UCGIS地理信息科学与技术知识体系及对我国GIS研究的启示

为推进我国地理信息科学与技术发展,借鉴UCGIS于2006年提出的地理信息科学与技术知识体系(Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge),分析其对我国GIS领域研究的若干启示,包括构建科学合理的地理信息科学与技术学科体系、加强地理空间认知与概念建模的研究、多学科交叉推进地理计算理论与应用研究、推进地理信息科学与技术的相关软科学研究。     

地理信息科学学科领域界定再思考

地理信息科学形成与发展已十多年,该文介绍、分析、论证了Goodchild关于地理信息科学是“信息科学有关地理信息的一个分支学科”定义的准确性;通过对地理信息科学的发展,信息科学的学科界定、认知问题、研究主题等国内外的一些研究工作与成果的重新思考、分析与研究,较为详细地讨论了地理信息科学的重要研究主题,界定了地理信息科学的学科领域,旨在为推动地理信息学科的发展做贡献。     

信息地理学学科体系与发展战略要点

信息时代的到来极大地促进了地理科学的发展,地理科学的研究已从传统的自然地理空间、人文地理空间拓展到了信息地理空间,催生了信息地理学的发展,并逐渐形成了地理遥感科学、地理信息科学和地理数据科学3个分支学科。在《中国学科及前沿领域发展战略研究（2021—2035）》地理科学的学科规划背景下,本文梳理了信息地理学的形成、定义和学科体系,重点阐述了信息地理学的学科发展战略布局、优先领域发展目标和重点方向。以期本文有助于促进遥感、地理信息科学与技术的发展和应用回归地理科学,进一步强化地理科学研究,使其更加系统化、科学化和现代化,促进地理科学的整体发展。     

非物质文化景观研究:载体、空间化与时空尺度

非物质文化地理学研究还未形成统一的思维体系,难以将地理信息科学的方法引入研究过程。提出了非物质文化景观载体思想,包括艺人、文化团体、作坊、作品、受众、店铺与市场等实载体和互联网等信息空间中的虚拟载体。通过载体空间化,将非物质文化景观研究融入传统文化地理研究框架中。将非物质文化景观研究的空间尺度划分为大、中、小和微观尺度,并对单文化、多文化和全文化载体景观的时间尺度界定进行详细剖析。在载体、空间化和时空尺度等基本问题解析的基础上,吸纳新文化地理学思想,建构了非物质文化景观研究的时空思维体系,并使研究视角趋向多元化。基于文化载体的时空思维体系是地理信息科学方法用于非物质文化地理研究的基础,对文化地理学具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

指向综合思维培养的高中地理大单元教学设计——以“大田县矿业发展与‘五园’模式”为例

大单元教学作为培养学生综合思维的重要途径之一,不仅能有效整合特定大概念、大问题下的相关知识体系,而且能有效提升学生的综合思维能力,形成辩证系统观。本文基于综合思维的培养,在分析大单元教学与综合思维培养内在逻辑联系的基础上,以“大田县矿业发展与‘五园’模式”为例,整合人教版必修《地理2》和选择性必修2《区域发展》的相关知识内容,探讨大单元教学设计与实施路径,以期为地理教学中落实学科核心素养与关键能力的培养提供依据与参考。     

略论地理空间思维

现代教学论的一个基本观点是把培养学科独特的思维方式放在学习的首位。地理空间思维是地理学科独特的思维方式之一,空间性是地理学区别于其他学科的一个非常显著的特点,这就要求地理教学应以建立地理空间概念为先导,从地理事物所处的位置、各地理事物之间的相互关系和空间结构等方面去揭示地理环境特征和差异,使学生自觉地从空间的角度看待地理问题、分析地理问题、解决地理问题。惟有如此,才能有效地体现地理教学的学科特点。因此,明确地理空间思维的内涵、特征、组成及其影响因素,对于培养学生地理空间思维能力,更好地实现地理教学目标有着重要的意义。     

地理计算及其前沿问题

地理计算是地理信息科学的核心内容之一， 主要研究地理信息科学的方法学问题， 内容 包括建模、算法、计算体系和一般方法学问题。本文介绍了地理计算的五个前沿问题: (1)地学数据 挖掘从地理学问题出发， 对各种数据作地理学的模型处理和结果计算以发现地理知识； (2)空间运 筹在地理学中的应用日益广泛， 它的算法更加简单严密、精度也更高； (3)多自主体系统模拟已经 成为地理学科学研究中除归纳和演绎之外的第三种重要研究方法； (4) 离散空间的定性计算是进 行地理空间计算的必要基础； (5)本体论的发展是地理信息科学乃至整个地理学发展的需要。     

高中生地理空间思维现状及启示

了解高一新生地理空间思维的现状,可以为课堂教学提供参考,有助于提升地理空间思维培育的针对性.本文在界定地理空间思维相关概念的基础上,参考国内外空间思维测评试题,开发研制地理空间思维测试工具.应用统计手段,对测试样本数据进行分析,得出以下基本结论:1.高中生地理空间思维水平有待提升;2.学生的空间类比和空间关联思维能力普遍薄弱;3.学生的空间转换和空间建构思维表现差异大;4.不同性别学生在测试中的表现差异显著.从学生学习生活环境、课程教学组织和性别差异三个方面对测试结果进行诊断分析,对后续教学提出了五点建议:梳理地理教材,渗透地理空间思维培育;课堂教学中注重地图、教具学具、地理信息技术的应用;加强地理实践,在真实环境中培育空间思维;针对学生地理空间思维的差异进行教学;关注不同性别学生空间认知特点.     

分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的应用

该文简介分形理论 ,并讨论分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的价值和地位。针对地理信息科学发展的趋势 ,结合相应的实例 ,提出分形理论在地理信息科学中的地理数据挖掘和空间决策支持、空间数据压缩和传递、制图概括、虚拟现实等方面目前的主要研究进展和方向。     

分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的应用

该文简介分形理论，并讨论分形理论在地理信息科学研究中的价值和地位，针对地理信息科学发展的趋势，结合相应的实例，提出分形理论在地理信息科学中的地理数据挖掘和空间决策支持，空间数据压缩和传递，制图概括，虚拟现实等方面目前的主要研究进展和方向。     

GIS research to address tensions in geography

The rise of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies has been producing powerful tools for spatial data processing, management, analysis, modeling, and visualization. While supporting many tasks, GIS technologies have evoked new thinking and advanced intellectual inquiries in geography. Technological advances in other fields often stimulate new research questions and lead to revolutionary discoveries. The Hubble telescope revolutionizes our understanding of the universe, and 3D digital microscopes transform our knowledge of the coordination among biological, neurological, and physiological systems in living organisms. Can GIS claim similar revolutionary effects on geography? The answer is much up for debate. With GIS technologies, geographic studies can explore a broader extent across multiple scales in space and time and tackle problems through increasingly complex spatial statistics, visual analytics, computation, simulation, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. Both the Hubble telescope and 3D digital microscope were built based on scientific research that subserves the technological advances for inquiries into space and life systems. Likewise, GIScience research innovates GIS methods that enable novel geographic investigations and therefore contribute to geographic knowledge production. For the sake of simplicity, the term GIS used here represents both GIScience and GIS technologies. This essay attempts to clarify the intellectual contributions of GIS to geography on the following two questions: (1) What novel geographic thinking is driven by GIS? (2) How may GIS provoke new geographic inquiries and knowledge? Building on Nystuen's notion of four tensions that trigger geographic questions, the essay discusses how GIS innovations mediate historical tension, space‐time tension, dimensional tension and scale tensions.     

GIS,Cartography, and the “Third Culture”: Geographic Imaginations in the Computer Age*

Geographic information systems (GIS) and cartography have traditionally been regarded as fields for the study of techniques. Yet the past ten years have witnessed geographers' increasing intellectual engagement with GIS and cartography. This essay recaps the recent intellectual discourses on GIS and cartography and speculates on possible development in the near future. Geocomputation, spatially integrated social sciences, social informatics, information ecology, and humanistic GIScience are identified as five areas of intensive new research, and it is argued that creative imaginations under the milieu of the “third culture” are urgently needed to address the challenging issues in this new technological era. Whether geography will become an intellectually more vibrant discipline hinges on the extent to which we can rekindle geographic imaginations in this computer age via GIScience to address issues of great societal concern.     

Digitizing the Dragon Head,Geo-Coding the Urban Landscape: GIS and the Transformation of China's Urban Governance

While local governments have been one of the major user groups of GIS, there is still little research on how GIS development in local government might be intertwined with urban governance, particularly in non-Western contexts. Drawing upon insights from GIS implementation, critical GIS, and governmentality studies, this article seeks to bridge this gap by examining the implications of Chinese urban government GIS practices amidst China's changing urban governance. Through an in-depth case study of Shenzhen, this article analyzes how urban GIS has been transformed from a practice involving internal organizational workflow automation, into a more active dimension of the governance of urban spaces—reflected in the expanding practice of “geo-coding” the urban landscape. “Geo-coding” here refers to a broadly defined spatial practice of carving and reconstructing a rational urban space. GIS practices have constituted a particular form of geographic rationality that seeks to govern at a distance while simultaneously regulating the urban environment, intersecting with the broader transformations of China's urban governance. These GIS developments have been largely government-centric rather than citizen-centric, yet they provide possibilities for new forms of spatial knowledge production for citizen participation in urban governance.     

1979年以来南京都市区空间增长模式分析

利用遥感和GIS技术分析1978年以来南京都市发展区的空间增长模式,并从行政区、环形圈层和方位3个视角进行分析。研究发现:1979~1988年间南京主城以填充式增长为主,周围城区以外延式发展为主;1988~2000年间南京主城的空间增长很慢,外围城区以外延增长、线状增长和聚集式增长为主,2000年以后外延式和聚集式增长较其他增长方式更为明显。影响城市空间增长的因素非常复杂,除了社会和经济因素外,城市规划的引导作用以及城市空间结构影响最为显著,其次旧城改造和新区开发的城市发展策略、城市基础设施和开发区建设是推动城市空间增长的重要力量。     

Critical GIS pedagogies beyond ‘Week 10: Ethics’

Over two decades after the scholarly interventions that coalesced into ‘critical GIS’ as a field within GIScience, critical GIS remains underdeveloped in conversations on teaching and learning. The literature on GIScience education has emphasized content more than pedagogies – what to teach versus how to teach to move students toward particular learning objectives. This emphasis is reflected in dominant curricular approaches to critical GIS, in which questions around the complicated origins and complicit social, political, and economic relationships of GIS are taken up as discrete topics, tacked onto instruction that otherwise prioritizes technical dimensions of GIScience. We argue that GIScience coursework must resist such modularization by approaching critical GIS not as a set of topics, but an orientation to GIS praxis that ‘does’ GIS from within a questioning stance, to ask how we know. We outline specific curricular shifts and teaching practices we have used to foster this orientation in GIS students, offering ways of continually engaging students in practicing this orientation as they learn strong technical GIScience content. Finally, we trace the successes, challenges, and tensions sparked by these critical GIS pedagogies, drawing on student evaluation comments from our courses and reflecting on broader implications for GIScience instructors and geography faculty.     

Cyber Literacy for GIScience: Toward Formalizing Geospatial Computing Education

The unprecedented availability of geospatial data and technologies is driving innovation and discovery but not without the risk of losing focus on the geographic foundations of space and place in this vast “cyber sea” of data and technology. There is a pressing need to educate a new generation of scientists and citizens who understand how space and place matter in the real world and who understand and can keep pace with technological advancements in the computational world. We define cyberliteracy for GIScience (cyberGIScience literacy) and outline eight core areas that serve as a framework for establishing the essential abilities and foundational knowledge necessary to navigate and thrive in this new technologically rich world. The core areas are arranged to provide multiple dimensions of learning ranging from a technological focus to a problem solving focus or a focus on GIScience or computational science. We establish a competency matrix as a means of assessing and evaluating levels of cyberGIScience literacy across the eight core areas. We outline plans to catalyze the collaborative development and sharing of instructional materials to embed cyberGIScience literacy in the classroom and begin to realize a cyberliterate citizenry and academe. Key Words: big data, computational thinking, geographic education, GIS, spatial thinking.     

Geographic perspectives on urban sustainability: past,current, and future research trajectories

ABSTRACT

The 21st century has been called the “century of the city” and compounded concerns that current development pathways were not sustainable. Calls for scholarship on urban sustainability among geographers cites strengths in the human-environment and urban subfields that positioned the discipline to make unique contributions to critical research needs. This special issue reflects on the contributions that geographers have made to urban sustainability scholarship. We observe that that integration across human-environment and urban subfields reflects broader bifurcations between social theory and spatial science traditions in geography. Piggy-backing on the rise of sustainability science, the emergence of urbanization science compels geographers to reflect upon the ways in which we are positioned to make unique contributions to those fields. We argue that those contributions should embrace systems thinking, empirically connect social constructs to biophysical patterns and processes, and use the city as a laboratory to generate new theories.     

城市建成环境对居民身体活动的影响研究进展与启示

城市建成环境与身体活动关系是城市系统人地关系在健康领域的一种现实表现,两者之间的良性互动关乎城市公共健康的发展与管理水平,是健康地理学新近研究热点。论文基于地理学空间视角,从空间组织、空间格局、空间功能3个维度论述了国内外城市建成环境对居民身体活动影响的研究进展。结果表明,国外研究取得了诸多成果：① 理论与方法上,社会生态理论应用最为广泛,不断被修正和拓展。而基于移动-活动行为理论的建成环境与身体活动关系研究日益成为新视角。同时,一些复杂计量回归模型、空间回归模型得到较多应用。② 实证研究上,重点关注城市建成环境空间组织、空间格局、空间功能一系列特性对不同人群身体活动水平、类型的影响。空间组织上主要集中在交通组织、绿地网络等组织类型,以及可达性、连通性等空间联系的影响研究。空间格局上强调能级差异下建成环境要素集聚多寡,空间外部几何形态表征、指示对身体活动产生的相应影响研究。空间功能上多探究混合性、单一功能构成和主客观功能品质的影响研究。国内相关研究主要集中在地理学、城市规划学、体育学等领域,尚处于初步介绍国外相关研究成果和少量实证研究阶段,缺少基于本土的理论提升及典型案例研究。最后,论文从理论、方法、实证上探讨地理学视角下未来研究重点：基于“天人合一”理念的理论提升;基于多源数据融合和时空计量的研究新方法;基于虚实交互空间和本土语境下的实证研究。     

新时代发展中国城市政治地理学的思考

针对中国城市转型的空间实践困境,迫切需要用空间权力的理论范式和空间正义的价值思维去反思、重构中国的城镇化发展模式及其空间治理。城市政治地理学是以政治地理学的空间权力思维为学科基础,论文借鉴城市政治学和城市社会学对“城市政治”和“城市权力”开展研究,拓展了城市空间的政治属性。然后,基于中国国情与城市实践,从现实层面阐释了中国城市政治地理学的“政治”意涵、“空间”表达与价值取向。最后,以“问题驱动”为导向,落脚于现实层面,提出应关注的5个重要优先议题：城市空间协调博弈原理、城市制度安排的空间公平研究、基于价值的城市生活空间研究、基于权力的城市生产空间研究及基于责任的城市生态空间研究。