北京“7·20”特大暴雨的时空多要素分析

基于高站点密度的场次降雨数据对2016年7月20日发生在北京地区的特大暴雨过程进行分析,明晰其时空演变过程。主要结论如下:(1)暴雨中心降雨总量在350mm以上,大致呈带状分布,主要位于海拔高度在200~400m范围内的山麓平原,说明地形抬升作用对暴雨的形成有明显的促进作用;(2)暴雨中心处发生的是长历时、高强度的降雨过程,而位于怀柔区和密云区交界处的暴雨副中心处发生的是短历时、高强度的降雨过程;(3)暴雨过程为一小一大的双峰雨型,第二阶段是整个降雨过程的主过程,降雨总量达到184.7mm,与北京"7·21"暴雨的降雨总量基本持平,超过20年一遇标准;(4)随着降雨总量的增加,各站点最大1h雨强呈线性增加的趋势,且最大雨强出现时刻有所提前,随着统计时段的增加,最大降雨总量增加的速率逐渐变缓,可由对数函数进行拟合。     

汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨型特征

汶川地震后暴雨诱发的泥石流不断增加,通过收集整理降雨资料,分析汶川震区不同地域泥石流暴发的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量变化过程,揭示震区暴雨泥石流的激发雨型特征,为暴雨泥石流的预报提供科学依据。研究结果表明,汶川震区的暴雨泥石流激发雨型可分为短期突然降雨型、中期持续降雨型和长期间断降雨型3种类型,主要表现为引发泥石流的激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量的不同。暴雨泥石流的形成机制体现为降雨导致流域内松散土体渗透、饱和及侵蚀移动的过程。激发雨型与激发雨强及前期有效累计降雨量存在相关关系,短期突然降雨型的激发雨强最大,前期有效累计降雨量最少;中期持续降雨型的激发雨强居中,前期有效累计降雨量最多;长期间断降雨型的激发雨强最小,前期有效累计降雨量居中。对四川茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发山体高位垮塌碎屑流进行验证,初步判定是由长期间断降雨型引发岩体抗剪强度降低而引起的。对不同激发雨型特征的研究能够为汶川震区泥石流监测预警提供科学依据。     

峰丛洼地表层岩溶动力系统季节变化规律

峰丛洼地表层岩溶动力系统与土壤CO₂密切相关.土壤CO₂体积分数变化受气温和降雨影响, 其季节变化特征表现为: 冬季的波谷、夏季的波峰交替出现, 秋季出现次波谷和次波峰.受降雨影响, 表层岩溶动力系统运行强度春、夏季较强, 秋、冬季较弱.从冬至夏, 在土壤CO₂逐渐增多时, 系统溶解、转移碳的能力也逐渐增强.在土壤CO₂和温度双重支配下, 系统由冬季的沉积趋势转为春、夏季的溶解趋势.      

基于Logistic回归的陕南秦巴山区降雨型滑坡预测方法

通过建立陕南秦巴山区降雨型滑坡灾害数据库,分析了不同降雨因子的雨强分布,计算了降水突发型滑坡灾害、降水滞后型滑坡灾害的雨强与滑坡发生概率的相关系数,采用Logistic回归方法确定不同时效降雨因子,得到陕南秦巴山区降雨型滑坡预测模型,并利用滑坡灾害实例,运用ROC曲线和kappa系数法对模型进行了验证。结果表明：滑坡前第m日降雨量R_dm(m=0,1,2)及综合雨量R_c四个降雨因子为诱发降雨型滑坡较为显著的因子。当降雨强度≥75 mm·h^-1时,最易引起突发型滑坡;当连续降水达到2 d,且24小时雨量达到小雨或中雨时,应警惕滞后型滑坡灾害的发生。模型预测准确率达82.1%,ROC曲线的AUC值为0.836,kappa系数为0.616,验证结果显示该模型可靠。研究成果可作为陕南秦巴山区降雨型滑坡预报预警研究工作的重要参考。     

地质灾害与降雨雨型的关系研究

地质灾害的发生与降雨历时、降雨量及降雨雨型有密切的关系,不同雨型的降雨诱发地质灾害的诱发机制具有明显的差异性。本文通过收集的降雨实况与地质灾害反馈资料,将诱发地质灾害的降雨雨型分为3种类型:台风降雨、持续强降雨和局地暴雨。研究表明,台风降雨型降雨诱发地质灾害具有即雨即滑的特点,即地质灾害的发生与降雨在时间上具有较好的对应关系;地质灾害发生空间位置与台风运移轨迹也基本一致。多为群发型地质灾害,灾害规模较小,一般为表层或浅层滑坡、崩塌。持续强降雨型降雨诱发地质灾害,在强降雨过程中地质灾害具有同步发生的特点;在降雨强度不大但连续降雨过程中,地质灾害具有一定的滞后效应;在地质灾害大规模发生后,诱发新的地质灾害雨量阈值提高。局地暴雨型降雨诱发的地质灾害往往集中发生在出现局地暴雨的当日当地。     

基于诱发机理的降雨型滑坡预警研究——以花岗岩风化壳二元结构斜坡为例

降雨型滑坡是我国主要的滑坡灾害类型,具有区域群集发生的特点,滑坡预警研究是防灾减灾的重要途径。传统的区域降雨型滑坡预报模型多采用统计结果建立降雨参数模型,对降雨诱发机理和斜坡失稳的力学机制考虑不足,预报可靠性和精度有限。本文以花岗岩风化壳地区某典型二元结构斜坡为原型,以实际勘查数据为基础,提取该斜坡结构特征,基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,分析研究降雨入渗过程和斜坡失稳机制,建立典型斜坡的预警判据。1花岗岩风化壳地区典型二元结构斜坡为类土质斜坡,覆盖土层较厚,剖面上可分为两层,上层为坡积黏性土,土质松散,透水性强,下层为残积黏性土,土质相对致密,透水性较差。2采用不同降雨工况模拟分析降雨入渗过程。以50mm·d-1雨强为例,降雨持时30h以内时,降雨入渗主要集中在上层的坡积黏性土,斜坡前缘优先饱和,滑带开始出现积水现象;降雨持时40～50h时,斜坡表面降水持续入渗,在坡体后缘拉裂缝处,雨水沿着裂缝快速入渗坡体形成静水压力,增加坡体重量,增大下滑力,坡脚渗透路径短,最先饱和破坏,造成斜坡失稳。3监测斜坡不同部位（坡脚、中部、后缘）的孔隙水压力情况,随降雨入渗,斜坡土体孔隙水压力持续增大,由负趋近于零到大于零,斜坡土体由非饱和状态向饱和状态过渡,坡脚最先饱和,中部持续入渗,后缘土体饱和后,裂缝扩大致使大量雨水进入,使本已大量积水的滑带变形错动,斜坡失稳。4模拟分析得到斜坡失稳的不同降雨条件:中雨雨强（10mm·d-1）,历时约13d;大雨雨强（25mm·d-1）,历时约5d;暴雨雨强（50mm·d-1）,历时约2.2d;特大暴雨雨强（100mm·d-1）,历时约1.1d。在暴雨雨强时,降雨对该类斜坡的滞后作用约为5h。最后,建立了该类斜坡的临界降雨判据（I-D曲线）。     

计算蒸发值的新方法

在洪水预报和洪水计算时,我们需要确定该次洪水的土壤初始含水量或土壤的前期影响雨量。而要确定这个参数,关键在于正确确定这场洪水以前流域蒸发值的大小。在计算一次暴雨及其产生的相应径流时,过去往往忽略雨曰的蒸发。但当一次暴雨的降雨日数较多,或     

台风暴雨条件下滑坡稳定性影响因素分析

以实验数据为依据,通过数值模拟对台风暴雨条件下滑坡体稳定性的主要影响因素进行模拟研究。台风暴雨条件下滑坡体的主要影响因素为特殊降雨雨型：(1) 在相同雨强程度下,台风暴雨的单峰型降雨水文响应速度、稳定性破坏速度及程度均大于普通均匀型降雨,单峰型降雨导致边坡短时间内达到失稳状态,呈“即雨即滑”情况;(2) 强台风多峰型降雨下,经过第一个峰值强降雨后浅层土质边坡已处于不稳定状态,当第二个强峰值降雨来临时,坡体的稳定性较单峰型降低更为迅速。这些为福建省台风暴雨这一特殊降雨类型条件下滑坡的发生机理探索及预警预报提供了新的思路和科学依据。     

气象卫星遥感技术在暴雨预报中的应用研究

气象卫星资料直观、形象、信息量大等特点使得其进行天气系统的动态监测具有无可替代的优势。辉发河流域暴雨预报中的应用表明，气象卫星云图可以有效地监测降水天气系统的演变过程，提高暴雨预报的准确率。信息处理技术的加强和高水平专家诊断的介入，将使气象卫星遥感技术在暴雨预报中的作用日益加强。     

降雨与滑坡灾害相关性分析及预警预报阀值之探讨

详细研究了深圳市降雨与滑坡的历史资料,对区域性滑坡与降雨量进行偏相关分析,与降雨强度进行相关分析以及与降雨时间进行了系统地统计分析。研究结果表明,（1）滑坡的活动1～4日的降雨量及一次降雨过程的降雨量偏相关系数较大,表明一次性降雨量达到或超过某一数值时区域性滑坡就可以出现;（2）暴雨尤其是大暴雨及特大暴雨与滑坡的关系非常密切,相关系数达0.8以上,大暴雨或特大暴雨具有直接触发滑坡的作用;（3）滑坡活动时间与季节性降雨相对应,季节雨量越多,滑坡亦越多;另外滑坡活动时间与暴雨、大暴雨相吻合或略滞后,滞后时间一般不超过4 d,暴雨的当天及次日发生滑坡的可能性最大。在此基础上,探讨了区域性滑坡发生的临界降雨量和降雨强度阀值。最后将滑坡灾害的地质模型与降雨模型耦合建立了滑坡灾害的空间预警预报区划指标和等级系统,为区域滑坡灾害发生的时间与空间预报预警提供了科学依据。     

Statistical distribution of rainy events characteristics and instantaneous hyetographs generation (Merguellil watershed in central Tunisia)

In semi-arid regions, variability of rainfall inputs is high at different time and space scales. Thus, intense and highly variable hydro-meteorological events, which generate both potential resource and hazards, are of major interest. The Merguellil watershed is characterized by a large majority of rainfall in the form of storms, particularly violent in spring and autumn. Storms of summer are short and violent and can be the origin of important floods. Due to the strong rainfall variability, precipitation and hydrological regime are very irregular. This is what led us to think of a detailed study of rainy events. It was founded that two statistical distributions of parameters characterizing events are dominated (log normal, exponential).Thus, our objective consists in studying, in its globality, the collected pluviographic data in order to make a synthesis and analysis which should make it possible the generation of fictitious events to better control the rainfall risk and to study the response of the watershed faces to several types of rainfall. As result, we obtained hyetographs of the height studied rain gauges. These hyetographs show several types of events that are well in conformity with the observed reality. This generation is an advantageous tool in terms of both its robustness and its performance. Its relevance is based on the analysis of the fine time structure of recorded rainfall events. It can be made over several years, and would permit us to avoid being constrained by sample size. Generating rainfall events provides extensive time-related rainfall data that are consistent at all time steps, and can be seen as solution, even partially, of data lack in hydrological study.     

Inconsistency in rainfall characteristics estimated from records of different rain gauges

The goal of this work is to assess the effect of utilizing different types of tipping bucket rain gauges in investigating rainfall characteristics. A dual tipping bucket (TB) rain gauge station is installed in the upper catchment of Numan basin in Saudi Arabia. The main difference between the two gauges is that the Hydrological Services (HS) gauge is equipped with a siphon tube which reduces undercatchment particularly during heavy rainfall. Records of both gauges for the period 2006 to 2013 are collected, analyzed, and compared, focusing on the characteristics of rainfall events as well as rainfall temporal variability. The HS gauge recorded higher values of total rainfall depth compared to the Texas Electronics (TEMM) gauge. For the individual storms as well as the 5-min rainfall, HS gauge also reported higher mean rainfall depths. Regarding temporal characteristics of reported rainfall, no significant variations are observed between the values of storm duration of the two gauges. The TEMM gauge has the advantage of recoding more storms with depth less than 1 mm. The current study suggests the use of a corrective factor for rainfall record of the TEMM gauge.     

Influence of pre-event water on streamflow in a granitic watershed using hydrograph separation

For water resources management, many studies for investigating flow paths from rainfall to subsurface have been conducted for last half century. A hydrograph separation based on end member mixing was carried out to evaluate the importance of the hydrological pathways providing the main sources of a small granitic watershed, Dorim-cheon, Seoul. An analysis of chloride, oxygen-18 and deuterium isotopes from precipitation and stream water during three storms was conducted with high-resolution data using 129 samples. Stream water, collected in advance of rain event, was assumed as a pre-event water (baseflow) component according to its dry condition and isotopic values compared with the values of different time periods. The contribution from vadose water was ignored due to the thin soil layer covering the study area. Using a two-component mixing model, hydrograph separation of the stream water in Dorim-cheon was conducted based on weighted mean values of rain water and pre-event water component with the high-resolution datasets. As a result of the analysis with water isotopes, contribution of groundwater was dominant during the entire study period (73–74%) except of instant dominance of rainfall at the earliest period. Using chloride as a tracer for hydrograph separation, a significant difference for the amount of pre-event water contribution was identified. This might be caused by the large variation of chloride concentration during the rain event and the end member determination.     

Rainfall thresholds for the triggering of landslides considering previous soil moisture conditions (Asturias,NW Spain)

Given its geological and climatic conditions and its rugged orography, Asturias is one of the most landslide prone areas in the North of Spain. Most of the landslides occur during intense rainfall episodes. Thus, precipitation is considered the main triggering factor in the study area, reaching average annual values of 960 mm. Two main precipitation patterns are frequent: (i) long-lasting periods of moderate rainfall during autumn and winter and (ii) heavy short rainfall episodes during spring and early summer. In the present work, soil moisture conditions in the locations of 84 landslides are analysed during two rainfall episodes, which represent the most common precipitation patterns: October–November 2008 and June 2010. Empirical data allowed the definition of available water capacity percentages of 99–100% as critical soil moisture conditions for the landslide triggering. Intensity-duration rainfall thresholds were calculated for each episode, considering the periods with sustained high soil moisture levels before the occurrence of each analysed landslide event. For this purpose, data from daily water balance models and weather stations were used. An inverse relationship between the duration of the precipitation and its intensity, consistent with published intensity-duration thresholds, was observed, showing relevant seasonal differences.     

Rainfall analysis for Indian monsoon region using the merged rain gauge observations and satellite estimates: Evaluation of monsoon rainfall features

Objective analysis of daily rainfall at the resolution of 1° grid for the Indian monsoon region has been carried out merging dense land rainfall observations and INSAT derived precipitation estimates. This daily analysis, being based on high dense rain gauge observations was found to be very realistic and able to reproduce detailed features of Indian summer monsoon. The inter-comparison with the observations suggests that the new analysis could distinctly capture characteristic features of the summer monsoon such as north-south oriented belt of heavy rainfall along the Western Ghats with sharp gradient of rainfall between the west coast heavy rain region and the rain shadow region to the east, pockets of heavy rainfall along the location of monsoon trough/low, over the east central parts of the country, over north-east India, along the foothills of Himalayas and over the north Bay of Bengal. When this product was used to assess the quality of other available standard climate products (CMAP and ECMWF reanalysis) at the gird resolution of 2.5°, it was found that the orographic heavy rainfall along Western Ghats of India was poorly identified by them. However, the GPCC analysis (gauge only) at the resolution of 1° grid closely discerns the new analysis. This suggests that there is a need for a higher resolution analysis with adequate rain gauge observations to retain important aspects of the summer monsoon over India. The case studies illustrated show that the daily analysis is able to capture large-scale as well as mesoscale features of monsoon precipitation systems. This study with data of two seasons (2001 and 2003) has shown sufficiently promising results for operational application, particularly for the validation of NWP models.     

降水对陇西黄土滑坡的诱发作用及时空影响分析

以现场调查、试验测试数据为依据,从降水（主要指大暴雨或连阴雨）改变地形地貌促使滑坡形成、改变滑坡土的成分构成、改变滑坡的土体结构及稳定性、改变滑坡土的力学强度4个方面阐述了对黄土滑坡的诱发作用。选择典型城市的系列降水资料及发生滑坡数量,从多年降水、年内降水过程及降水的空间变化3个方面阐述了对黄土滑坡的时空影响。年际上,同一区域滑坡发生的频次与多年降水过程呈现良好的相关性,存在丰水年发生滑坡次数多、规模大而枯水年发生滑坡次数少、规模小的规律,丰水年发生滑坡数量一般是枯水年的3~5倍、平水年的1~2倍;年内滑坡集中出现于6-9月份和2-3月份,占全年滑坡数量的80%以上;不同区域,年降水量及降水强度越大,黄土滑坡发生频率越高,规模也越大;自东南向西北,随着降水量及降水强度的递减,依次划分为黄土滑坡强发育区、较强发育区和一般发育区。     

青藏高原气候变化的若干事实及其年际振荡的成因探讨

利用1961-2012年青藏高原88个气象台站逐月气温、降水以及温室气体等气候系统监测资料和CMIP5输出的未来气候变化情景数据,分析了近52年来青藏高原气候变化暖湿化的若干事实,揭示了其年际振荡与温室气体、高原加热场、高原季风、AO等气候系统因子的关系,预测了未来20~40年青藏高原可能的气候变化趋势。研究表明：近52年来青藏高原在总体保持气候变暖的趋势下自2006年以来出现了某些增暖趋于缓和的迹象,较全球变化滞后了8年左右;降水量的增加在青藏高原具有明显的普遍性和显著性,气候变湿较变暖具有一定的滞后性,降水量变化的5年短周期日趋不显著,而12年、25年较长周期逐渐明显且仍呈增多趋势。由于温室气体、气溶胶持续增加、高原夏季风趋强、ENSO事件和太阳辐射减少,青藏高原气候持续增暖但有所缓和;春季高原加热场增强、高原夏季风爆发提前且保持强劲,使得高原春、夏季和年降水量增加,而秋、冬季AO相对稳定少动,东亚大槽强度无明显变化,高原冬季风变化不甚显著,导致了高原秋、冬季降水量无明显变化。未来20~40年青藏高原仍有可能继续保持气温升高、降水增加趋势。     

四川盆地降水日变化特征分析和个例模拟

利用台站观测降水资料,分析四川盆地及周边地区降水分布和日变化特征,得到以下结论:四川地区降水存在2个高值中心,均位于盆地周围的山地;盆地降水"夜雨"特征明显;川西高原降水峰值以午夜前降水量的贡献为主;盆中与盆地西南边缘山地的降水峰值由夜间降水量与降水频率共同作用;盆地东北边缘的山地是午前降水频率与后半夜的降水量均有贡献。其次,结合WRF模式的数值试验,对2008年9月23～24日发生在盆地的夜间暴雨过程进行模拟研究和综合分析。结果表明WRF模式较好地模拟了此次天气过程降水的空间分布和日变化规律,通过分析模拟的环流场与温湿场发现,夜雨的形成与大尺度环流场的影响和地形强迫关系密切。     

1965-2015年新疆夏季不同等级降水的空间分布特征

根据新疆51个台站1965-2015年夏季逐日降水资料,将降水划分为小雨、中雨及大雨3个等级,分析了新疆近51 a夏季不同等级降水量、降水日数及降水强度的空间分布特征,并讨论了各等级降水日、降水量及降水强度与总降水量的空间相似程度以及各等级降水对夏季总降水的贡献。结果表明：新疆降水主要集中在夏季,并以小雨为主。以天山山脉为界,南北两疆降水空间分布存在明显差异,北疆夏季降水量（日）占年降水量（日）的36%~45%（36%~39%）,南疆夏季降水量（日）占年降水量（日）的51%~63%（48%~60%）;新疆夏季不同等级降水量、降水日及降水强度的空间分布不均匀。新疆夏季总降水量与各等级降水量的空间相似系数最为密切,与各等级降水强度的空间相似系数相对较小;新疆夏季小雨贡献率最大,中雨其次,大雨最小,夏季降水量和降水日的变化主要受小雨的影响。     

1991年6月～7月太湖及里下河地区连续暴雨过程中雨团活动分析

根据水文系统雨量站网的逐时量资料,分析1991年6月～7月江淮流域下游两次连续暴雨过程中太湖及里下河地区的雨团活动特征.结果表明,在太湖及里下河地区均有频繁的雨团活动,雨团以自西向东移动为主,且停滞较频繁,两地区的雨团活动特征存在一定差异.雨团降水在暴雨总量中占有较大比例,对洪涝的形成和发展有重要作用.雨团活动与中尺度切交线、辐合中心、辐合线等中尺度天气系统相配合.