考虑边坡内孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩简化分析方法

将塑性极限分析上限定理与抗剪强度折减技术相结合,建立了考虑孔隙水压力效应的抗滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,采用数学优化方法求解桩侧极限有效土压力及相应的潜在破坏模式,其中水对边坡的影响作用通过虚功方程来体现,将孔隙水压力当作外力荷载做功,进一步地,基于获得的桩侧无量纲极限有效土压力,建立了抗滑桩的挠曲微分方程,采用有限差分法求解桩身的反应。在此基础上,针对典型算例边坡进行变动参数计算与对比分析,探讨了孔隙水压力对抗滑桩加固力与最优加固位置的影响。     

基于塑性极限分析上限法理论的土质边坡可靠度分析

将极限分析的上限定理、有限元离散思想、随机规划理论和蒙特卡洛方法这四者结合起来,提出了一种土质边坡可靠度分析的上限数值方法。首先采用三节点有限单元离散土质边坡,然后将土体的抗剪参数设为随机变量,根据上限定理构建同时满足三角形单元的塑性流动约束条件、单元公共边的塑性流动约束条件和单元速度边界条件的机动许可速度场,并根据内功功率等于外功功率条件建立目标函数,构建土质边坡可靠度分析的上限法随机规划模型。采用蒙特卡洛方法求解上限法随机规划模型,同时提出了一种基于上限法速度场的边坡失效风险系数估算方法,该方法特别适用于具有多种失效模式的边坡风险分析。对2个经典算例进行了深入分析,验证了方法的正确性。     

考虑渗流的盾构隧道开挖面稳定性分析

通过工程实例,应用VB6.0与FLAC3D软件集成可视化系统,考虑水的渗流效应和不考虑水的渗流效应两种情况,对盾构隧道开挖面的稳定性进行分析。根据稳定性理论,确定开挖面支护压力在进行微小变化时,中心点水平位移发生突变时的支护压力为极限支护压力,得到了两种情况下开挖面的极限支护压力、应力场、位移场和塑性区的变化。结果表明:开挖面失稳的极限支护压力等于作用于开挖面有效支护压力和渗透力的总和,考虑渗流的开挖面极限支护压力大于不考虑渗流的极限支护压力,渗流力构成了总支护力的主要部分;由于孔隙水压力的影响,考虑渗流效应的隧道开挖面应力小于不考虑渗流效应时的应力,其位移和塑性区却大于不考虑渗流作用的位移和塑性区;考虑渗流情况下开挖面的稳定性比不考虑渗流情况要差。同时与实测资料比较,验证了软件系统的合理和有效性,为设计和施工时开挖面支护压力的施加提供了一定的指导依据。     

考虑渗流和剪胀的圆形巷道围岩广义SMP准则解

本文基于广义SMP准则,综合考虑中间主应力、孔隙水压力和围岩的剪胀特性,建立了巷道围岩的理想弹塑性模型。根据弹塑性理论,推导了渗流作用下的围岩应力场、位移场和塑性区半径的统一解析解。结合具体算例对SMP准则计算得到的围岩应力分布和塑性区半径与Mohr-Coulomb（M-C）准则进行了对比,并对孔隙水压力和围岩剪胀角等影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:SMP准则计算得到的塑性区半径小于M-C准则,说明M-C准则相较于SMP准则更为保守;孔隙水压力对巷道围岩的位移场具有很大的影响,表现为孔隙水压力越大,巷道洞壁附近围岩位移量越大,且围岩塑性区半径和弹塑性交界面处的峰值切向应力与孔隙水压力成正比;采用相关联流动法则会低估围岩的强度,不考虑剪胀则会低估围岩的实际变形。      

静压桩承载力时间效应的研究进展

由于静压桩沉桩后桩周土重塑,静压桩承载力表现出随着休止期的延长而增长的特性。本文从静压桩沉桩后桩周土体内孔隙水消散固结的角度出发,对静压桩承载力时间效应的理论和试验分别进行归纳,结合孔隙水消散路径及固结模型,对桩周土体初始超静孔隙水压力大小及其分布特征进行总结,分析承载力各种测试方法的优缺点,对静压桩承载力的时效性进行深化研究,并探讨了不同地质条件、不同桩的类型对休止期内静压桩承载力的影响,进一步对基于实测数据得出的经验公式进行总结。讨论了基于不同本构关系模型的应力场及位移场解答和沉桩后孔隙水压力消散解答,在此基础上总结了桩基极限承载力理论公式;探讨了黏性土、砂土条件下,考虑超固结比、不排水抗剪强度和塑性指数比对桩基极限承载力系数A的影响,在此基础上归纳了桩基极限承载力经验公式。建议在经验公式基础上设置多重参数,以提升经验公式的精确度,并完善对不同桩、土类型的参数解答;利用BP神经网络,导入静压桩承载力相关参数,以得到针对不同地质条件、桩型、休止期的承载力最优解。     

汉源二蛮山高速滑坡启程阶段孔隙水压力效应分析

高速滑坡在启程滑动时锁固端突然剪断,剪应力释放导致滑带附近孔隙水压力突然增大,从而大大降低了有效应力,使滑坡具有很高的初始速度。以二蛮山滑坡为例,采取现场调查、室内试验与理论研究相结合的方法展开工作,分析了滑带土粒子破碎程度对孔隙水压力的影响,给出了滑坡启动时产生高孔隙水压力的条件; 在理论研究的基础上,通过实地勘察,验证了二蛮山滑坡具备产生高孔隙水压力的条件。运用土力学和材料力学理论,导出了高速滑坡启程阶段孔隙水压力表达式,计算了二蛮山滑坡启程阶段的孔隙水压力,进一步研究了滑坡启程阶段的孔隙水压力效应。     

考虑土体结构性损伤的沉桩挤土效应解析分析

根据土塑性力学基本原理,采用简化的线性软化模型并考虑土的结构性损伤影响,推导出沉桩时产生的挤压应力的空间解析解,并在此基础上分析了土体具有不同的损伤程度时沉桩产生的挤压应力和极限扩张压力的空间分布规律。同时,采用Henkel孔隙水压力公式,进一步分析孔隙水压力的发展规律,该解析解可以弥补经典圆孔扩张理论在沉桩应用中的不足,能更好地揭示沉桩时的挤土机理。     

不同倾角隐伏断层条件下的底板突水模拟研究

为了揭示不同倾角隐伏断层条件下的底板突水机理,运用剪切破坏理论建立了隐伏断层导水机理的力学模型。根据某实际矿井地质条件构建了倾角分别为15°、30°、45°、60°和落差为3m的隐伏逆断层模型,运用FLAC3D数值模拟方法分析了不同倾角隐伏逆断层在开采条件下的塑性区、垂直应力、孔隙水压力分布情况。结果表明:承压水的理论极限值受工作面埋深、采高、隐伏断层产状及其与底板距离等因素的影响,其中隐伏断层倾角的影响最为显著。当断层倾角较大、且与塑性区相交后断层下盘就会发生大面积破坏,破坏深度可达到23m;当隐伏断层靠近底板破坏区或完全位于采空区下方,隐伏断层末梢垂直应力大幅度降低,且沿断层方向岩层应力也大幅下降;孔隙水压力的压差高度随着隐伏断层倾角的增大而逐渐减小,但底板孔隙水压力的变化趋势则相反,隐伏断层上端末梢的揭露位置越靠近切眼,其孔隙水压力值越大,对开采工作影响越大。     

乐坝火车站后山边坡降雨作用下渗流数值分析

研究拉张裂缝充水和降雨共同条件下边坡渗流特征对边坡稳定性分析具有关键作用。基于饱和—非饱和土渗流理论及边坡饱和—非饱和土渗透特性,设计4种降雨类型并对案例边坡有限元渗流数值计算分析,分析表明:(1)在稳态渗流下,边坡上部负孔隙水压力值最大,边坡下部值最小,渗流速度在边坡上部、中上部、中下部值增加缓慢,在下部值骤增;(2)在瞬态渗流下,考虑拉张裂缝已充满水,坡体孔隙水压力由正值变为负值,起初边坡上部正孔隙水压力最小,下部正孔隙水压力最大,随时间推移,上部负孔隙水压力最大,下部负孔隙水压力最小,渗流速度边坡上部最小,边坡下部最大。因此,坡体不同位置渗流速度和孔隙水压力值存在差异,这对边坡治理极其重要。     

压力控制的圆孔扩张数值模拟分析

受沉积历史的影响,实际工程中土体的初始应力往往呈各向异性,此时传统圆孔扩张理论的假定条件不再成立,故其适用性也受到限制。借助于FLAC有限差分数值软件,建立了以压力为圆孔扩张边界的二维圆孔扩张模型,从圆孔的变形、孔周土屈服范围、圆孔扩张产生的超静孔水压力分布等方面进行分析,获得在初始应力各向异性的条件下压力控制圆孔扩张过程土体响应规律。计算分析结果表明,初始应力各向异性时,压力控制的圆孔扩张孔口径向位移、塑性区分布、超静孔隙水压力影响范围各个方向不相等;塑性区的分布具有明显的方向性,塑性区最大半径位于孔周土体初始大主应力方向上,并且其值比在相同的扩张压力作用下各向同性初始应力条件下的塑性区半径大,因此传统的初始等应力条件下位移控制的圆孔扩张理论用于分析各向异性初始应力的工程是偏于不安全的。     

水-力耦合及干湿循环效应对浅层残积土斜坡稳定性的影响

降雨入渗过程中,土体吸力降低,体积明显改变。天然浅层土体长期受到季节性气候变化的影响,因此,开展水-力耦合及干湿交替对浅层残积土坡稳定性影响的数值分析,分析浅层土坡孔隙水压力、湿润锋及安全系数的时空演变规律,并对水-力耦合及干湿交替条件下的浅层土坡失稳破坏机制进行探讨显得尤为必要。研究结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,水-力耦合分析下孔隙水压力以及湿润锋的迁移速度增加更快,边坡也更易失稳破坏;干湿交替初期,雨水入渗易引起地下水位上升,边坡可因正孔隙水压力的增加而失稳;干湿交替后期,湿润锋的快速推进加剧基质吸力迅速丧失及土体强度下降,边坡安全系数显著降低,发生失稳破坏的时间缩短。因此,可将湿润锋处的安全系数(局部最小值)作为控制边坡长期稳定性的临界值。     

Rotational–translational mechanism for the upper bound stability analysis of slopes with weak interlayer

The presence of a weak interlayer has usually an adverse effect on the slope stability. However, the rotational failure mechanism in the conventional upper bound limit analysis cannot rationally describe the sliding of the failure mass along the weak interlayer. Therefore, a new failure mechanism was proposed in this study to evaluate the stability of slopes with weak interlayers using the upper bound limit analysis and the associated factor of safety was determined by the shear strength reduction technique. The new failure mechanism is comprised of rigid blocks undergoing rotational or translational movements, instead of the rotational movement in the conventional failure mechanism. It has also been extended to the stability analysis of slopes in presence of stabilizing piles and pore water pressures. Case studies were carried out on actual slopes with weak interlayers. The proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism was verified by the shear strength reduction finite element method (SSRFEM). Comparisons demonstrate the reliability of limit analysis method with the proposed rotational–translational failure mechanism for slopes with weak interlayers and therefore it can be used as a simple evaluation method for the engineering design.     

非饱和-非稳定渗流条件下的边坡临界滑动场

受季节性降雨或水库运行的影响,岸坡外水位及坡内孔隙水压力场的变化较大,不利于岸坡的稳定性。在水位变化过程中,利用非饱和-非稳定渗流有限元计算得到孔隙水压力场,基于非饱和土的渗流和抗剪强度理论,对水位变化过程中的边坡临界滑动场法进行改进,提出可考虑水位变化与岸坡非饱和-非稳定渗流过程的边坡临界滑动场数值模拟方法。将改进后的水位变化过程中的边坡临界滑动场法分别应用于黏土、粉土岸坡在水位升降过程中的稳定性分析,研究了水位升降速率及基质吸力对岸坡稳定性的影响,并揭示了边坡在水位变化过程中的稳定性变化历程。研究表明,该方法计算结果合理、可靠,更适用于涉水边坡的稳定性计算,且岸坡稳定性变化历程受水位升降速率、基质吸力等多种因素共同影响,只有在考虑非稳定渗流的基础上同时考虑基质吸力的作用才能正确得出水位变化过程中岸坡稳定性变化规律和实质。     

Stability design charts for homogeneous slopes under typical conditions based on the double shear strength reduction technique

Based on a brief review of the existing shear strength reduction (SSR) techniques, the objective function of the comprehensive safety factor for simple homogeneous slopes is established by combining the double SSR technique (considered the shortest pathway of the strength reduction) with the upper bound limit analysis theorem, leading to a strict upper bound on the safety factor. Combining nonlinear sequential quadratic programming (SQP) with the random walk method, the value of the comprehensive safety factor can be optimized, avoiding the trap of a local minimum. Compared with classical examples, the present method is a conservative and effective method for slope stability evaluation. A set of design charts for homogeneous slopes under simple and typical conditions, such as surcharge load, pore water pressure, and seismic loading are produced by the analysis of substantial data, which can eliminate the necessity for iterations when calculating the safety factor. These stability charts are presented in a convenient manner to determine the comprehensive safety factors and corresponding failure patterns under different typical conditions, which might be preferred by engineers for performing the preliminary evaluations of slope safety. Several examples are used to illustrate the application of these stability charts under different conditions.     

沉桩超孔隙水压力对码头边坡稳定的影响

沉桩会对码头边坡稳定产生不利影响,一是引起桩周土体超孔隙水压力的急剧上升,导致土体有效应力降低;二是沉桩的振动加速度会产生对边坡稳定不利的瞬时惯性力。对于灵敏度低的土质岸坡来说,前者是影响其稳定性的主要因素。考虑沉桩时初始超孔隙水压力的分布,根据Biot固结方程超孔隙水压力消散解的一般表达式,建立了沉桩引起的超孔隙水压力随时间消散的解析式,在条分法的基础上考虑沉桩产生的超孔隙水压力的不利影响,建立了沉桩时边坡稳定安全系数的计算公式。根据沉桩顺序对某码头进行边坡稳定分析,结果表明：考虑打桩作用的岸坡稳定安全系数明显降低,沉桩产生的超孔隙水压力逐渐消散,边坡稳定安全系数随沉桩工序历时变化,施工中期由于超孔隙水压力叠加,岸坡最危险,沉桩结束3个月以后,超孔隙水压力基本消散,边坡稳定安全系数接近不考虑沉桩时的值。工程中要根据打桩计划进行边坡稳定计算。     

Slope stability analysis in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area considering effect of antecedent rainfall

Effects of different initial conditions of pore water pressure distribution on slope stability are investigated based on rainfall data in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. A method to incorporate the initial condition of pore water pressure distribution into the slope stability analysis is suggested. Then, sandy and clayey slopes are taken as examples to investigate the effect of antecedent rainfall on slope stability. Results indicate that the influence of antecedent rainfall on the slope stability increases as the saturated permeability coefficient of the soil decreases.     

考虑孔隙水压力及非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则下浅埋土质隧道三维塌落机制的上限分析

浅埋土质隧道的稳定性研究一直是隧道工程的关键问题,而孔隙水压力的存在影响着浅埋土质隧道的安全。构建了隧道顶部为圆弧形的浅埋土质隧道的三维塌落机制,基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则和极限分析上限法,并考虑孔隙水压力的作用,推导出浅埋土质隧道的塌落范围及支护力的最优上限解计算公式。通过与既有研究进行对比,验证了所提方法的合理性。分析了不同参数对塌落范围、塌落土体的重力及支护力的影响,结果表明：孔隙水压力对浅埋土质隧道的塌落范围、塌落土体的重力及支护力有着显著的影响;孔隙水压力对塌落范围、塌落土体重力的影响比较复杂,而支护力都随着孔隙水压力系数的增大而增大;不同参数对浅埋土质隧道的塌落范围、塌落土体的重力及支护力的影响规律不同。新方法可为浅埋土质隧道的设计优化提供理论支撑。     

Implications of variationally derived 3D failure mechanism

This paper revisits the variational limit equilibrium (LE) analysis of three‐dimensional (3D) slope stability in the context of limit analysis (LA). It proves the kinematic admissibility of the 3D mechanism in LA, although it was derived from LE variational extremization. It also includes algorithms in the realm of LA that are associated with the variational mechanism. A comparison between the variational results and reported LA upper‐bound or LE closed‐form results is conducted. It demonstrates that the variationally derived mechanism consistently yields upper‐bound solutions for 3D symmetrical slopes that are as accurate as those produced by postulated mechanisms in LA. However, the results are more critical than those derived from spherical failure mechanism in LE. The generalized log spiral 3D mechanism rigorously legitimizes the variational slope stability analysis in both frameworks of mechanics LE and LA. Stability charts were produced where the 3D factor of safety can be assessed for a constrained length of failure, while including factors like pore water pressure and seismic loading. The results presented within this study demonstrate the capabilities of the variational 3D solution and can be used to evaluate approximate methods, numerical or closed‐form, developed in 3D slope stability analyses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability determination for layered soil slopes using the upper bound limit analysis

By using the upper bound limit analysis, a method has been proposed in this article to compute stability numbers for layered soil slopes. The rupture surface was assumed to be a combination of different logarithmic spiral arcs with a common focus. The analysis ensures the kinematic admissibility of the collapse mechanism with respect to the rigid rotation of the bounded soil mass about the focus of the logarithmic spiral. For the sake of illustration, the computations, however, were exclusively performed only for a two layered soil slope. The effect of the pore water pressure and horizontal earthquake body forces was also incorporated in the computations. The computational procedure was validated by making a comparison of the obtained stability numbers with those reported in literature.     

Geotechnical Facets of Active Sediments and its Bearing on Natural Hazards and Mitigation Measures: An Approach on Sediments of the Nubra Valley (Ladakh), Trans-Himalaya,India

Slope stability has been identified as a major obstacle to construction in the rapidly developing countries of Indonesia and Malaysia. In these countries, slope failure has been identified as one of the most commonly occurring natural disasters, leading to financial losses and deaths. Slope failure is often related to prolonged rainfall events where rainfall infiltration increases pore water pressure, reducing soil strength. This failure mechanism will accelerate with the existence of cracks, which are usually caused by differential settling, drying and shrinking of soil, and associated construction activities, among other causes. The existence of cracks on slopes usually provides an easy pathway for rainfall infiltration into soil, allowing rain to infiltrate to deeper layers than in the absence of cracks. The moisture content in deep layers is therefore higher in cracked slopes than in slopes without cracks. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of cracks on slope stability when subjected to rainfall. The influence of crack location, depth, size, and direction on pore water pressure distribution and slope stability was studied by imposing different rainfall intensities. Analysis of seepage and stability were conducted using the GEO STUDIO 2007 softwares SEEP/W and SLOPE/W. Results suggested that pore water pressure and slope stability were influenced by the existence of cracks. Analysis showed that slope factors of safety decreased sharply when cracks were located adjacent to the slope crest, as compared to when cracks were located in the middle of the slope. Furthermore, slope factors of safety decreased with increasing crack depth. Pore water pressure and slope factors of safety decreased further when slopes were subjected to small rainfall intensities for long periods, as compared to when slopes were subjected to high rainfall intensities for short periods. The present study shows that study of cracks should be an integral part of the slope stability analysis.