采集技术和与其配套的拟三维地震处理技术,能较好地压制噪音,提高剖面信噪比,在主要目的层得到了较好的成像效果,桂中1井钻探结果与地震勘探解释成果吻合较好,检验了该方法用于南方碳酸盐岩地区勘探的有效性.     

基于宽线+折线采集与拟三维处理配套的碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探技术

我国南方碳酸盐岩广泛分布,具有巨大的油气资源潜力和勘探前景.全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价项目选择我国典型南方海相碳酸盐岩裸露区开展地震勘探技术攻关.针对该区地表灰岩普遍出露、激发弹性波能量转换少、散射噪音干扰严重等勘探难点,研究和应用了"宽线+折线"地震采集技术和与其配套的拟三维地震处理技术,能较好地压制噪音,提高剖面信噪比,在主要目的层得到了较好的成像效果,桂中1井钻探结果与地震勘探解释成果吻合较好,检验了该方法用于南方碳酸盐岩地区勘探的有效性.     

高频地震层序解释技术及应用

常规地震剖面由于分辨率有限,难以实现高频层序的解释,本文采用反射系数反演技术和地层切片技术,形成了高频层序解释方法.反射系数反演技术有效提高了地震剖面的分辨率,有利于建立三级层序格架,结合地层切片技术,可以方便快速的得到初始高频层序界面,采用平面控制剖面的解释方法,用切片平面沉积展布的合理性检验高频层序解释的合理性和等时性,指导高频剖面上高频层序解释方案的调整,减少了层位解释的多解性,增强了层位的等时性.在高频层序格架控制下形成新的地层切片,等时性比三级层序格架更强,可以更好的刻画平面沉积特征.高频层序解释技术避免了常规层位解释的繁琐和多解性,具有很强的实用性,同时高频层序的地震相分析又为沉积微相研究提供了可靠的基础资料,有利于储层预测或开发级别的储层研究.     

浊积岩分序级描述技术及其在东营凹陷油气勘探中的应用

浊积岩分序级描述技术是在前人研究与勘探实践基础上,以层序地层学理论为指导,结合较为前沿的地震沉积学理论,分析层序内部结构,明确了浊积岩发育序级的划分原则、对比和划分方法;以地震资料为基础,充分发挥了井震结合的优势,形成了浊积岩的地震识别模式的建立方法.本次研究建立了东营凹陷沙三段和沙四上不同类型浊积岩的地震响应模式,形成了浊积岩分序级描述技术;该技术可以用来预测新的浊积岩发育区.东营凹陷油气勘探实践证明,在浊积岩分序级描述的基础上进行勘探优化部署,可以有效的提高浊积岩油藏的勘探成功率.     

结构-层序模型的地震响应及在油气勘探中的应用

结构-层序分析方法借助结构-层序模型和时频 分析技术,通过对地震剖面的定量分析,建立层序 体与时频特征、储层含油性与时频能量间的对应 关系,结合地质、测井、钻采等多种资料,对勘探 目的层进行层序分析、旋回划分、储集层预测及目 标定量描述。结构-层序分析的基础是建立有效 结构-层序模型和其地震响应特征,在此基础上, 将结构-层序分析技术应用于陆相断陷盆地的陡 坡带砂砾岩体、缓坡带三角洲、低位扇体以及其它 隐蔽油气藏的勘探,取得了较好的勘探效益。     

陇东黄土塬地区中生界石油砂岩储层预测

在鄂尔多斯盆地陇东黄土源地区地震解释中,采用广义S变换地震层序处理解释技术、三叠系顶部古地貌解释技术,以及各种储层横向预测技术,对比分析了应用效果。研究表明,用广义S变换地层层序处理解释技术可识别出约6m的层序界面,进而确认了陇东地区长8段砂体的展布方向,扩大了陇东地区西峰油田的勘探范围。     

全三维地震解释技术在南海西部深水区峡谷水道研究中的应用实践

南海西部深水区具有丰富的天然气资源,但由于领域广,水深大,地震和钻井资料少,整体勘探程度较低.2010年LSA井的钻探成功,正式拉开了南海西部深水勘探的序幕.LSA井钻探的有利目标为中央峡谷水道砂,为了快速客观的评价水道型目标的分布范围与油气关系,结合地震资料特点采用全三维地震解释技术.该方法是一种能有效地将地质知识应用于地震解释的综合解释方法,它可以使解释人员从不同属性的三维数据体中快速获取各种信息,对局部构造、断裂系统、砂体、沉积相带展布等进行系统研究和成图,取得一系列重要成果,从而大大缩短了解释周期,直观地展现了主要目的层段局部构造和断裂系统发育特征,有效地预测了中央峡谷水道砂体发育情况,迅速准确地指导油气勘探开发.     

煤田采区三维地震精细构造解释方法

虽然煤田三维地震勘探已经过了十多年的发展，但构造解释问题仍是目前需要解决的主要问题之一.随着三维地震资料解释方法的不断发展，小波分析技术、相干体技术、地震属性技术、图像处理等提高解释精度的方法相继在地震勘探领域中得到应用.另一方面，由于煤矿采区三维地震勘探资料一般具有高信噪比和高分辨率的特点，为做好三维地震资料精细构造解释提供了物质基础.本文结合小波分析技术、相干体技术、地震属性技术等多种方法，结合两个采区的实例，对小断层和小规模陷落柱做了精细构造解释.解释结果显示联合使用以上几种解释技术，能提高三维地震资料的构造解释精度和可靠信.     

平衡剖面技术在国内外油气勘探中的最新应用

平衡剖面技术是油气勘探中的一项辅助解释技术,它提供正演与反演两种模拟过程.正演模拟过程可以迅速、有效地检验某种地质假设,为解释人员提供合理的解释模型,同时,正演过程可以动态显示构造变形历史,为研究油气藏的形成、演化提供依据;而反演模拟过程则可以迅速地对剖面解释结果进行合理性检验,避免解释中的随意性,提高剖面解释的质量和效率.本文对平衡剖面有关的概念、原理、应用条件及变形机制等进行了系统归纳与总结,并详细介绍了国内外平衡剖面技术在油气勘探中的最新应用实例.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.