Mode-superposition methods in dynamic analysis of classically and non-classically damped linear systems

Mode-superposition analysis is an efficient tool for the evaluation of the response of linear systems subjected to dynamic agencies. Two well-known mode-superposition methods are available in the literature, the mode-displacement method and the mode-acceleration method. Within this frame a method is proposed called a dynamic correction method which evaluates the structural response as the sum of a pseudostatic response, which is the particular solution of the differential equations, and a dynamic correction evaluated using a reduced number of natural modes. The greater accuracy of the proposed method with respect to the other methods is evidenced through extensive numerical tests, for classically and non-classically damped systems.     

Modal summation methods for structural dynamic computations

The rate of convergence of the conventional mode superposition method can be significantly improved for systems subjected to relatively low frequency loadings by adding static correction terms to approximate the contribution of higher modes neglected by the use of a truncated eigenbasis. Two computational variants of the classical mode-acceleration method are developed for that purpose. It is recommended that the pseudo-static displacement correction vector should be computed from an expansion of the flexibility matrix in terms of the retained eigenvectors for actual computer implementation.     

设置黏滞阻尼器的钢结构实用减震设计方法

黏滞阻尼器作为一种有效的消能减震装置,已在钢结构建筑中得到了大量应用.然而由于钢结构的延性和阻尼特征,实用的钢结构附加黏滞阻尼器设计方法仍需深度探讨.文中提出一种基于黏滞阻尼器延性需求的减震设计方法.首先,根据钢结构需求量化层间位移角性能目标及目标附加阻尼比,计算黏滞阻尼器延性需求,并确定黏滞阻尼器布置数量、进行控制效...     

A sophisticated simulation for the fracture behavior of concrete material using XFEM

The development of a powerful numerical model to simulate the fracture behavior of concrete material has long been one of the dominant research areas in earthquake engineering.A reliable model should be able to adequately represent the discontinuous characteristics of cracks and simulate various failure behaviors under complicated loading conditions.In this paper,a numerical formulation,which incorporates a sophisticated rigid-plastic interface constitutive model coupling cohesion softening,contact,friction and shear dilatation into the XFEM,is proposed to describe various crack behaviors of concrete material.An effective numerical integration scheme for accurately assembling the contribution to the weak form on both sides of the discontinuity is introduced.The effectiveness of the proposed method has been assessed by simulating several well-known experimental tests.It is concluded that the numerical method can successfully capture the crack paths and accurately predict the fracture behavior of concrete structures.The influence of mode-Ⅱ parameters on the mixed-mode fracture behavior is further investigated to better determine these parameters.     

Analytical and numerical studies on the nonlinear dynamic response of orthotropic membranes under impact load

Orthotropic membrane components and structures are widely used in building structures, instruments and meters, electronic engineering, space and aeronautics, etc., because of their light weights. However, the same lightweight combined with low stiffness make membranes prone to vibration under dynamic loads, and in some cases the vibration may lead to structural failure. Herein, the undamped nonlinear vibration response of pretension rectangular orthotropic membrane structures subjected to impact loading is studied by analytical and numerical methods. The analytical solution is obtained by solving the governing equations by the Bubnov-Galerkin method and the Lindstedt-Poincaré perturbation method. Numerical analysis has also been carried out based on the same theoretical model. The analytical and numerical results have been compared and analyzed, and the infl uence of various model parameters on membrane vibration discussed. The results obtained herein provide some theoretical basis for the vibration control and dynamic design of orthotropic membrane components and structures.     

计算结构竖向地震力的某些参数

地震对结构的破坏,传统观点认为水平地震力起着决定性作用,但我们分析很多种类型结构的大量震害后,却得出竖向地震力起主要作用的结论.我国多次地震的调查报告中都曾列举过直观上能看出竖向地震力起主要作用的很多震害.最近几年国内外的一些学者也发现了这一问题.有些国家的规范对竖向地震力作了大幅度的提高.因此,竖向地震力到底有多大的问题,已引起了地震工程学界的广泛注意.根据强震记录进行计算,技术问题已基本得到解决.但在强地震作用下结构真正的阻尼、力学性能,特别是地基的复杂影响都远远没有搞清,所以,计算结果可靠性有多大,还无法回答.本文分析了国内多次地震地面上多种物体的现象表明,它们的竖向加速度及结构的竖向地震力,远远高于传统观点.根据它来解释各种震害是令人满意的.所以,按反算办法,对计算竖向地震力的某些参数提出初步建议.      

阻尼修正条件均值谱及其在时程分析地震波选择中的应用

目前时程分析选波常采用目标谱法,即选择反应谱与目标谱有较好匹配的地震波,条件均值谱(CMS)已成为目前国内外广受关注及认可的目标谱。通常的CMS是基于5%阻尼比建立的,当结构阻尼比并非5%时,则需要对CMS进行阻尼修正。本文旨在建立1种CMS阻尼修正方法和计算公式,以便于不同阻尼比结构抗震时程分析的选波工作。以美国SAC Steel Project计划提出的针对洛杉矶地区设计的9层抗弯钢框架为场地和结构实例,建立了3种地震危险性水平(50年超越概率50%、10%和2%)下2%阻尼比的CMS目标谱,并进行了时程分析地震波选择及结构反应的计算。研究表明:提出的CMS的阻尼修正方法可不受衰减关系影响,适用的阻尼比范围(0.5%~30%)及周期范围(0.01s^10s)均较广泛,可用于各种类型的结构的抗震分析。     

长应力波对于深部隧道衬砌的作用

应力波与隧道衬砌的相互作用问题为岩石力学的一个十分复杂的问题,到目前为止还没有得到圆满的解决。对于考虑介质与结构弹塑性性质的课题,解析解更难以求得。研究表明长波与深地下硐室的作用问题可以用拟静法解答。本文用拟静法研究了考虑岩体塑性性质时长纵波与地下硐室的相互作用问题。并获得了确定长应力波对于隧道支护作用的解析解。     

Performance‐based grouping methods of bridge classes for regional seismic risk assessment: Application of ANOVA,ANCOVA, and non‐parametric approaches

One of the key tasks to enable a regional risk assessment is to group structures with similar seismic performances and generate fragility curves representative of the grouped structures. The grouping has been traditionally performed based primarily on engineering judgment and prior experience. This paper (i) presents an overview of various statistical techniques such as analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and Kruskal–Wallis test for grouping the bridges of similar performance; (ii) compares the groupings that emerge from the various grouping techniques; and (iii) identifies the method that has more statistical power in creating bridge sub‐classes of distinct structural performance. The grouping is achieved by comparing the structural responses of bridge classes obtained from the non‐linear time history analysis of bridges. The relative merits of these grouping techniques are discussed with the case study of box‐girder bridges in California. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the dimensioning of viscous dampers for the mitigation of the earthquake-induced effects in moment-resisting frame structures

The effectiveness of viscous dampers in mitigating the seismic excitation impacts upon building structures has been widely proved. Recently, with reference to the specific case of equal mass, equal stiffness, shear-type structures, the authors developed a direct practical procedure which gives the mechanical characteristics of the manufactured viscous dampers capable of providing the frame structure with a prescribed value of the first damping ratio. In this paper, a comprehensive rational framework is presented, which allows to formally extend the validity of the proposed procedure to the more realistic case of a generic moment-resisting frame structure. Also the influence of various lateral stiffness distributions is investigated.     

城市建构筑物地震损失预测研究

本文提出了预测城市建构筑物在不同烈度下地震灾害损失的简易方法。首先分析了影响城市建构筑物抗震能力的3个因素——抗震设防情况、建筑年代和结构类型;然后提出了建构筑物抗震能力指数的概念,并确定了将上述3因素综合成建构筑物抗震能力指数的方法;最后利用“九五”期间所做的大中城市的震害预测结果统计回归出房屋抗震能力指数与地震灾害损失——人员伤亡、经济损失和震后恢复时间的关系。由此可以得到建构筑物在不同烈度下地震灾害损失的简易计算方法。     

Imaging buried Quaternary valleys using the transient electromagnetic method

Buried Quaternary valleys in Denmark are complex structures filled with various deposits consisting primarily of glacio-lacustrine clay, till and meltwater sand, and gravel. The valleys are important geophysical targets, because they often contain significant volumes of groundwater used for public water supply. About 700 km of buried valley structures have been imaged in the western part of Denmark by the transient electromagnetic (TEM) method. The ability to map the valleys depends primarily on valley geometry, infill architecture and the resistivity of the fill sediments as well as the substratum. One-dimensional (1-D) inversion models of the TEM soundings have been used to construct contour maps of 20 m average resistivities and depth to a good conductor, which provide images for geological interpretation. Images of buried valley morphology, fill properties, infill architecture, such as cut-and-fill structures, valley distribution and valley generations, are characterized for case studies from Hornsyld, Holstebro and the Vonsild/Agtrup areas of Denmark.     

东昆仑中段地层学研究的新进展

东昆仑中段是昆仑山地区基础研究的热点,区内地质构造复杂、地层类型多样。对构造混杂岩地层必须坚持活动论思想,采取以反序方法,有助于正确进行构造古地理的恢复。对成层有序的浅变质砂岩、板岩必须摒弃传统做法．即按一个岩系的自然成因单元结构进行。通过对东昆仑中段构造构混杂岩的万保沟岩群研究,获得了洋岛地层序列的新认识,识别了东昆仑中三叠世希里可特组的存在。对巴颜喀拉山群作了许多新研究,对中新世地层取得丁重大发现,提出了青藏高原隆升的具体时间和一系列特点。     

Seismic fragility curves of as-built single-span masonry arch bridges

Masonry arch bridges are crucial elements in the railway transportation network throughout Europe. Although significant advances in seismic risk assessment of various bridge types have been made by developing fragility curves of generalized classes of structures, there are no comparable tools for masonry arch structures. In this context, this paper presents the construction of seismic fragility curves of single-span masonry bridges according to the limit analysis method. An iterative procedure is implemented to define the capacity curve of the equivalent single degree of freedom system through non-linear kinematic analysis. The process involves determination of the collapse mechanism, calculation of the limit load multiplier, and definition of the thrust line. The intrinsic variability of the seismic action is incorporated with the use of different sets of elastic spectra compatible with EC 8 Type-1 spectrum for various types of soil, with peak ground acceleration varying over the range 0.05–1.5 g. The fragility curves of the generalized classes of single-span masonry bridges are finally obtained from the effective ranges of the main geometric and material parameters affecting arch bridge capacity.     

大跨空间结构抗震理论发展综述

大跨空间结构由于其体量大且多作为人流密集的公共场所,因而在各种非常规荷载作用下破坏将造成更大的经济损失、人员伤亡和社会影响。系统的从以下3个方面总结了近年来大跨空间结构抗震理论所取得的主要进展:(1)大跨空间结构精细化的抗震性能评估理论,主要包括材料本构模型、地震动多点输入和结构强非线性模拟;(2)大跨空间结构抗震性能提升与修复技术,主要包括结构减震技术和隔震技术的研究与应用;(3)大跨空间结构抗震设计理论与方法,主要包括基于性态的设计方法和功能可恢复性的抗震设计方法。通过以上部分的系统总结和论述,形成大跨空间结构统一的抗震设计指导思想,并对此类结构的抗震研究的发展趋势和方向进行展望,从而为大跨空间结构设计、施工和监测提供借鉴。     

我国深地资源电磁探测新技术研究进展

诸多研究表明我国深部资源潜力巨大,但目前的开发开采深度普遍停留在500 m以浅,开展"攻深探盲"是构建国家资源安全体系的有效途径.应用最先进的科学技术手段,提取深部地质信息,已成为我国当前地球物理科学研究的发展方向.作为地球物理学的重要分支,电磁法是矿产资源探查的主体手段之一.在分析我国现阶段航空、地面及海洋电磁探测技术进展的基础上,本文重点说明了极低频电磁法（简称WEM法）,多通道瞬变电磁法（简称MTEM）和电性源短偏移瞬变电磁法（简称SOTEM）等电磁探测新技术.WEM法建立一套包括岩石层、大气层和电离层在内的全空间电磁传播理论,通过新研制的观测系统,获取地下10 km的地电信息;MTEM方法是地下埋深4 km目标体精细勘查的有效手段;SOTEM实现地下1.5 km深度范围内目标体的精细探测.通过多种电磁探测技术组合,可实现地下10 km深度范围内多尺度探测,达到"望远镜+放大镜+显微镜"探测效果.同时,本文指出进一步研发与新方法配套的装备、资料处理技术和大数据人工智能识别等将是我国电磁法未来的发展方向.     

高层抗震结构造价的改进控制模型研究——基于一恢复重建高层的实例分析

采用WSR模型分析建筑工程抗震结构造价控制问题时,存在造价控制效果差的弊端。通过设计的高层建筑工程抗震结构造价控制模型构建造价控制的递阶层次结构,获取高层建筑工程造价控制的多种方案,从多种方案中通过三标度法和权重向量法获取造价控制的最优方案;另外采用质量量化QoS调度方法进行高层建筑工程造价效益控制约束均衡设计,以获取最优方案中高层建筑工程抗震结构造价控制的结果。实验结果表明,所设计模型可有效分析高层建筑的质量化特征,可改进控制高层抗震结构工程造价,预估消耗成本可控制在1.8万元以下,且分析耗时均值为0.15 h,具有节省成本和效率快的优势,控制效果较好。     

建筑物震害及其抗震设计的初步研究--以姚安6.5级地震震区建筑物破坏为例

对2000年1月15日姚安6．5级地震极震区（Ⅷ度）及姚安、大姚、南华和牟定等县城内的建筑物与结构物的震害做了系统的调研。本作为系列研究之二，分析了各类建筑物的地震破坏现象与相关设计，以及地震的破坏机理，讨论了地震区城镇建设中防震减灾应引起重视的有关问题；提出了在设计与施工中出现的若干问题及在这次地震灾害中获取的经验与教训。对今后多震区的城市规划、建筑物设计有一定的参考价值。     

离散单元法在框架结构地震反应分析中的应用

将离散单元法应用于框架结构的地震反应分析,并建立了框架结构的离散单元计算模型。在数值求解过程中,本文采用同步动态松弛法确立与求解结构单元平衡关系,避免了动态松弛法由于路径相关性所造成的误差。本文编制了框架结构地震反应时程分析程序,并以一实际结构为例,进行了时程分析。算例表明,本文所提出的方法简单、有效,为工程结构地震反应分析提供了新的思路与方法。     

大刚度结构力控制拟动力实验方法

由于受到拟动力实验加载系统和量测系统精度限制，对大刚度结构采用位移控制的拟动力实验方法已失效，本文提出了适用于大风度结构的力控制拟动力试验方法，阐述了方法的原理与步骤，并用实验实例验证了该方法是可行的和可靠的。