胶东焦家金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东作为中国最重要的金矿集区,区内大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近1/3。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上,焦家金矿床是著名的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿的命名地,内发育大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化蚀变带(50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在焦家断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文通过详细的野外地质观测,查清了焦家金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了焦家金矿床热液蚀变机理。其中,钾化蚀变是成矿前蚀变,钾化花岗岩常以团块状或角砾状残留于黄铁绢英岩和绢英岩内;黄铁绢英岩化和绢英岩化蚀变受焦家断裂及其下盘的次级断裂控制,其规模大小受断裂的规模控制;其中焦家主断裂下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带规模最大,一般宽10~200m;而次级断裂控制的绢英岩化蚀变带规模相对较小,一般以0.1~1m宽的脉状发育在钾化花岗岩内,指示绢英岩化蚀变晚于钾化蚀变。相对于黑云母花岗岩,不同蚀变带岩石普遍表现出高K2O、低Al2O3、CaO和Na2O,而不同蚀变岩石Si、Fe、Mg等元素各表现出不同特征。钾化带岩石表现为K2O的富集,而绢英岩带和黄铁绢英岩带岩石表现为MgO、Fe2O3增加的趋势。黑云母花岗岩发生钾化蚀变过程中,SiO2、K2O表现为明显的带入,指示在钾长石化过程中,流体为富硅的碱性氧化流体。在钾化花岗岩→黄铁绢英岩过程中,Fe2O3表现为明显的带入,可能是由于黑云母等暗色矿物的分解造成的;此外,亲硫元素(Au、Ag、As、Pb、Zn)均表现为带入,特别是成矿元素Au表现为明显的带入。结合本区金的来源可能部分为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,本研究认为钾化过程中的富硅碱性氧化流体通过交代蚀变反应使金从围岩中释放、成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体,即分散还原态的金(Au0)被活化为氧化态(Au+、Au3+)以AuH3SiO4形式随热液迁移。在绢英岩化过程中,热液中的SiO2等组分损失,引起热液中的AuH3SiO4稳定性降低,造成AuH3SiO4分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,导致金大量沉淀和聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿。     

浅成热液体系中氧同位素研究述评

对浅成热液体系中全岩和单矿物稳定同位素的许多研究表明,虽然在浅成热液体系中大气水占主要成分,但是包括沉积或变沉积成因流体、岩浆水甚至演化了的大气水在内的其它成因流体可能也在浅成热液矿床的形成过程中起一定作用。一般情况下,围岩δ~(18)O值亏损越大,矿床规模就越大。能够形成具有经济意义矿化的全岩δ~(18)O最小的亏损值约为3.5‰。然而,围岩中δ~(18)O的亏损可能会由于低温水合作用对高温蚀变作用的叠加而复杂化,反之亦然。原生的具有低~(18)O值或高~(18)O值的岩浆的存在以及火山气体的蚀变作用也具有同样效果。围岩中δ~(18)O的亏损受流体性质和成分、流体温度、断裂、蚀变发生时岩石的高程、岩性、流体的沸腾效应、蚀变型式以及水/岩比等因素控制。而且,形成浅成热液矿床流体的δ~(18)O值经历了正向漂移。一旦上述的复杂过程和控制因素经过深入研究,氧同位素将成为一种前景广阔的和有力的找矿勘探手段。     

水／岩交换作用及其找矿

文中介绍了水/岩交换理论及其在找矿中的应用前景.分析了控制水/岩交换作用的主要因素及其对成矿的重要意义.认为水/岩交换和蚀变中心,常常是δ~(18)O的低值中心;这个中心就是矿体的赋存部位——成矿中心.     

甘肃省南祁连化石沟铜矿区绢英岩蚀变地球化学特征

化石沟铜矿位于阿尔金-祁连-柴北缘的交汇部位,区内侵入岩发育,中二叠世英云闪长斑岩与铜矿的关系最为密切,岩石绢英岩化、硅化等后期蚀变发育,部分交代作用强者转变为绢英岩。绢英岩具有高Si、Ba、LREE,低Al、Ti、Ca、Sr、Y和MREE的地球化学特征,运用Isocon图解法,经与原岩(英云闪长斑岩)对比,认为蚀变热液是富Si的,并带入大量SiO2,而CaO、Na2O、TiO2、MnO等明显迁出。岩石δ18OV-SMOW值(12.6‰~12.8‰)与原岩基本一致,表明参与蚀变的流体来源于岩浆后期热液,该热液类型可能在成矿作用过程中起到十分重要的作用。     

胶西北新城金矿床热液蚀变作用

新城金矿床是胶西北金矿集区中典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,其矿体受控于NE-NNE向焦家断裂及其次级断裂系统,主要赋存于断裂下盘(黄铁)绢英岩与红化花岗岩体中。焦家断裂下盘分带性明显,自主断裂面向外依此发育主断裂面和断层泥、挤压片理带、构造透镜体带、密集节理带和稀疏节理带。其中,主断裂面和断层泥发育粘土化蚀变;挤压片理带发育面状黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,其内赋存黄铁绢英岩型矿体;构造透镜体带发育脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化、面状绢英岩化和硅化蚀变,其次级断裂内赋存石英硫化物脉型矿体;节理带(包括密集节理带和稀疏节理带)主要发育成红化和细脉型(黄铁)绢英岩化,沿节理面赋存细脉型矿体。碳酸盐化蚀变叠加于上述热液蚀变之上。焦家断裂带表现为以水平为主的蚀变-矿化特征,(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变与金成矿关系最为密切。论文在厘定断裂构造分带与蚀变-矿化分带空间关系的基础上,通过对各类蚀变岩与新鲜新城花岗岩体元素地球化学分析,剖析了热液蚀变作用过程及其机制。选取TiO_2作为不活动组分,质量平衡计算表明,成矿前新城花岗岩体发生红化作用时,带入组分有Fe_2O_3、K_2O、Al_2O_3以及少量Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分有SiO_2、CaO和Na_2O等;成矿期红化花岗岩体蚀变为(黄铁)绢英岩过程中,明显带入组分有SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、FeO、Al_2O_3、Mg O、K_2O、Au、Ag、As、Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb和Bi等,而被带出组分为Na_2O。稀土元素地球化学特征与REE球粒陨石标准化配分模式曲线表明,红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化热液蚀变作用影响REE迁移。REE分别在红化和(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中带入和带出;Eu在红化过程中呈显著带入,表现为显著Eu正异常(δ_(Eu)=1.34),而在(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变中活化带出,表现出Eu负异常(0.89~0.95)。成矿期发生(黄铁)绢英岩化蚀变时,Eu从氧化态Eu~(3+)转变为Eu~(2+),进入流体被带走,造成Eu负异常。金主要以Au(HS)~-_2形式在变质流体中运移。成矿流体沿片理面运移时,在挤压片理带发生黄铁绢英岩化蚀变,硫化作用使得流体还原硫活度降低,导致Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并赋存于黄铁矿和石英等矿物裂隙或晶格中,形成黄铁绢英岩型矿化;在构造透镜体带,成矿流体沿次级断裂面和碎裂岩裂隙发生蚀变形成脉型(黄铁)绢英岩,成矿元素在次级断裂面/裂隙内沉淀并形成石英硫化物脉型矿化;在节理带,成矿流体压力瞬时降低导致流体发生不混溶现象,使得Au(HS)~-_2络合物失稳沉淀并充填节理中形成细脉型矿化。     

新疆阿尔泰阿拉尔花岗岩多维矿物相-水氧同位素交换反应动力学

新疆阿尔泰阿拉尔花岗岩中共生石英、长石、黑云母的δ~(18)O值具有宽广的变化范围,3者表现出显著的~(18)O/~(16)O不平衡关系,尤其是石英、长石具有倒转△~(18)O_(石英-长石)关系(△~(18)O_(石英-长石)<0)。上述关系清楚地表明在花岗岩-水之间发生了~(18)O/~(16)O交换反应。根据质量平衡约束关系对岩石与外来流体的初始δ~(18)O值作了估计。由于花岗岩的初始δ~(18)O值被大大地改变了,简单运用全岩或者单矿物样品的δ~(18)O值判断岩浆来源的方法是不可靠的。水-岩之间的~(18)O/~(16)O交换反应并不伴随着岩石矿物学上的强烈蚀变效应,这种脱藕关系暗示着交换反应发生于较高温度即岩浆次固相-岩浆期后冷凝过程中。交换机制主要为扩散控制。定量模拟表明:阿拉尔岩体具有高流体流动速率(3×10~(-14)mol/s)、长水-岩反应时限(0.8-6Ma)、高水/岩值(0.79-6.14)。在造山带岩浆弧环境的中部地壳层次下,变质流体流动和环流是非常强烈的。     

粤北红岭钨矿床地质特征及流体包裹体研究

粤北红岭钨矿为产于热水复式岩体之中的大型钨多金属矿床,矿化类型为石英脉型黑钨矿化和岩体蚀变岩型白钨矿化。红岭岩体蚀变岩型白钨矿赋存于燕山期云英岩化白云母花岗岩中,围岩蚀变主要有钾长石化、钠长石化、云英岩化、硅化和绿泥石化,一些蚀变在空间分布上经常相互重迭,其中云英岩化与矿化关系最为密切。红岭钨矿床存在富液相气液两相包裹体及富CO_2包裹体。石英脉型钨矿及岩体蚀变岩型钨矿成矿流体为中低温中等密度流体。石英脉型钨矿成矿流体的气相成分主要为H_2O,还含有CO_2、N_2、H_2等;包裹体流体成分主要为H_2O,含有CaSO_4、KCl、NaCl等。石英脉型钨矿中石英δ~(18)O值为11.0‰~13.4‰,δD值为-92.3‰~-60.4‰,结合流体包裹体温度及前人研究成果表明:成矿流体在演化过程中发生了沸腾作用,且石英脉型钨矿有大气降水参与,岩体蚀变岩型钨矿基本未受大气降水影响,而是受到岩浆热液系统的控制。     

德兴铜厂斑岩铜(钼金)矿床蚀变-矿化系统流体演化:H-O同位素制约

江西铜厂斑岩铜(钼金)矿床是德兴斑岩矿集区最大的矿床.文章根据铜厂矿床发育的钾硅酸盐化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化蚀变组合特征,和已厘定的铜厂矿床脉体类型,选取代表不同蚀变矿化阶段的石英、黑云母、绢云母及绿泥石等,进行单矿物的H、O同位素测试.石英和黑云母单矿物O同位素,与石英、黑云母平衡流体的δ 18O 值和δD值联合示踪结果显示,铜厂矿床早期A脉(不规则疙瘩状A1脉、石英-黑云母A2脉和石英-磁铁矿A4脉)和中期B脉(矿物组合为石英-黄铁矿+黄铜矿±辉钼矿±斑铜矿)形成时,成矿热液均为岩浆流体来源,但B脉可能混入了少量大气降水;晚期低温D脉和碳酸岩脉(180～200℃)的成矿热液全部为大气降水来源.斑晶黑云母平衡水的δ 18O和δD值变化范围较大表明,黑云母形成时的热液系统主要为岩浆水,局部受区域变质水和大气降水的混染,也可能与少量黑云母斑晶受到后期绿泥石化、水云母化蚀变有关.绿泥石蚀变主要由岩浆流体作用形成,但混入了一些大气降水,导致其δ 18O值少量降低.绢云母平衡的水的δ18O值和δD值(4.6‰和-19.4‰)表明,绢云母是大气降水与千枚岩共同作用的结果.总体来说,铜厂矿床钾硅酸盐化、绿泥石化蚀变,以及钾硅酸盐化阶段形成的A脉和B脉,均由岩浆流体作用引起,大气降水在绿泥石化阶段进入蚀变-矿化系统,而绢云母化、晚期低温D脉和碳酸盐脉均是大气降水作用的产物.     

胶东大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集区。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型———"焦家式"金矿床是区内最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上。大尹格庄金矿床位于胶西北招平断裂带中段,是典型的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床,区内发育有大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化/红化蚀变带(宽50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在招-平断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文在详细的野外地质观测基础上,查清了大尹格庄金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,针对大尹格庄金矿床Ⅱ号矿体系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变作用过程和金沉淀机制。通过本研究得出:大尹格庄金矿床内主要矿石类型为黄铁绢英岩,以浸染状、细脉状为主要矿化形式。大尹格庄金矿床热液蚀变期在时间上可以划分为:钾化/红化→绢英岩化→黄铁绢英岩化→碳酸盐化。钾化/红化蚀变为成矿前蚀变,在此过程中有少量热液钾长石的形成。在地球化学方面表现为Fe、Cu、Pb和Rb元素带入,Si、Al、Na、Ca、Ba、Sr、Cr等元素带出。同时流体-围岩通过交代反应使金从围岩中释放出来成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体。绢英岩化和黄铁绢英岩化蚀变为成矿期蚀变,蚀变过程中与矿化有关的Fe、Cu、Pb元素表现为迁入状态,流体运移过程中,热液中的HS~-等组分损失,导致Au(HS)~(2-)络合物失稳分解,Fe~(2+)、Fe~(3+)被消耗形成黄铁矿,同时金大量聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿过程。     

德兴朱砂红斑岩铜(金)矿床蚀变-矿化系统流体演化——来自H_O同位素的制约

为查明朱砂红矿床成矿流体来源及矿床蚀变-矿化流体演化过程,在已厘定的朱砂红矿床脉体类型基础之上,选取了不同蚀变阶段的蚀变矿物,进行了系统的H_O同位素测试。研究发现:早期A脉[无矿团块状石英脉(A1脉)、石英-钾长石脉(A3脉)]石英中包裹体δ18O值介于+6.0‰~+11.2‰,δD值介于-90‰~-101‰之间,在δ18O-δD图解中,A脉样品的H_O值组成整体位于去气作用后的残余岩浆水范围,表明引起早期钾硅酸盐化的流体性质为一套高温、高盐度岩浆热液;绿帘石-石英脉(B1脉)的δ18O值和δD值(+6.6‰和-101‰)显示青磐岩化蚀变形成与高温岩浆流体相分离后的低密度气相流体有关;而斑岩中的石英-黄铁矿-黄铜矿(B3脉)形成时,流体δ18O值(+4.1‰~+6.0‰)开始朝雨水线方向发生轻微的氧漂移,表明开始有少量大气降水的加入;晚期D脉形成时的成矿流体δ18O值(+2.8‰~+4.9‰)具有明显朝雨水线发生漂移的趋势,表明引起石英-绢云母化及泥化蚀变的成矿热液为岩浆热液和大气降水的混合流体。总之,朱砂红矿床钾硅酸盐化、青磐岩化蚀变,以及该蚀变阶段形成的A脉和早期B脉,均由岩浆热液作用引起,大气降水在钾硅酸盐化向长石分解蚀变转变的阶段开始进入蚀变-矿化系统,而长石分解蚀变为大气降水与岩浆热液共同作用的产物。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of