雨量观测数据的预处理方法

“九五”期间,在中国地震局和江苏省人民政府的大力支持下,江苏省地震局对全省12个台（井）的27个主测项和9个气象三要素辅助测项进行了现代化和数字化建设改造（冯志生等,2001）,同时新建了一个前兆台网中心。改造后主辅测项的每日观测数据被自动收集到前兆台网中心并入库,前兆台网中心人员每日只需对观测数据进行干扰剔除后即可供分析人员直接使用,台站观测实现了无人值守或准无人值守。这一建设改造工作使得江苏     

地震前兆串口通讯设备的网络接入方案与实现

针对地震前兆台网在不同时期项目建设时的技术限制,对前兆台网技术系统进行整合,在全国开展“九五”及模拟观测系统整体并人“十五”系统的改造升级工作。其主要内容包括台站网络改造和“九五”仪器接人改造两部分。对于具有仪器改造任务而不具备网络条件的台站进行网络通讯改造;通过增加地震前兆通信协议转换器和升级数据采集器两种方式进行“九五”仪器的接人改造改造后的仪器可以通过网络进行观测数据的汇集,从而实现前兆台网统一的运行监控、采集数据、存储、交换、管理和服务。     

宁夏“九五”与“十五”前兆观测系统整合

对宁夏地震局"九五"前兆仪器进行网络化改造,在确保"九五"观测系统正常的前提下,根据"九五"前兆台站的具体类型,提出"九五"前兆台站(仪器)与"十五"前兆台网的整合方案,完成宁夏地震局"九五"与"十五"前兆观测系统的并轨,以发挥前兆台网的整体优势。     

新疆数字地震前兆观测网络建设

介绍建设完成后的新疆数字地震前兆观测网络的整体功能,以及各种前兆观测手段在全疆的分布情况,给出了新疆数字地震前兆观测网络整体结构,数字地震观测仪器的基本信息、前兆观测数据管理模式等。     

新疆地震前兆台站(网)技术改造项目通过验收

20 0 1年 1 2月 1 3日由中国地震局组成的验收专家组 ,对新疆地震局地震前兆台站 (网 )技术改造项目进行了验收。地震前兆台站 (网 )技术改造项目是中国地震局“九五”重点项目的内容之一。通过对新疆地震前兆台站数字化改造项目的实施 ,使部分前兆台站的观测环境、工作条件、观测项目综合化、数字化、自动化和标准化程度大为改善。该项目按期完成了 5个台站 2 5个测项的数字化改造及 1个前兆台网中心的建设。在验收过程中专家组对乌鲁木齐基准台、库尔勒台及局台网中心分别进行了技术指标测试。测试结果表明 5个台 2 5个测项及前兆台网中心…     

我国地震地下流体前兆观测的"九五"进展与台站管理体制的改革意向

主要介绍了我国在“九五”期间实施的前兆台站流体测项的数字化中推广的仪器型号、主要性能指标及改造的规模,观测取得的成果及其有待完善的技术问题;简要介绍了我国长江三峡工程诱发地震监测系统中地下水动态监测井网的布设,观测井下地下水特征,数字化观测技术系统及建设的基本结果;最后介绍了流体学科前兆台站分级分类管理的改革意向。     

福建前兆观测台网“九五”升级改造典型问题分析

概述福建前兆观测台网“九五”升级改造情况,列举“九五”仪器升级改造实例,结合升级改造后运行管理过程中出现的突出问题进行分析,给出常见故障的排除方法,使“九五”升级改造仪器更好的运用于前兆台网观测,提高前兆观测台网每日数据产出的连续率.     

新安江地震台数字化改造设计

新安江地震台根据“中国数字地震观测网络”总体设计和“浙江省数字地震观测网络”建设的要求,对原有的观测楼、观测山洞进行数字化升级改造[1]。原观测楼拆除,新建440m2观测楼,并在原有设备基础上新增甚宽带地震计KS-2000和强震计PS-23。改造设计严格按照《地震及前兆数字化地震观测规范》的要求。     

广东省地方地震前兆监测台网优化方案

分析了广东省地方地震前兆台网在全省地震监测预报中的重要地位和作用以及当前存在的主要问题;论述了台网优化改造的重要意义。按照中国地震局“九五”重点项目《地震前兆台站的技术改造》的要求,提出了优化改造的技术方案。广东省地方地震前兆观测项目以地下流体综合观测为主,在地震重点监视防御区新建20个数字化、自动化地下流体综合观测站,观测数据通过有线MODEM和程序电话自动传递到地方地震部门和省局区域台网中心,实现了观测数据快速传递和资料共享。     

试论"十五"期间我国地震地下流体前兆台网的优化与建设问题

根据我国地震地下流体前兆台网的现状、“九五”台站建设取得的进展与存在的问题,提出“十五”期间有关台网优化与建设方面的如下工作建议：（1）优化现有的台网;（2）完善与推广数字化观测技术,力争使经过数字化改造的台站数量由100个扩展到300个,实现数字化观测的台项由300个增加到10000个,基本实现我国流体前兆观测技术的现代化;（3）建设以地震监测与预测研究为目的前兆实验场。（4）建成地下流体学科技术中心;（5）建设重大工程的地震安全性监测系统。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.