中国LUCC信息学方法体系的结构与应用分析

LUCC信息学方法体系是集区域自然地理学理论方法与GIS技术于一体的新兴学科领域。该方法体系以遥感、GIS及海量数据采集与处理技术为基础,主要应用于多尺度、多层次的土地利用和土地覆被变化时空过程与格局演替探测与模拟、驱动机理提炼及宏观生态效应分析研究,并在相关专题的案例研究中,得到不断验证、丰富与发展。本文回顾了LUCC信息学方法体系的发展历程,阐明了我国LUCC信息学方法体系的核心方法、技术特征和研究现状。其中,土地利用与土地覆被遥感动态信息提取与分析、驱动机理提炼、时空过程模拟、宏观生态效应评价技术的发展和土地利用与土地覆被研究信息平台的建设及相关技术方法的集成,推动了中国LUCC信息学的形成,并构成了LUCC信息学方法体系的基本结构。     

浅析LUCC研究发展方向

土地利用/土地覆盖变化(LUCC)是全球环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一,该文综述了国内外LUCC研究在动态信息获取、土地利用/土地覆盖分类与制图、驱动力探讨与模型建立、LUCc环境效应及与可持续发展关系等方面研究的发展方向,并指出当前国内LUCC研究中存在的一些问题,认为今后LUCC研究应加强RS信息与其他来源信息的结合、完善LUCC模型功能以及构建综合的LUCC理论体系.     

典型农牧交错区LUCC及农牧交替演化过程分析——以内蒙古赤峰市为例

以内蒙古赤峰市为例,利用TM影像解译得到的三期土地利用数据(1988、1995、2000年)研究20世纪80年代以来,典型农牧交错区的LUCC演化过程,主要采用土地利用开发度、耗减度、信息熵、空间转移矩阵等方法分析了不同阶段农牧交替演化的时空特征。结果表明:(1)草地、耕地、林地为研究区主要的土地利用方式,整个研究时段内,耕地开垦和草地减少是主导LUCC过程。耕地开垦面积达2424.12km²,草地减少1959.65km²。从前后两个时期来看,前期(1988-1995年)耕地和草地变化更为剧烈,耕地以增为主,草地以减为主;后期(1995-2000年)草地转出速度放缓,但耕地开垦速度仍相对较快,林地转出速度加快;(2)土地流转过程以农牧交替演化为主,前期草地与耕地的交替转化剧烈,草地开垦面积达到2 040.50km²,耕地撂荒还草634.75km²,耕地开垦主要集中在敖汉旗的北部;后期LUCC过程放缓,草地转耕地面积为828.50km²,主要发生在敖汉旗以及林西县北部地区等区域,伴随着一定程度的弃耕;(3)三个时期土地利用结构信息熵分别为1.290、1.301、1.304,赤峰市土地利用系统有序程度在降低。农牧交错演化过程的分析,为研究该地区人类-环境耦合系统的变化和机制提供了重要依据。     

“新时期中国土地利用/覆被变化时空特征与生态环境效应”专辑征稿

正土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)是全球气候变化和全球环境变化研究关注的重要内容,是"国际地圈与生物圈计划"(IGBP)和"全球变化人文因素计划"(IHDP)两大国际组织以及全球土地计划(GLP)研究的核心领域。十二五以来,中国政府大力落实农业与农村发展、生态保护与建设、主体功能区等重大规划,继续推进西部大开发、东北振兴、中部崛起等区域均衡发展战略,实施了农村土地流转、空心村土地整治、农田水利设     

“新时期中国土地利用/覆被变化时空特征与生态环境效应”专辑征稿

正土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)是全球气候变化和全球环境变化研究关注的重要内容,是"国际地圈与生物圈计划"(IGBP)和"全球变化人文因素计划"(IHDP)两大国际组织以及全球土地计划(GLP)研究的核心领域。十二五以来,中国政府大力落实农业与农村发展、生态保护与建设、主体功能区等重大规划,继续推进西部大开发、东北振兴、中部崛起等区域均衡发展战略,实施了农村土地流转、空心村土地整治、农田水利设     

1980s-2005 年内蒙古地区土地利用/覆被变化分析

近几十年来, 由气候变化和人类活动共同驱动的内蒙古地区土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)较为剧烈, 其引发了一系列的生态环境问题。本文基于3 期LUCC数据, 借助于变化率指数、动态度指数、转类矩阵, 在全区和地级市尺度上, 分析了内蒙古地区土地利用/覆被变化的时空特征及驱动因素。研究结果显示, 受地形因素的影响, 研究区土地利用/覆被变化表现出明显的区域差异及区域趋同性。在经济发展和人口增长的双重压力下:(1)平原耕作区深受国家宏观政策的影响, 2000 年之后的“林地、高覆盖草地开垦”总体速度下降了近35%;(2) 平原耕作区北部边缘条带状地区、山区草原区受制于降水不显著的波动呈减少态势, 2000 年之后的“草地退化及荒漠化”趋势加强了近85%。研究结果为内蒙古地区土地资源的可持续利用与科学管理提供了依据。     

中国土地利用时空数据平台建设及其支持下的相关研究

20世纪 90年代中期 ,我们建立了国家资源环境动态信息服务运行系统。在土地利用数据库的建设过程中 ,其中 5 2 0 L andsat TM遥感影像经过地理配准和几何校正后 ,在全数字解译环境下 ,解译并绘制了 1∶ 10万的土地利用图。现已将其矢量数据转换为 1km的栅格数据 (包括所有高分辨率的、通过计算每个网格内各土地利用类型的面积百分比而获得的土地利用信息)。因此 ,国家资源环境动态服务系统可用来监测国家尺度的土地利用的变化。     

近20年黄土高原土地利用/覆被变化特征分析

本文根据黄土高原地区20世纪80年代末、2000年、2008年3期土地利用/覆被空间数据集,计算2个时段（20世纪80年代末-2000年,2000-2008年）土地利用/覆被转类方向及其幅度、土地利用/覆被转类指数、土地利用/覆被状况指数及其变化率,分析黄土高原地区自20世纪80年代末以来土地利用/覆被时空变化特征以及宏观生态状况的变化趋势。结果显示：黄土高原地区近20年来平均土地利用/覆被状况指数为24.07,其中土石山区生态系统综合功能最好,其次为河谷平原区,最差的为农灌区。20世纪80年代末-2000年,黄土高原地区主要土地利用/覆被转类是森林和草地转为耕地,生态级别由高级向低级转移,2000-2008年主要土地利用/覆被转类是耕地转为林地和草地,低覆盖草地转为中高覆盖草地,生态级别由低级向高级转移。近20年来黄土高原地区地覆被状况指数变化以及土地利用/覆被转类指数表明,该区域的宏观生态状况总体上经历了转差（20世纪80年代末-2000年土地利用/覆被转类指数为-1.08）,后转好（2000-2008年土地利用/覆被转类指数为2.66）2个过程。这一变化过程前期受区域气候变化以及人口增长共同驱动,后期则叠加了生态工程的影响。     

我国土地利用/覆被研究的热点与应用发展问题

本文回顾了国内土地利用调查和土地利用/覆被变化(以下简称LUCC)的研究历程,认为20世纪80年代前的半个世纪,我国以土地调查为主的土地利用研究发展缓慢。到了80年代后,由于遥感技术由实验走向实用、地理信息系统技术的普及,加之IGBP和HDP两大组织发起的土地利用/覆被变化研究,这一领域的研究得到了极大地推动。目前,该领域存在着技术潮流、驱动力研究潮流、环境效应研究潮流、景观生态学潮流等热点,这对于推动LUCC的多学科深入研究具有积极作用;指出了土地利用/覆被变化研究中存在的"重技术轻学理"现象、微观机理研究不足、忽视土地利用替代性研究、土地可持续利用评价针对性不够、研究的服务对象单一等问题,LUCC研究要在克服这些问题中发展;由此提出,在经过一定的领域拓展、案例积累、技术准备等基础工作之后,我国土地利用/覆被变化研究应针对前述问题,加强理论建设,探索模型建立,拓展区域应用,发挥多学科核心作用,在理论建设、数学模型表达、机理探讨等方面,为现代地理学做出贡献,为地理学的社会作用和应用拓展更加广阔的空间。     

30年来蒙古国和内蒙古的LUCC区域分异

本文以欧空局300m土地覆盖数据集为基础,参考20世纪70年代至2005年2期蒙古高原遥感影像,建立20世纪70年代、2005年2期土地利用及动态数据库,结合土地利用变化数量模型,分析了蒙古国与内蒙古的土地利用类型转换情况。对比分析蒙古国和内蒙古近30年来的土地利用变化强度及各地类间的转移变化,揭示2个区域的LUCC分异规律,并对土地变化的驱动力进行分析。结果显示:在自然条件及人类扰动共同作用下,蒙古国及内蒙古均表现出草地面积逐年减少,草地退化趋势明显;裸地面积不断增加,沙漠化现象严重;农田及城镇建设用地面积持续增长;水域面积呈现衰减;未利用地是其他各种土地利用类型增加的主要来源;由于人类扰动差异,蒙古国林地面积略有减少,内蒙古林地面积大幅增加。气候干暖化、人口增长,政策及社会经济发展等是驱动蒙古高原土地利用变化的主要因素。     

ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL FEATURES OF LUCC BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN CHINA

In view of the large quantities of areas,complex landform and dynamic change of resources and environ-ment in China,China has already funded abundantly a series of macro remote sensing investigation projects in land use cover change(LUCC) since 1990.Supported by the achievements of such projects,Chinese resources,environmental and remote sensing database(CRERS) was created.In this paper,we standardized the LUCC dataset of CRERS at scale of 1km,which facilitated the study of spatial features of LUCC in China.The analysis on the spatial features of LUCC and their causes of formation in China are based on the CRERS supported by the technologies of Geographic Information System(GIS) .The whole research was based on the grade index of land use,ecological environmental index and index of population density.Based on the correlation analysis,we found that the special features of LUCC were closely related with those of ecological environment and population density,which resulted form that areas with better ecological environ-ment and high production potential of land were easy and convenient for human being to live,which,furthermore,led to the aggravation of excessive exploitation of land resources there.     

Land Use Change During 1960-2000 Period and its Eco-environmental Effects in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River： a Case Study in Yiliang County, Yunnan, China

Land use/land cover change (LUCC) is a focus of the research of global environmental changes.The middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River,which are the most ecologically fragile mountainous area in China as well as one of the areas in China with most notable LUCC, have been on the Chinese Government‘s list of priority areas for ecological restoration. This paper is to reveal the trend of LUCC and the ecological degradation arising from it, and to provide a basis for the future sustainable use of land resources in the region based on a detailed analysis of Yiliang County. Based on the county‘s land use/cover maps in 1960, 1980 and 2000 drawn with the aid of aerial photograph interpretation, field investigation and GIS based spatial-temporal data analysis, LUCC during 1960-2000 period and the ecological degradation arising from it were analyzed. Using the Markv model, the paper brings out a forecast of what the county‘s LUCC would be like if the county‘s current land use continues, as well as the reasons and countermeasures for restoring degraded ecosystems.     

台湾土地利用变迁及其永续发展之研究

台湾的土地利用与地表覆盖变迁 (L and Use/ Cover Changes,L U CC)一直为地理学与相关学科研究者所关心。其中 ,大部分的研究侧重于土地利用与地表覆盖变迁的环境分析 ,另一些则专注于特殊土地利用与地表覆盖型态的空间分布的调查与研究。十年前 ,台湾的学者与政府机构开始参与国际性 L U CC研究。目前已参与的研究活动例如:the Southeast Asian Regional Comm ittee(SARCS) for Global Change System for Analysis,Research andTraining(START) ,LUCC-IGBP(the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme) ,LUCC-IHDP(the Hum anDim ensions of Global Environmental Change Programme) ,IGU -LUCC(International Geographical U nion)以及其它国际性 LUCC相关研究议题。建立不同时期土地利用与地表覆盖的时序数值数据库 (tem poral database),是从事LUCC研究重要的一项工作 ,本文重点论及台湾的土地利用与地表覆盖的数值数据库 ,及其以往 40年来土地利用的变迁。     

LAND COVER CHANGES AND LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS ASSESSMENT IN LOWER REACHES OF TARIM RIVER IN CHINA

The Tarim River Basin, located in the typical arid region, is one of the key regions of LUCC research in China and plays an important role in maintaining the sustainable development of the westem China. In recent years, the ecological environment of the Tarim River Basin has degraded greatly. In the lower reaches, in particular,the riverbed has been dried up for more than 20 years, which accelerated the desertification and has been a great threat to people‘s lives. Taking the section of the Tarim River between Qiala Lake and Taitema Lake as a typical region, an investigation on land cover changes was carried out with the support of remote sensing information of 1988 and 2000 respectively. The changes of land cover in this region were obtained: 1) Cropland tended to increase. 2)Urban or Built-up Area in 2000 was 324.4ha more than that in 1988.3) Waters expanded by 3476.51ha. 4) Woodland and Grassland decreased, while Barren Land increased by 3824.9ha. The total amount of land use/land cover change between 1988 and 2000 is small, which is only 0.355% of the total area. It shows that the developmental pace of the lower reaches of the Tarim River is relative slow. Based on these results, the authors assessed the landscape dynamics of this region and pointed out that the degree of desertification was strengthened and the landscape dominated by sand land was further characterized by salt desert.     

LUCC and Accompanied Soil Degradation in China from 1960''s to 1990''s

This paper tries to qualitatively analyze land use and cover changes (LUCC) and accompanied soil degradation in China, the data of World Atlas of Agriculture in 1969, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation in 1992, etc. have been used. From 1960' s to 1990's, the area of forestland had increased, arable land and paddy as well as grassland had significantly decreased in China. The major type of soil degradation is due to water erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China, this happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China, it happened in arable land and grassland and was caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is distributed in North and Northwest China, which happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical deterioration only concentrated in local area in North China, it happened in arable and paddy. Chemical and physical deteriora-tion mainly resulted from unreasonable activity. Because of different human activities, different LUCC and different natural conditions, the types and strength of soil degradation can be different.     

LUCC and Accompanied Soil Degradation in China from 1960''''s to 1990''''s

This paper tries to qualitatively analyze land use and cover changes (LUCC) and accompanied soil degradation in China, the data of World Atlas of Agriculture in 1969, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation in 1992, etc. have been used. From 1960' s to 1990's, the area of forestland had increased, ara-ble land and paddy as well as grassland had significantly decreased in China. The major type of soil degradation is due to wa-ter erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China, this happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China, it happened in arable land and grassland and was caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is distributed in North and Northwest China, which happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical de-terioration only concentrated in local area in North     

Analysis on Soil Degradation Resulted From Human Activities Near City Area in China By Use of DMSP/OLS and Other Data

In order to study land use and cover changes (LUCC), especially urbanization accompanied soil degradation, authors used Asia DMSP/OLS data in 1992, Land Cover Data of Asia in 1992 and Global Assessment of Human Induced Soil Degradation (GLASOD, by ISRIC) in 1992, etc. In China the major type of soil degradation is water erosion, which is widely distributed especially in Loess Plateau and in Southeast and Southwest China and happened in forestland, grassland and arable land and mainly resulted from deforestation. The secondary type is wind erosion, which is mainly distributed in Northwest China and happened in arable land and grassland and was mainly caused by overgrazing. Chemical deterioration is mainly distributed in North and Northwest China and happened in paddy, arable land and grassland. Physical deterioration only concentrated in local area in North China and happened in arable land and paddy. Chemical and physical deterioration were resulted from unreasonable agricultural activity. From city to city + 200km with different distance away from city, different types and strength of human activities resulted in different types and distributions of soil degradation. In China human activity mainly concentrated within city+ 50km, therefore, accompanied soil degradation, such as chemical and physical deterioration, mainly happened near and around city.     

LAND USE／COVER CHANGE AND DRIVING FORCES IN SOUTHERN LIAONING PROVINCE SINCE 1950S

1IN TR O D U CTIO N Land isthemost essentiaplhysicalresource asnd mate- rialbasisforpeople'slif e(LIU,1996).Land use/cover change(LUCC ) isa key aspectofglobalenvironment change, andindicatetsheinfluencoefhuman activiti on physicaelnvironment.As we allkno…