河南祁雨沟金矿同位素地球化学和矿床成因分析

祁雨沟金矿位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳地体，是典型的爆破角砾岩型金矿。本文全面总结并深入分析了祁雨沟金矿的同位素地球化学研究资料，以氢-氧-碳同位素体系确定成矿流体由岩浆热液向大气降水热液演化，以碳-硫-铅同位素体系厘定成矿物质主要来自岩浆流体系统，以铅、碳同位素确定熊耳地体南侧的中-新元古代地层是不可缺少的成岩成矿物质来源之一。因此认为：在中生代华北与扬子板块碰撞造山过程中，熊耳地体南侧的陆壳板片沿马超营断裂俯冲到熊耳地体之下，通过变质脱水-熔融作用派生了祁雨沟岩浆-流体成矿系统，其成因可由碰撞造山成岩成矿与流体作用模式（即CMF模式）解释。     

云南墨江金矿床的同位素地球化学及成因探讨

墨江金矿的同位素地球化学特征,成矿元素组合和包裹体成分表明：成矿物质主要来源于金厂蚀变超基性岩体,成矿热液是深源流体,岩浆水和大气降水混合的产物。成矿期深部富矿化剂流体沿断裂上升并与地下水混合,从侵入体及围岩中淋滤出了成矿物质。在迁移过程中,随着地球化学条件的改变,金在有利部位沉淀富集形成矿床。墨江金矿床属混合热液改造型矿床。     

“三九”地区三江口铀矿床成矿作用及成矿模式

"三九"地区三江口铀矿床为华南花岗岩地区典型的中低温热液型铀矿床,其大地构造位置处于诸广山南北向构造带与诸广-万洋山华夏复式断隆带的复合部位,定位于遂川-热水断裂、上堡断裂、塘湾断裂和四方坪断裂所构成的三角形构造地块内。该矿床的含矿流体包裹体特征研究表明,其成矿期脉体形成时的氧逸度高于矿前期,且成矿期脉体含有较多的沸腾包裹体。矿床的稀土元素特征表明,北部九龙江地段铀矿(化)体为弱酸性环境下的成矿作用产物;南部石壁窝地段铀矿(化)体为弱碱性环境下的产物。岩(矿)石同位素特征表明,铀成矿物质来源具有壳幔源混合特点;水源主要来自于大气降水,部分来源于岩浆水。铀成矿过程主要经历了构造-岩浆演化、含矿流体形成及运移、矿质沸腾沉淀和蚀变交代叠加4个阶段。矿床的成矿模式属于"加气(ΣCO2)去气(ΣCO2)成矿"模式范畴。     

地幔流体及其成矿作用

地幔流体及其成矿作用的研究是当前地学界倍受关注的前沿课题。地幔流体是一种以CO2和H2 O为主、同时含有一定量的溶质成分、相对富集大离子等不相容元素的超临界流体 ,具有独特的溶解和输运能力 ,主要来源于俯冲板块的脱水、脱气作用和地核及地幔脱气作用。地幔流体在许多大型—超大型金属、非金属、油气矿床和矿集区形成过程中具有重要意义。地幔流体成矿作用主要表现为本身成矿、提供成矿物质、成矿流体和成矿热动力。地质构造背景、岩浆活动、矿床地质、矿床地球化学等方面的研究均可提供地幔流体成矿作用的证据。地幔流体成矿作用的主要特征是矿床具有深大断裂构造背景、伴随幔源岩浆活动、成矿物质和成矿流体具有幔源性、往往形成大型—超大型矿床和矿集区     

东秦岭上宫金矿成矿流体与成矿物质来源新认识

上宫金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳地体之中,是典型的构造蚀变岩型金矿.本文对上宫金矿的同位素地球化学资料进行了系统分析和综合研究,对其成矿物质和成矿流体的来源取得了一些新的认识.氢-氧-碳同位素体系研究表明,成矿流体并非来自燕山期岩浆热液,也不是来自于太华群或者官道口群和栾川群的变质脱水作用,而主要来自深部地幔或者由幔源岩浆派生,并在成矿的过程中逐渐向大气降水演化.硫-铅-锶同位素体系指示成矿物质为壳幔混合来源,地幔和太华群可能均提供了部分成矿物质.印支期华北与扬子板块发生碰撞对接时导致了强烈的壳幔相互作用,并驱动深部流体向上运移,上官金矿正是在这种构造背景下形成的.     

河南嵩县小南沟金矿床地球化学特征

河南省崇县小南沟金矿是产于熊耳群火山岩中的构造蚀变岩型矿床,矿体受控于近南北向断裂构造中,但其围岩蚀变特点、同位素组成以及流体包裹体成分均与店房稳爆角砾岩型金矿有一定的联系,与熊耳山区产于北东向或近东西向断裂中的蚀变岩型矿床相似,说明小南沟矿床与附近赋存于东西向以及稳爆角砾岩型矿床具有直接的成因联系,它们构成一个统一的成矿体系,其成矿物质来源与赋矿火山岩以及基底古老变质岩有关,成矿作用与燕山期岩浆     

青海东昆仑哈陇休玛钼多金属矿床成矿流体特征及成矿模式

哈陇休玛钼多金属矿床是东昆仑成矿带东段目前仅有的中型斑岩型矿床。为了查明其成矿流体性质及成矿物质来源,构建矿床成矿模式,本文进行了详细的流体包裹体和H-O-S同位素研究。流体包裹体显微测温显示,哈陇休玛矿床发育气液两相和含CO₂三相两种类型包裹体,成矿流体呈现中高温（集中于280~340 ℃）、高盐度（w(NaCl),集中于6.00%~18.00%）和中等密度(集中于0.64~0.92 g/cm³）特点,成矿深度为2.4~4.1 km,形成于中浅成环境。H-O同位素显示,成矿流体具有岩浆水和大气降水混合的特征,但主体以岩浆水为主;S同位素显示,成矿物质主要来自于深部岩浆。结合区域构造演化认为,哈陇休玛矿床成矿模式为印支晚期东昆仑地区发生强烈壳幔混合作用,形成富含成矿元素的混合岩浆,含矿流体在随混合岩浆上升的过程中发生流体沸腾,并与大气降水混合冷却,导致成矿物理化学条件发生变化,促使成矿物质沉淀成矿。     

四川冕宁稀土矿床地幔流体成矿作用

地幔流体成矿(或参与成矿)作用在世界上许多大型-超大型金属、非金属矿床都有例证.地幔流体成矿作用的基本特征是:1)有深大断裂构造背景;2)伴随幔源岩浆活动;3)往往形成大型-超大型矿床或矿集区;4)多种围岩蚀变作用并存;5)多为中一高温热液矿床;6)H2O和CO2是成矿流体的重要组分;7)成矿物质和成矿流体幔源性.     

宁夏贺兰山北段牛头沟金矿地质地球化学特征和矿床成因探讨

牛头沟金矿位于华北陆块鄂尔多斯地块西缘贺兰山裂陷北段之基底杂岩带,赋矿地层为一套下元古界宗别立群第二亚群(Pt1z2)中的中-深程度变质岩系。矿体受深大断裂(正义关断裂)的次级主断裂(F1)控制;该控矿断裂构造(F1)形成于海西-印支期,经历早期逆冲挤压,晚期局部引张破裂的多期活动阶段,矿化作用主要形成于主断裂(F1)张性破裂阶段,矿化早期主要表现为强烈硅化,矿化晚期硅化岩破裂被主成矿流体充填-交代形成蚀变岩型金矿,为矿区主要成矿类型。石英脉型金矿形成于与主断裂有联系的次级张裂隙中。二者反映矿床类型不同,但成矿作用是一致的。即在动力作用下产生的变质热液在构造的有利部位或裂隙中交代-充填成矿。硫化物硫同位素组成和矿物流体包裹体研究表明,该蚀变岩型金矿成矿物质和成矿流体来源具多源性。     

康滇地轴北缘新台子金矿区矿床地质特征及找矿方向浅析

新台子金矿区在成矿区带上属于海西期构造剪切带金成矿带,该带受丹巴弧形构造、大渡河韧性剪切构造及海西期基性-超基性岩浆活动的共同影响,以分布丰富的矿产资源为特征,是扬子地块西缘重要的贵金属成矿带。文章综合分析了区内矿床地质、控矿构造、矿石矿物、蚀变组合等成矿地质条件,将区内矿床成因类型确定为浅层低温热液石英脉型和构造破碎带蚀变岩型。两种矿床类型均受到地层、构造、岩浆岩的控制,具备形成小-中型规模金矿床的有利条件:①新台子金矿区及其邻区贵金属成矿带的成矿物源主要是前震旦系康定群;②深大断裂是多源成矿物质迁移的主要通道,壳源岩浆活动为成矿物质活化提供了热源;③泥盆系危关群炭质绢云板岩、千枚岩等黑色岩系作为有机化学障,使自下而上的含矿流体内的金元素沉淀、聚集成矿。     

豫西熊耳山矿集区栾灵金矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

豫西栾灵金矿床地处熊耳山金多金属矿集区南部马超营断裂带北侧,金矿体产于构造破碎带中,呈钾长石石英脉体和蚀变岩产出,为本区一种新的金矿化类型。文章为厘定栾灵金矿床的成矿时代,采用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素定年方法,测得栾灵金矿6件辉钼矿样品的Re-Os同位素模式年龄为(161±3)Ma~(164±2)Ma,加权平均年龄(163±1)Ma(MSWD=0.68),等时线年龄(163±2)Ma(MSWD=1.5),表明栾灵金矿床形成于晚侏罗世早期。与祁雨沟、前河金矿等早白垩世(125 Ma)金矿相比,栾灵金矿的成矿作用早约38 Ma。这些年龄数据表明,该矿床在区域上可能与南泥湖-三道庄、上房沟钼矿等形成于同一成矿系统,它的发现为在熊耳山地区寻找相似成矿地质条件的金、钼矿床提供了依据。     

Geology and D-O-C Isotope Systematics of the Tieluping Silver Deposit,Henan, China: Implications for Ore Genesis

The Tieluping silver deposit, which is sited along NE-trending faults within the high-grade metamorphic basement of the Xiong‘er terrane, is part of an important Mesozoic orogenic-type Ag-Pb and Au belt recently discovered. Ore formation includes three stages: Early (E), Middle (M) and Late (L), which include quartz-pyrite (E),polymetallic sulfides (M) and carbonates (L), respectively. The E-stage fluids are characterized by δD=-90%c,δ^13CCO2=2.0‰ and δ^18O=9‰ at 373℃, and are deeply sourced; the L-stage fluids, with δD=-70‰, δ^13C CO2=-1.3%c and δ^18O=-2‰, are shallow-sourced meteoric water; whereas the M-stage fluids, with δD=-109‰, δ^13C CO2=0.1%c and δ^18O2‰, are a mix of deep-sourced and shallow-sourced fluids. Comparisons of the D-O-C isotopic systematics of the Estage ore-forming fluids with the fluids derived from Mesozoic granites, Archean-Paleoproterozoic metamorphic basement and Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Xiong‘er Group, show that these units cannot generate fluids with the measured isotopic composition (high δ^180 and δ^13C ratios and low δD ratios) characteristic of the ore-forming fluids. This suggests that the E-stage ore-forming fluids originated from metamorphic devolatilization of a carbonate-shale-chert lithological association, locally rich in organic matter, which could correspond to the Meso-Neoproterozoic Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups, rather than to geologic units in the Xiong‘er terrane, the lower crust and the mantle. This supports the view that the rocks of the Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups south of the Machaoying fault might be the favorable sources. A tectonic model that combines collisional orogeny, metallogeny and hydrothermal fluid flow is proposed to explain the formation of the Tieluping silver deposit. During the Mesozoic collision between the South and North China paleocontinents, a crustal slab containing a lithological association consisting of carbonate-shale-chert, locally rich in organic matter (carbonaceous shale) was thrust northwards beneath the Xiong‘er terrane along the Machaoying fault.Metamorphic devolatilization of this underthrust slab provided the ore-forming fluids to develop the Au-Ag-(Pb-Zn) ore belt, which includes the Tieluping silver deposit.     

河南康山金矿同位素地球化学及其对成岩成矿及流体作用模式的印证

康山金矿位于华北克拉通南缘熊耳山区，矿化类型介于蚀变破碎带于石英脉型矿床之间，为硅化体型金矿。蚀变矿化过程分为早期石英－黄铁矿阶段、中期多金属硫化物阶段和晚期碳酸盐阶段；温度分别集中在300－380℃、180-240℃和100－140℃；碳氢氧同位素研究揭示成矿流体由变质热液经混合热液，向大气降水热液演化。流体混合导致矿化中期成矿物质快速沉淀，多金属硫化物等多种矿物爆发形成，且结晶程度低（以玉髓和烟灰状黄铁矿为标志），含矿性好，是大规模成矿的关键。碳铅硫同位素研究表明成矿物质主要来自马超营断裂南侧由官道口群、栾川群、太华超群等地层构成的储冲板片，而赋矿围岩熊耳群提供成矿物质的可能性最小，因此认为中生代时沿马超营断裂倾向北的陆内俯冲诱发了流体成矿作用，导致康山金矿等熊耳山区10多处大中型矿床的形成和规律性分带，马超营断裂北侧是寻找金、银等矿床的有利地带。本文印证了同碰撞矿床的存在和成岩成矿及流体作用（CPMF）模式。     

河南省嵩县前河金矿矿床地质特征和找矿方向

前河金矿床属构造蚀变岩型中低温热液矿床,位于马超营大断裂及燕山期合峪花岗岩体的北部.文章分析了矿床含矿建造和构造控矿因素,详述了金矿床的地质特征、找矿方向和找矿标志,进而为该区下一步找矿指出方向.     

Ore Geology, Fluid Geochemistry and Genesis of the Shanggong Gold Deposit, Eastern Qinling Orogen, China

Abstract. The Shanggong Au deposit in the Xiong'er Terrane, East Qinling, has reserves of about 30 t Au, making it one of the largest orogenic‐type Au deposits hosted in volcanic rocks in China. The deposit is hosted in the andesitic assemblage of the Xiong'er Group of 1.85?1.4 Ga. Three stages of hydrothermal ore‐forming processes are recognized, Early (E), Middle (M) and Late (L), characterised by quartz‐pyrite, polymetallic sulfides and carbonate‐quartz, respectively. Homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions are between 380‐320d?C for the E‐stage, 300‐220d?C for the M‐stage and 200‐120d?C for the L‐stage. The composition of fluid inclusions changed from CO₂‐rich in the E‐stage to CO₂‐poor L‐stage. The M‐stage fluid has the highest contents of cations and anions (e.g., SO₄^2‐, Cl¹, K+), the highest (K+Na)/(Mg+Ca) and lowest CO₂/H₂O ratios, which probably resulted from CO₂ phase separation. This, together with the alkaline and reducing conditions, as indicated by highest pH and lowest Eh values, is most conducive to the deposition of polymetallic sulfides and native elements such as Au, Ag and Te. H‐O isotope systematics indicate that ore fluids evolved from deep‐sourced through to shallow‐sourced, with the M‐stage being a mixing phase of these two fluid‐systems. Nineteen δ¹⁸O_W values, from 4.2 to 13.4 %o, averaging 8.1 %o, suggest that the E‐stage fluids derived from metamorphic devolatilization of sedimentary rocks at depth. Comparison of the H‐O isotope systematics between the Shanggong deposit and the main lithologies in the Xiong'er Terrane, shows that neither these nor the underlying lower crust and mantle, or combinations thereof, could be considered as the source of ore fluids and metals for the Shanggong Au deposit. Instead, a source which meets the isotopic constraints, is a carbonaceous carbonate‐sandstone‐shale‐chert (CSC) sequence, which is present in the Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups in the south of the Xiong'er Terrane. This conclusion is supported by thirteen high δ¹⁸O values of the Meso‐Neoproterozoic strata south of the Machaoying fault, and the high δ¹⁸O_W values calculated for their possibly metamorphic fluids. It can be also supported by previous observation that the Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups were underthrust beneath the Xiong'er Terrane, during the Mesozoic collision between the Yangtze and Sinokorean continents. Available isotope ages, together with geological field data, constrain the timing of the Au metallogenesis between 250?110 Ma. This metallogenesis and associated granitic magmatism, can be related to the Yangtze‐Sinokorean continental collision that resulted in the formation of the Qinling Orogen. This collision event progressed from early compression (Triassic to Early Jurassic), through middle compression‐to‐extension transition (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous), to late extension (Cretaceous). These three stages in the evolution of the Qinling Orogen form the basis of an ore genesis model that combines collisional orogeny, metallogeny and fluid flow (CMF model). These three evolutionary stages correspond to the three‐stages of ore‐forming fluids of the Shanggong Au deposit. We conclude that the formation of the Shanggong Au deposit is a result of the Mesozoic northward intracontinental A‐type subduction along the Machaoying fault during Yangtze‐Sinokorean continental collision, which led to the metamorphic devolatilization of the CSC sequence, thereby providing both fluids and metals.     

河南熊耳山北部上观环形构造及其找矿意义

河南省西部的熊耳山地区是重要的金成矿集中区,区内环形--线性构造与成矿存在耦合关系。本研究中对最新高分SPOT--5图像和Aster的遥感地质解译发现,熊耳山北部上观周围区域存在多个环形构造,主要发育于太华群古老变质岩和熊耳群火山岩中,南部附近为中生代花山岩体。环形构造集中分布,大环套小环、线性和环形构造交切。影像蚀变信息提取研究发现,环形构造周围及其内部发育较好的铁染异常和羟基异常,具有良好的找矿前景。附近和周围已知的金矿床和金矿点零星分布,但其遥感图像与熊耳山其他类似环形构造发育地区相比,影像特征更为典型,且成矿条件似更为优越,有可能成为熊耳山地区又一个金银成矿集中区。     

Application of local singularity model to delineate geochemical anomalies in Xiong'ershan gold and molybdenum ore district,Western Henan province,China

The local singularity model involved in the context of multifractal theory calculates an index which indicates the local elemental enrichment or depletion and can be used to delineate the weak anomalies. The index, called singularity exponent can be calculated using the total amount model and density model, respectively. The former is based on the power–law relationship between the cumulative concentrations of the neighboring samples in variable cell sizes and cell size, while the latter is between the average concentration and cell size. The influence of the two models on the calculation of the local singularity was estimated in this paper. The total amount model was thought to be preferable in calculating the singularity exponent, which was applied to stream sediment data from the Xiong'ershan gold and molybdenum ore district, Western Henan province, China, and an algorithm based on the window-based method was advanced to map the local singularity distributions of Au and Mo. The thresholds of Au and Mo calculated on the singularity map were used to delineate anomalies which were associated not only with known gold and molybdenum ore deposits in the northern part of EW-trending Machaoying fault, but also with the areas south of Machaoying fault where no gold deposits have yet been discovered. Neither were they clearly identified by the Concentration–Area model and mean + standard deviation of Au concentrations. The results show that weak anomalies hidden within the strong variance of background can be well identified by the local singularity model, and the delineated anomalies should be considered as favorable target areas.     

Geology, mineralization, and geochronology of the Qianhe gold deposit, Xiong’ershan area, southern North China Craton

The Qianhe gold deposit in the Xiong’ershan area is located along the southern margin of the Archean-Paleoproterozoic North China Craton. The deposit consists of six orebodies that are hosted in Paleoproterozoic andesites to basaltic andesites and structurally controlled by roughly EW-trending faults. Individual orebodies comprise auriferous quartz veins and disseminated Au-bearing pyrite within hydrothermally altered rocks on both sides of, or close to, the veins. Ore-related hydrothermal alteration has produced various mixtures of K-feldspar, quartz, sericite, chlorite, epidote, carbonate, and sulfides. Pyrite is the most important ore mineral, associated with minor amounts of galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Other trace minerals include molybdenite, arsenopyrite, scheelite, rutile, xenotime, and parisite. Gold occurs mostly as native gold and electrum enclosed in pyrite or along microfractures of sulfides and quartz. Microthermometric measurements of primary inclusions in auriferous quartz suggest that gold and associated minerals were precipitated in the range of 160–305 °C from aqueous or carbonic-aqueous fluids with salinities of 6–22 wt% NaCl equiv. Samples of molybdenite coexisting with Au-bearing pyrite have Re–Os model ages of 134–135 Ma, whereas ore-related hydrothermal sericite separates yield ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar plateau ages between 127 and 124 Ma. The Re–Os and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages are remarkably consistent with zircon U–Pb ages (134.5?±?1.5 and 127.2?±?1.4 Ma; 1σ) of the biotite monzogranite from the Heyu-intrusive complex and granitic dikes in and close to the Qianhe gold mine, indicating a close temporal and thus possibly genetic relationship between gold mineralization and granitic magmatism in the area. Fluid inclusion waters extracted from auriferous quartz have δD values of ?80 to ?72 ‰, whereas the calculated δ ¹⁸O_H2O values range from 3.1 to 3.8 ‰. The hydrogen and oxygen isotopes from this study and previous work indicate that ore fluids were likely derived from degassing of magmas, with addition of minor amounts of meteoric water. Gold mineralization at Qianhe is temporarily coincident with pervasive bimodal magmatism, widespread fault-basin formation, and well development of metamorphic core complexes in the whole eastern North China Craton that have been interpreted as reflecting reactivation of the craton in the late Mesozoic after prolonged stabilization since its formation in the late Paleoproterozoic. It is therefore concluded that the Qianhe gold deposit formed as a result of this craton reactivation event.     

马鞍桥金矿床地质-地球化学特征及成因探讨

马鞍桥金矿床具有明显的层控特点,矿化范围大、形态较规则、工业矿体分布较局限,矿石品位较低,金矿床受区域性大断裂一侧的脆-韧性剪切带控制,金矿化产于剪切带中较低序次脆性破裂面中,深部含矿热流体主要是同生水、大气降水和少量岩浆水,多数金属硫化物的形成具有多期性,而金的成矿主要为一期,二者不具明显的相关关系.马鞍桥金矿为受脆-韧性剪切带控制的微细浸染型金矿,成因上属于多来源地下热水渗滤型金矿.     

Geochronology and fluid source constraints of the Songligou gold‐telluride deposit,western Henan Province,China: Analysis of genetic implications

The Songligou gold‐telluride deposit, located in Songxian County, western Henan Province, China, is one of many gold‐telluride deposits in the Xiaoqinling‐Xiong'ershan district. Gold orebodies occur within the Taihua Supergroup and are controlled by the WNW F101 Fault, and the fault was cut across by a granite porphyry dike. Common minerals in gold orebodies include quartz, chlorite, epidote, K‐feldspar, calcite, fluorite, sericite, phlogopite, bastnasite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tellurides, gold, bismuthinite, magnetite, and hematite, and pyrite is the dominant sulfide. Four mineralization stages are recognized, including pyrite‐quartz stage (I), quartz‐pyrite stage (II), gold‐telluride stage (III), and quartz‐calcite stage (IV). This work reports the Rb–Sr age of gold‐telluride‐bearing pyrite and zircon U–Pb age of granite porphyry, as well as S isotope data of pyrite and galena. The pyrite Rb–Sr isochron age is 126.6 ± 2.3 Ma (MSWD = 1.8), and the average zircon U–Pb age of granite porphyry is 166.8 ± 4.1 Ma (MSWD = 4.9). (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i values of pyrite and δ³⁴S values of sulfides vary from 0.7104 to 0.7105 and ?11.84 to 0.28‰, respectively. The obtained Rb–Sr isochron age represents the ore formation age of the Songligou gold‐telluride deposit, which is much younger than the zircon U–Pb age of the granite porphyry. Strontium and S isotopes, together with the presence of bastnaesite, suggest that the ore‐forming fluid was derived from felsic magmas with input of a mantle component and subsequently interacted with the Taihua Supergroup. Tellurium was derived from metasomatized mantle and was related to the subduction of the Shangdan oceanic crust and Izanagi plate beneath the North China Craton (NCC). This deposit is a part of the Early Cretaceous large‐scale gold mineralization in east NCC and formed in an extensional tectonic setting.