核磁共振波谱技术对熔体结构研究的贡献

核磁共振波谱技术的应用极大地促进了对熔体结构的研究，获得了巨大的成就，主要表现在以下几个方面：成网离子在熔体结构中的分布特征；桥氧和非桥氧的有序－无序特征以及非桥氧环境的变化与熔体结构的关系；变网离子在熔体中的结构意义及地位；键角与键长的分布特征；温度对非桥氧环境的制约关系等。ＮＭＲ技术的发展使对熔体结构有序化机制的研究终于成为可能。     

MO—SiO2二元体系的熔体结构

本文讨论了MO-SiO_2二元熔体的结构与熔体热力学性质的相互关系。在低x_(sio_2)(X_(sio_2)<0.5)的这类熔体中,SiO_4~(4-)、Si_2O_7~(6-)、Si_3O_(10)~(8-)……及链状聚合物是熔体中的主要阴离子。聚合作用是决定熔体结构的主要机制。高x_(sio_2)(x_(sio_2)≥0.5)的二元熔体中出现环状及三维架状的阴离子聚合物。熔体不混溶性是这类熔体的普遍特征。在聚合模型的基础上,本文讨论了x_(sio_2)>0.5的二元熔体中的桥氧、非桥氧及自由氧离子在熔体中的分配及其与x_(sio_2)的关系。在动力学过程基础上推导出在熔体中服从Poission分布。最后对聚合反应平衡常数与聚合物链长及x_(sio_2)的关系进行了讨论。     

锡在花岗质熔体和流体中的性质及分配行为研究进展

元素在流/熔体间的交换、分配过程是岩浆热液矿床形成的重要环节，作为与岩浆活动有密切成因联系的典型矿种之一，锡在花岗质熔体和流体中的存在形式、分配行为及其影响因素是认识其成矿机理的关键。锡在花岗质熔体和流体中的分配特征不仅受温度、压力、氧逸度等条件的制约，流体组成和熔体的NBO/T（非桥氧键/桥氧键）、碱含量、AlK/Al(总碱与铝含量比)也是制约锡分配行为的重要因素；挥发分F、Cl对锡在流体、熔体中的地球化学行为影响尤为明显。     

镜泊湖地区全新世火山岩熔体结构及其与某些岩浆动力学过程关系探讨

熔体结构对岩浆的物理和热力学性质起着重要的制约作用。本文以镜泊湖全新世火山为例，讨论了熔体结构和某些火山喷发机制的关系。熔体结构的NBO／T值(每个四次配位阳离子所含有的非桥氧数)是基于岩浆的主要元素和挥发分含量的计算获得的。研究结果表明，NBO／T值越高的岩浆，喷发时溢流出的熔岩比例越高，熔岩流流动的距离越长，越有利于熔岩隧道的形成，H2O^ 和F也更富集。     

长英质岩浆中液态不混溶与成矿作用关系的实验研究

本文的实验研究表明：１２５０℃（１０５Ｐａ）条件下呈均一状态的花岗岩－ＫＢＦ４－Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４体系，在１０００℃条件下发生液态不混溶形成三种熔体：相对偏酸性的液滴、相对偏基性的熔体和成矿熔体。成矿熔体中富含ＣａＯ、ＭｇＯ和ＭｏＯ２组分。红外光谱研究表明：硅酸盐熔体结构以［ＳｉＯ４］基团为主，而成矿熔体结构中存在Ｃａ—Ｆ、Ｃａ—Ｏ—Ｍｏ、Ｈ—Ｏ—Ｈ以及Ｘ─ＯＨ（Ｘ＝阳离子）基团，说明Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｆ富集在成矿熔体中。液态不混溶作用产生的三种不混溶熔体的结构差异明显，主要表现在结构单元中桥氧数目的变化，相对偏酸性的Ａ类小球体的结构单元中桥氧数最高，基底玻璃熔体中桥氧数则相对较少，而成矿熔体中不存在桥氧。本实验研究结果表明长英质岩浆中的液态不混溶可直接导致成矿熔体的形成。这意味着长英质岩浆中的液态不混溶可直接导致斑岩矿床的形成。     

利用干酪根固体^13C核磁共振法研究下古生界碳酸盐岩的热演化程度

应用固体＾１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ技术对下古生界,海相碳酸盐岩干酪根的化学组成和结构特征进行研究,提出应用该技术所测算的干酪结构参数“芳核平均结构尺寸”能较准确地反映碳酸盐岩的热成熟度。首次提出芳核平均结构尺寸与镜质体反射率之间的关系在干酪根的热演化过程中具有“三段式”特征。利用这一成果对华北地区下古生界成熟度进行了测定,与地质背影甚为吻合。     

云南金沙江蛇绿岩的地球化学特征及其成因的初步研究

本文报道了出露于云南省德钦县白马雪山、书松、共卡及吉义独地区的金沙江蛇绿岩的地球化学特征。该蛇绿岩各岩石单元均为ＬＲＥＥ富集型。文中讨论了金沙江蛇绿岩的成因及其形成的构造环境，指出该区玄武岩的微量元素和ＲＥＥ分布可用ＮＭＯＲＢ与ＯＩＢ的混合来解释，推测形成于类似现今冰岛的扩张脊与地幔热柱重叠的构造环境     

利用火山岩化学成分计算熔体粘度和表面张力的新方法

在他的专著《论岩浆熔体的粘度》中提出了计算岩浆熔体的粘度的半经验简易方法.该法与实验测定的精度相比,尚有误差.其方程式是:lg·η＝(a-bK)10~3/4.576T－3.5＋a(P总压-PH_2O)式中,η—粘度(泊);P—压力(MPa);T—温度(K);a= -5.02·10_(-4)MPa,对于“干的”熔体-1.2·10_(-3)MPa,对于不饱和水的熔体K—结构化学参数,熔体的结构比学参数K用下式计算:K=O_(-1)O_0=2(O-2M)/M×100式中,O_-—非桥氧;O~0—桥氧;O—熔体内氧的离子总和;M—成网阳离子(Si~(4+)、Al~(3+)、Fe~(3+)、P~(5+))的离子总和(单位均以moi计).参数K可根据岩石的化学成分计算,例子见《岩浆熔体的粘度》.     

高亚洲积雪分布

高亚洲是全球山地积雪重要分布区，对探测全球气候环境变化，诊断积雪与气候相互作用，以及预测海面上升具有重要意义，本使用１９７８－１９８７年ＳＭＭＲ微波候积雪深度资料，１９７３－１９８９年ＮＯＡＡ周积雪面积图，以及青藏高原６０个基本气象台站１９５７－１９９２年逐日积雪深度，密度和月积雪日数记录，提示出亚洲积雪时空分布特征。     

保德河盆地莫里页岩的固态核磁共振特征

对怀俄明州保德河盆地莫里页岩的一组生油岩样品进行了固态＾１３Ｃ核磁共振（ＮＭＲ）测量。这项研究的目的是用ＣＰ／ＭＡＳ＾１３ＣＮＭＲ测量来监测由埋深引起的干酪根碳结构的变化。ＮＭＲ测量样品的现今埋深为３０００￣１１５００英尺。由于总有机碳含量主要为（１￣２）ｗｔ％，在＾１３Ｃ ＮＭＲ测量中使用了大容量的样品旋转器。用ＨＣｌ清洗样品能提高＾１３Ｃ谱图的质量。干酪根的芳香度随埋深的增加而增加，在深度超过     

安庆长江公路大桥区域稳定性及桥位线选址遥感应用研究

安庆长江公路大桥区域稳定性及预选桥位线方案是大桥建设前期的一项重要基础性工作。本文是利用航、卫片地质解译调查 ,分析研究拟选桥址区及其外围的地质构造特征 ,新、老断层的分布情况及其活动性 ,并进行区域稳定性评价 ;利用5 0至 90年代的航、卫片资料 ,分析评价了拟选桥址区长江岸带变迁及稳定性 ;对预选桥址区工程地质条件及优选桥位线方案进行比较与论证。     

Spatial distribution of melt-bearing structures in anatectic rocks from Southern Brittany, France: implications for melt transfer at grain- to orogen-scale

In this study, we present quantitative spatial information on the one- and two-dimensional distribution of inferred melt-bearing structures in anatectic supracrustal rocks of the Southern Brittany Migmatite Belt, south of the transcurrent South Armorican Shear Zone (SASZ); based on these data, we infer the mechanism of melt extraction from partially molten crust. Former melt-bearing structures include foliation-parallel leucosomes and cross-cutting granitic leucosomes that infill inter-boudin partitions and extensional shear surfaces, as well as discordant dykes of granite. Petrographic (i.e., mineralogical and microstructural) continuity of granite from structure to structure suggests that they once formed a continuous melt-bearing network. Measurements along one-dimensional line traverses perpendicular to layering of stromatic migmatite exposed in clean, sub-horizontal outcrop surfaces provide information about thickness and spacing distributions of foliation-parallel leucosomes. Most leucosome thicknesses fall in the range of 1–10 mm, with upper limits around 20–30 mm. The number of thicker layers decreases abruptly with increasing thickness, which is inconsistent with scale-invariance. This suggests that leucosome formation was controlled by short-range melt movement along grain boundaries to form melt-rich layers constrained by pre-existing compositional layering. Spacing distributions also are not scale-invariant; however, the large percentage of leucosomes (40–60%) in these line traverses suggests that spacing distributions may be controlled in part by impingement of leucosomes, making it difficult to derive genetic information from these data. Qualitative observation of inferred melt-bearing structures in mutually perpendicular two-dimensional exposures from the same outcrop reveals anisotropy of the leucosome network related to a well-developed sub-horizontal quartz–feldspar lineation reflecting stretching associated with transcurrent movement along the SASZ. Analysis of these two-dimensional distributions using the box-counting method corroborates the observed anisotropy, but indicates that leucosome morphology (and perhaps distribution) is not scale-invariant. The applicability of the box-counting method, or of fractal analysis, to understanding melt movement in migmatites is discussed in light of these results. Based on the anisotropy of melt-bearing structures, we infer that melt-movement in structures now represented by layer-parallel leucosomes was primarily sub-horizontal. These layers fed steeply dipping structures now represented by cross-cutting leucosomes, in particular those developed at inter-boudin partitions, and granite dykes. The formation and orientation of these steeply dipping structures was in part controlled by far-field stresses related to dextral displacement along the SASZ. Melt extraction is inferred to have occurred along these steeply dipping structures; extracted melt accumulated in plutons at higher crustal levels, such as the Quiberon, Sarzeau, and Guérande granites.     

Grain-scale melt distribution in two contact aureole rocks: implications for controls on melt localization and deformation

The grain‐scale spatial arrangement of melt in layer‐parallel leucosomes in two anatectic rocks from two different contact aureoles located in central Maine, USA, is documented and used to constrain the controls on grain‐scale melt localization. The spatial distribution of grain‐scale melt is inferred from microstructural criteria for recognition of mineral pseudomorphs after melt and mineral grains of the solid matrix that hosted the melt. In both rocks, feldspar mimics the grain‐scale distribution of melt, and quartz is the major constituent of the solid matrix. The feldspar pockets consist of individual feldspar grains or aggregates of feldspar grains that show cuspate outlines. They have low average width/length ratios (0.54 and 0.55, respectively), and are interstitial between more rounded and equant (width/length ratios 0.65 for both samples) quartz grains. In two dimensions, the feldspar pockets extend over distances equivalent to multiple quartz grain diameters, possibly forming a connected three‐dimensional intergranular network. Both samples show similar mesoscopic structural elements and in both samples the feldspar pockets have a shape‐preferred orientation. In one sample, feldspar inferred to replace melt is aligned subparallel to the shape‐preferred orientation of quartz, indicating that pre‐ or syn‐anatectic strain controlled the grain‐scale distribution of melt. In the other sample, the preferred orientation of feldspar inferred to replace melt is different from the orientations of all other mesoscopic or microscopic structures in the rock, indicating that differential stress controlled grain‐scale melt localization. This is probably facilitated by conditions of higher differential stress, which may have promoted microfracturing. Grain‐scale melt distribution and inferred melt localization controls give insight into possible grain‐scale deformation mechanisms in melt‐bearing rocks. Application of these results to the interpretation of deep crustal anatectic rocks suggests that grain‐scale melt distribution should be controlled primarily by pre‐ or syn‐anatectic deformation. Feedback relations between melt localization and deformation are to be expected, with important implications for deformation and tectonic evolution of melt‐bearing rocks.     

地球中的流体和穿越层圈构造

地球中的流体是当前科学研究的重点。从地球科学的角度来说,流体应包括气体、液体（水和石油）、熔体和地球中受应力作用而移动的物体。在半经为6378 km的固体地球中可分为7个层圈。目前对地球内部流体的了解很少,为探索流体在各层圈中的成分,物理化学性质和分布,以现阶段对地球层圈和流体研究程度来看,其重点应放在地球中穿越层圈的构造部分和地壳。地球中穿越层圈的构造主要有三个:板块构造的俯冲带是由上到下的穿越层圈构造,向下俯冲的大洋岩石圈可以抵达地幔过渡带;大洋中脊的扩张引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使岩石圈和地幔的熔流体从下向上运移;地幔柱引起的由下而上的穿越层圈构造,使地幔的熔流体从下向上迁移。通过对三个穿越层圈构造和地壳中流体的研究,可以得出地壳、岩石圈、上地幔、过渡带、下地幔和核幔边界层流体的种类和成分、流动和演化。这是至今为至能鉴定到地球中深部流体的方法。这四个方面的研究是当前地球中流体科学研究的重点,并对开展深部找矿有实际意义。      

Tube-like schlieren structures in the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex (Bavarian Forest,Germany): Evidence for melt segregation and magma flow at intraplutonic contacts

Tube-like schlieren structures occur at the boundary between two units of the Fürstenstein Intrusive Complex, the Tittling and the Saldenburg granites. We have analysed the magnetic fabrics, petrographic variation and geochemistry of key examples of these structures in order to test the hypothesis that they originated as granitic microdiapirs. The rims of the schlieren structures have high magnetic susceptibility compared to their interiors and surrounding granite due to the enrichment of biotite ± opaques. The low anisotropy that characterizes the AMS fabric is probably caused by magmatic flow. Hypersolidus microfabrics support this interpretation. Magnetic fabric orientation within the schlieren structures differs significantly from the NE–SW-trending magnetic foliation generally observed within the hosting Tittling granite. A steeply plunging magnetic lineation and a NNE–SSW girdle distribution of the magnetic foliation poles within the schlieren structures are consistent with the conical geometry of the schlieren structures evolved during the rise of the magma. Based on geochemistry, granite in the schlieren structures is interpreted to be differentiated melt expelled from the Tittling granite mush that formed after early crystallization of plagioclase. We suggest that the schlieren structures are pockets of residual melt of the Tittling granite that were mobilized buoyantly due to a thermal input from the neighbouring Saldenburg granite. The mafic rims of the schlieren structures formed as a result of early crystallization and subsequent accumulation due of the Bagnold effect. The results of the magnetic and geochemical investigations allow us to interpret the schlieren structures as diapiric in nature and consequently as “within-chamber diapirs” (sensu Weinberg et al., 2001).     

大冶-武山矿化夕卡岩的稀土元素地球化学研究

用ICP-MS分析了25个含矿夕卡岩样品的REE含量,其中对8个样品的石榴子石等矿物中的熔融包裹体进行了均一温度测定,还对5个夕卡岩样品石榴子石中的熔融包裹体进行了电子探针分析.在这些样品的石榴子石、辉石或方解石中都观察到熔融包裹体.夕卡岩的球粒陨石标准化REE分布模式具有两个突出特点:其一是以富集轻稀土元素(LREE)右倾为特征;其二是多数以具有Eu正异常为特征.夕卡岩球粒陨石标准化REE分布模式有三种类型:第一类型显示斜率不大的右倾直线;第二类型具有以Ce为峰值的折线的特征,即REE线段向上凸,在Ce处有一极大值(个别无峰值,LREE曲线向上凸,呈穹隆状);第三类型为过渡型REE分布模式.在当今REE资料有限的情况下,利用稀土元素地球化学特点鉴别夕卡岩成因是困难的.     

Implications of liquid-liquid distribution coefficients to mineral-liquid partitioning

The effect of silicate liquid structure upon mineral-liquid partitioning has been investigated by determining element partitioning data for coexisting immiscible granitic and ferrobasaltic magmas. The resulting elemental distribution patterns may be interpreted in terms of the relative states of polymerization of the coexisting magmas. Highly charged cations (REE, Ti, Fe, Mn, etc.) are enriched in the ferrobasaltic melt. The ferrobasaltic melt is relatively depolymerized due to its low $\text{Si}\text{O}$ ratio. This allows highly charged cations to obtain stable coordination polyhedra of oxygen within the ferrobasaltic melt. The granitic melt is a highly polymerized network structure in which Al can occupy tetrahedral sites in copolymerization with Si. The substitution of Al⁺³ for Si⁺⁴ produces a local charge imbalance in the granitic melt which is satisfied by a coupled substitution of alkalis, thus explaining the enrichment of low charge density cations, the alkalis, in the granitic melt. P₂O₅ increases the width of the solvus and, therefore, the values of the distribution coefficients of the trace elements. This effect is attributed to complexing of metal cations with PO₄^?3 groups in the ferrobasaltic melt.The values of ferrobasalt-granite liquid distribution coefficients are reflected in distribution coefficients for a mineral and melts of different compositions. The mineral-liquid distribution coefficient for a highly charged cation is greater for a mineral coexisting with a highly polymerized melt (granite) than it is for that same mineral and a depolymerized melt (ferrobasalt). The opposite is true for low charge density cations. Mineralliquid and liquid-liquid distribution coefficients determined for the REE's indicate that fractionated REE patterns are due to mineral selectivity and not the state of polymerization of the melt.     

Experimental Studies on Partial Melting of Massive Samples of Granite

As a basis of modern petrology,the equilibrium relations describing the melting of granite were established mainly on melting experiments of Powder samples.Such experiments,however,have serious limitations in providing information about the variations in compositional and fabric features of the minerals and in the composition and distribution of the melt.Our experiments using massive samples indicate that melt occure mainly at the quartz-plagioclase and quartz-potash feldspar boundaries and the composition of the melt is dependent on local characteristics in the melting system,showing no correlation with the bulk composition of the rock samples.At lower temperatures(740-760℃,0.2GPa),the melt plots at or near the eutectic point in Q-Ab-Or-An-H2O diagram,indicating equilibrium melting.At higher temperatures(790-800℃，0.2GPa)the melt becomes lower in SiO2 and higher in Na2O,deviating makedly from the eutectic line but without disappearance of any mineral phase,suggesting a non-equilibrium process.It is obvious that the phase-equilibrium relations in natural massive granites may be greatly different from those deduced from powder experiments.     

熔体再富集作用对大陆岩石圈地幔的影响

         二辉橄榄岩通常被认为是低程度部分熔融的残留,但熔体再富集作用为其成因提供了一种新的解释。熔体再富集作 用通常是指软流圈来源的玄武质熔体加入到难熔的方辉橄榄岩或纯橄岩形成更为饱满的二辉橄榄岩的过程。除了使主量元 素富集之外,熔体再富集作用还可以使微量元素与Sr-Nd 同位素从方辉橄榄岩中的富集特征转变为二辉橄榄岩所呈现的亏 损特征。对于熔体再富集作用是否改变橄榄岩的Os 同位素组成还存在较大的争议,它主要取决于加入熔体的比例,熔体中 硫的饱和程度以及熔体再富集作用发生的时间等因素。对于以低熔/岩比例为主的大陆岩石圈地幔来说,熔体再富集作用对 橄榄岩的Os 同位素组成的影响可能较为有限。除了化学成分上的影响之外,熔体的加入也会改变大陆岩石圈地幔的物理特 征。这一过程使得岩石圈地幔的渗透率增大和黏滞度降低,从而会破坏大陆岩石圈地幔的稳定性。虽然熔体再富集作用可 以影响和改变岩石圈地幔的性质,但它是否导致克拉通地幔的减薄以及克拉通破坏尚有疑问。     

差应力对闪长岩部分熔融熔体分布和成分的影响

探讨差应力对熔体分布和成分演化的关系,利用细粒闪长岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形,主要包括静态熔融实验和有差应力参与的动态熔融2种类型。实验首先统计了熔体含量、确定了实验重要参数,然后分别描述了动、静态熔融实验后闪长岩的显微特征;并且通过对动、静态熔融实验结果熔体分布情况的对比,结合熔体成分电子探针数据进行分析。结果表明:在细粒闪长岩的部分熔融中,熔体在差应力的作用下沿一定的方向展布,并从差应力大的地方向差应力小的地方运移,差应力的作用使得高含水矿物(角闪石)先于熔点低的斜长石发生熔融,说明差应力促进了岩石的熔融,使得熔体成分向Si、Al等方向转化,即从基性向酸性转化。