基于地基微波辐射计反演四川盆地水汽及云液态水的初步分析

利用2016年12月1日～2017年11月30日,地基微波辐射计、L波段探空资料和地面常规气象资料,对四川盆地的水汽和云液态水进行了初步分析。结果表明:(1)探空与微波辐射计反演的水汽含量差值为0.558cm,相关系数为0.787,且通过了α=0.01显著性检验,微波辐射计反演的水汽含量是可信的。(2)基于地基微波辐射计分析四川盆地水汽和云液态水含量的变化特征,可以得出,夏季水汽含量最多,秋季云液态水含量最多;最大值出现在夜晚,最小值出现在白天,夜晚值大于白天。水汽含量和云液态水含量最大值和最小值时间间隔秋季最长(均为16小时),冬季最短(分别为9小时、10小时);水汽含量日较差在秋季最大(1.096cm),冬季最小(0.489cm),云液态水含量日较差在夏季最大(0.908mm),冬季最小(0.311mm)。水汽含量与降水、温度的月变化特征为显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0.842和0.915;与温度日变化特征在春、秋季的11:00～次日01:00为显著性正相关,白天相关性大于夜晚,在夏季01:00～13:00为显著性负相关,日出前相关性最高。(3)水汽和云液态水含量在降水过程开始前1～2h有明显的波动上升,降水结束后,水汽和云液态水含量迅速减少,水汽和云液态水的变化特征对降水天气的预报具有指示意义。      

塔中地面加热场强度变化特征分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境综合观测试验站塔中西站10 m梯度自动气象站2009年1、4、7、10月观测数据,基于土壤的一维热扩散方程计算四季自然沙地下垫面的地表土壤热通量和地面加热场强度,从而分析沙漠下垫面的地面加热场强度变化特征。结果表明:(1)春季和夏季地表土壤热通量日总量为正值,热通量方向向下,沙层相对大气是热汇,秋季和冬季则相反;日较差最大值出现在秋季,最小值出现在冬季;除冬季以外土壤热通量只占净辐射通量的很小一部分;(2)1、4、7、10月地面加热场强度分别为-33.20～87.39 W/m~2、-36.92～274.16 W/m~2、-7.59～244.78W/m~2、-24.90～170.42 W/m~2,地面加热场强度日平均值均为正值,地面为热源,夏季最强,春季次之,冬季最弱;(3)与大气相较,白天地面为强热源,夜间为弱冷源,春季地面加热场强度峰值出现在12时(地方时),夏季、秋季、冬季均出现在13时(地方时)。因此,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地地面加热场强度具有独特的日变化和季节变化特征。     

卫星遥感结合气象资料计算的西北干旱区地面感热特征分析

选取1981年7月-2006年12月美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)系列卫星观测的归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料和Ch-INDV参数化关系式,计算了我国西北干旱区84个测站历年各月的地表热力输送系数Ch值和地面感热通量序列,得到如下主要结论:(1)西北干旱区地面感热通量实际计算值与ERA-40再分析感热资料相比,两者在数值大小、分布形势和年际变化趋势上均较一致,感热实际计算值的空间分布更明显地突出了各气象站所在区域的局地特征。(2)西北干旱区地面感热输送呈单峰型年变化特征,春、夏季非常强,秋、冬季较弱;大部分区域全年均为正值,地表为感热源。(3)以97.5°E为界,西北干旱区东、西部具有不同的年际变化趋势,东部的地面感热四季均有逐年增加的趋势,而西部秋、冬季逐年略有增加,春、夏季逐年减弱明显,气候倾向率分别为-1.15 W.m-2.(10a)-1和-2.08W.m-2.(10a)-1。(4)西北干旱区地面感热输送具有明显的年代际变化特征,1980年代总体偏强,1990年代总体偏弱,2000年以来,西北地区中部的感热输送偏弱,东、西部除个别测站外均偏强。(5)西北干旱区的感热变化并不只由地气温差的变化来决定,它与地面风速和地表状况的变化也有较强的依赖关系。在冬季,主要响应地气温差的变化,春季地面风速和地气温差的影响作用同等重要,夏季以地面风速的影响为主,地气温差的影响次之,秋季与夏季相反。另外,夏季地表状况对感热的影响作用也不容忽视。     

探空与地面露点温度两种资料反算大气可降水量间差异对比

利用贵州省威宁站探空和地面露点观测资料,分别计算了不同季节大气总可降水量（PWV）,对其研究表明：两种资料计算的PWV精度差异较小,均为毫米级,平均差值绝对值小于2.2 mm,其中最大差值出现在夏季2.38 mm,最小值出现在春季1.6 mm。探空资料计算大气可降水量与地面资料计算大气可降水量两者在不同季节,相关性都较高。春、秋两个季相关性最好,相关系数分别为0.903、0.851;夏季和冬季相关系数均为0.754。因此,在大气水汽监测、降水预报应用过程中,利用地面露点温度（td）获取的大气总可降水量(DM/PWV)可以弥补探空资料观测时空分辨率的不足。研究结果也表明降雨天气过程与PWV间有良好的对应关系,降水强度与大气可降水量之间不成比例关系。     

青藏高原地面感热及其异常的诊断分析

利用青藏高原主体60个地面气象观测站1961～2000年历年各月本站气压、地面气温、风速、地表温度等资料,计算了高原地面拖曳系数CD和地面感热通量.通过主成分分析、主值函数和功率谱分析等方法,对各季代表月CD系数和地面感热通量的基本气候特征,以及地面感热通量异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势作了较系统的诊断研究.结果表明:利用40年资料计算的拖曳系数与地面感热通量可以较好的反应青藏高原下垫面感热的基本气候特征,即高原CD系数东南部大,西北部小;冬季大,夏季小.多年平均高原地面感热通量仅在冬季小范围出现弱的负值,其余季节感热均为正值.感热通量大的地方其年际变化也大,其年际异常的主要空间型,第一是南北差异,第二东西差异,第三为高原主体及东部地区与外围的差异.其在年际变化中存在明显的10年际以上变化趋势,具体表现在1961～2000年期间,冬季高原北部和西部地区地面感热有减弱趋势,而高原中部和东南部呈明显的上升趋势.夏季高原主体及东部地区感热通量不断加强,而高原西部地区则相反.春、夏、秋三季均以13年以上的长周期振荡为主,冬季第一主分量表现为准3年的短周期变化.       

河南空中水资源的时空分布特征

利用郑州、南阳、驻马店及周边与空中水资源密切相关的站1961～1990年各月逐日各时次探空资料,进行了地面至各标准等压面层的水汽特征量计算分析。结果表明：空中水资源具有明显的季节、年际及地理分布变化特征,而且和降水资源的时空分别特征基本一致;各高度层多年平均水汽资源量皆以夏季最为丰富,春、秋季次之,冬季最少;各月水汽资源量随高度增加而减少,400hPa以下水汽含量占整层水汽量的96％;空中水汽含量地理分布基本上为南部多,北部少,南北差异也以夏季最大,春、秋季次之,冬季最小。     

1971-2010年虎林市最大风速变化特征

利用虎林市1971-2010年各月10 min最大风速资料,对虎林市最大风速进行统计分析,发现40 a虎林市春季、夏季、秋季、冬季和年最大风速每10 a以1.65 m/s的幅度下降,冬季下降最快,达到每10 a下降1.90 m/s,春季、夏季降低幅度很接近,都小于年最大风速降幅,夏季最大风速下降最慢,且最大风速极值主要出现在秋季和春季。虎林市各月最大风速变化曲线呈＂递减的两峰一谷＂型。     

青藏高原加热场与长江下游秋季降水的关系

利用1960年至2010年青藏高原地面加热场强度距平指数,中国月平均降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了冬季高原地面加热场强度变化趋势,长江下游地区秋季(9,10月)降水量时空变化,着重对冬季高原地面加热场强度与次年长江下游地区秋季降水做相关性分析,配合冬季高原地面加热场强度极值年对应的秋雨时期环流情况,得出以下结论:(1)冬季高原地面加热场强度年际变化显著,自1960年来大幅下降,2000年后小幅回升但仍未达到先前水平。(2)长江下游地区秋季降水主要集中在9月,且降水量呈同多同少分布,年际变化显著,1985年后降水总量偏少。(3)冬季高原地面加热场强度与长江下游地区秋雨降水量存在相关关系。冬季高原地面加热场强时,次年长江下游地区秋季降水量大,其中部分地区相关性非常显著;反之当冬季高原地面加热场强度弱时,次年长江下游地区秋季降水量也较小。     

丽水市1953—2010年气温变化对四季长度的影响

根据丽水市国家气象观测站1953-2010年逐日气温资料,按照国家季节划分标准对四季长度进行划分,运用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和滑动t检验对四季长度和气温变化的趋势演变、突变转折进行研究,从而探讨气温变化对四季长度的影响。结果表明：丽水市四季长度表现为夏季最长,冬季次之,春季和秋季相接近,秋季略短。四季长度的变化趋势为春、秋季长度延长缓慢,夏季变长明显,冬季长度缩短显著。近58 a丽水市气温呈明显的上升趋势,气候倾斜率为0.17℃/10a。气温变化对四季长度有较大的影响,尤其以冬季最为显著。突变检验表明,气温上升与冬季长度缩短的突变时间都在20世纪90年代中期;相关性检验显示气温与冬季长度的负相关最明显,通过α=0.01的显著性检验。     

中国中东部地区硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射强迫及气候效应的数值模拟

分析了MODIS卫星资料反演的2001年我国中东部地区气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征，并利用中尺度数值模式MM5对该地区硫酸盐气溶胶的直接辐射强迫及其气候效应进行了模拟。结果表明:2001年四川盆地、长江中下游地区、黄淮一带及两广等地区气溶胶光学厚度较大。各季光学厚度变化不同，全年以春季最大。地面温度响应呈现出明显的区域季节变化特征，主要表现为冬、春、秋季南方降温幅度明显，夏季北方降温幅度明显。就区域平均而言，2001年中东部地区晴空时气溶胶辐射强迫以春季最大，达-34.53 W/m2；夏季次之，达-22.76 W/m2；冬季再次，达-22.57 W/m2；秋季最小，达-20 W/m2。地面降温则以冬季最大，达-0.65℃；秋季次之，达-0.37 ℃；春季再次，达-0.34 ℃；夏季最小，达-0.09 ℃。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted